Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 465 in total

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  1. Cheong SK, Chong SM
    Med J Malaysia, 1985 Mar;40(1):46-8.
    PMID: 3868737
    A 26-year-old assistant nurse suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia and was successfully treated with combination chemotherapy. 15 months later, she relapsed with a lump in her right breast. The significance of this finding is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Lymphoid/pathology*
  2. Lee SP, Haycock-Stuart E, Tisdall K
    Enferm Clin, 2019 09;29 Suppl 2:715-719.
    PMID: 31324547 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.109
    OBJECTIVE: The study was to examine the role of children in communication and decisions regarding their nursing care in a paediatric oncology ward in Malaysia.

    METHODS: The principles of focused ethnography underpinned the study design. Fieldwork took place over six months in one 32-bedded paediatric oncology ward. Twenty-one children, ranging in ages from 7 to 12 years diagnosed with leukaemia, their parents and 19 nurses participated. Data collection consisted of participant observation and semi-structured interview.

    RESULTS: Hospitalized children employed different roles of passive or active participants during the communication and decisions about their nursing care. Importantly, children are more likely to become active participants in the communication process when nurses interact directly with them, listening to them and giving them opportunities to ask questions in either the presence or absence of their parents. Equally, children are likely to be more passive participants when nurses do not communicate directly with them, choosing instead to directly interact with the child's parents. This study highlighted that the role of children as active and passive participants is not permanently engaged by individual children, rather their role fluctuates throughout the hospitalization journey. The fluctuations of a child's role are highly dependent on their preferences: how and when they want to be included in the communication and decisions process. Children's roles in communication and decisions are also varied and dependent on their particular contexts. A child's participation in one situation does not consistently reflect their participation with their role in other situations. The ways in which the children participate were oscillated throughout their hospitalization.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study provides empirical insight into children's experiences of triadic (child-nurse-parent) interaction during the decisions about their nursing care in paediatric oncological setting. A key recommendation calls for the development of assessment strategies to determine the 'ideal' position children would like to occupy, at any given point in time, throughout their hospitalization.

    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia/psychology*
  3. Phan, CL, Ong, TC, Chang, KM, Zubaidah, Z., Puteri Jamilatul, N.M.B.
    Medicine & Health, 2010;5(1):45-48.
    MyJurnal
    The t(8;21)(q22;q22) is a frequently occurring aberration in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (18-20%) and usually correlate with French-America-British (FAB) M2 subtype. Several studies showed that patients carrying this abnormality demonstrated good response to standard chemotherapy but also have a high incidence of disease relapse. Trisomy 4 is a rare and specific chromosomal abnormality occurring in AML M2 or M4 of the FAB subtypes. We report a case of a 33-year-old female with an apparently clinical and hematologic diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in whom cytogenetic analysis revealed an abnormal karyotype with trisomy 4, in addition to t(8;21). Trisomy 4 and t(8;21) in a patient with AML is rare. The significance of t(8;21) with trisomy 4 in AML are unclear but patients bearing this abnormality are associated with a poor prognosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
  4. Hamid Ali Nagi Al-Jamal, Wan Rohani Wan Taib, Siti Asmaa Mat Jusoh, Aziee Sudin, Muhammad Farid Johan
    MyJurnal
    Azacytidine (5-Aza) is a chemotherapeutic drug that has been known to restore the expression of Tumour suppressor genes by de-methylation and shown clinical efficacy inMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) [1-3]. Currently, 5-Aza is being used in UK for the treatment of some adults with MDS, chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) [4]. Majority of CML patients treated with imatinib, a BCR/ABL inhibitor would develop resistance under prolonged therapy. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an oncogenic transcription factor that is constitutively activated in various human cancers including hematological malignancies. Activation of STAT3 represents an important mechanism of imatinib resistant [5]. Methylation of SHP-1is involved in the constitutive activation of STAT3 [6], and a low level of SHP-1is not sufficient to inhibit activated STAT3 [7]. Epigenetic silencing of SHP-1also plays a role in the development of resistance to imatinib in BCR/ABL positive CML cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
  5. Ben Khelil M, Chkirbene Y, Mlika M, Haouet S, Hamdoun M
    Malays J Pathol, 2017 Aug;39(2):193-196.
    PMID: 28866704
    Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) often presents with non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, anaemia or infection. Pulmonary involvement is uncommon in AML during the course of the disease and is usually caused by infection, haemorrhage, leukaemic pulmonary infiltrates and leukostasis. Lung localization of AML is very uncommon and potentially life threatening if not diagnosed and treated rapidly. The authors describe the sudden death of an asymptomatic five-month-infant because of a misdiagnosed lung localization of AML. Autopsy examination followed by histopathological studies showed an extensive leukostasis and extramedullary leukaemic infiltrating the lungs. Special stains and immunohistochemical studies revealed findings consistent with acute myelogenous leukaemia. This case suggests that underlying acute leukaemia should be considered as a cause of flu-like symptoms in infants. Medical personnel are urged to be alert to fever, sore throat, weakness and dyspnea that may be characteristic of serious systemic diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology*
  6. Chin TF, Ibrahim K, Thirunavakarasu T, Azanan MS, Oh L, Lum SH, et al.
    Fetal Pediatr Pathol, 2018 Aug;37(4):243-253.
    PMID: 30273079 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2018.1492054
    BACKGROUND: Survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of developing a second malignancy. One possible mechanism for neoplastic transformation of cells is through induction of persistent genomic instability. This study aims to seek evidence of chromosomal instability in long-term childhood leukemia survivors (CLS) in one of the largest pediatric academic oncology centers in South East Asia.

    METHODS: 50 asymptomatic (subjects have remained leukemia-free since treatment cessation) CLS and 50 healthy controls were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Of 50 CLS, 44 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 6 had acute myeloid leukemia. G-banded karyotyping was performed on unstimulated peripheral blood leukocytes of all subjects.

    RESULTS: CLS had significantly higher occurrence of karyotypic abnormalities compared to controls. Five CLS harbored six nonclonal abnormalities (mostly aneuploidy) while none were found in controls.

    CONCLUSION: Subpopulations with nonclonal chromosomal aberrations were present in peripheral blood leukocytes of our cohort of childhood leukemia long-term survivors.

    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia*
  7. Omer ME, Abu Bakar M, Adam M, Mustafa M
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2021 Apr 01;22(4):1045-1053.
    PMID: 33906295 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.4.1045
    OBJECTIVE: Cure rate models are survival models, commonly applied to model survival data with a cured fraction. In the existence of a cure rate, if the distribution of survival times for susceptible patients is specified, researchers usually prefer cure models to parametric models. Different distributions can be assumed for the survival times, for instance, generalized modified Weibull (GMW), exponentiated Weibull (EW), and log-beta Weibull. The purpose of this study is to select the best distribution for uncured patients' survival times by comparing the mixture cure models based on the GMW distribution and its particular cases.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A data set of 91 patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) followed for five years from 1982 to 1987 was chosen for fitting the mixture cure model. We used the maximum likelihood estimation technique via R software 3.6.2 to obtain the estimates for parameters of the proposed model in the existence of cure rate, censored data, and covariates. For the best model choice, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) was implemented.

    RESULTS: After comparing different parametric models fitted to the data, including or excluding cure fraction, without covariates, the smallest AIC values were obtained by the EW and the GMW distributions, (953.31/969.35) and (955.84/975.99), respectively. Besides, assuming a mixture cure model based on GMW with covariates, an estimated ratio between cure fractions for allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplant groups (and its 95% confidence intervals) were 1.42972 (95% CI: 1.18614 - 1.72955).

    CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal that the EW and the GMW distributions are the best choices for the survival times of Leukemia patients.
    .

    Matched MeSH terms: Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/mortality*
  8. Islam M, Mohamed EH, Esa E, Kamaluddin NR, Zain SM, Yusoff YM, et al.
    Br. J. Cancer, 2017 Nov 07;117(10):1551-1556.
    PMID: 28898234 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.316
    BACKGROUND: Although aberrant expression of cytokines and small molecules (analytes) is well documented in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), their co-expression patterns are not yet identified. In addition, plasma baselines for some analytes that are biomarkers for other cancers have not been previously reported in AML.

    METHODS: We used multiplex array technology to simultaneously detect and quantify 32 plasma analyte (22 reported analytes and 10 novel analytes) levels in 38 patients.

    RESULTS: In our study, 16 analytes are found to be significantly deregulated (13 higher, 3 lower, Mann-Whitney U-test, P-value <0.005), where 5 of them have never been reported before in AML. We predicted a seven-analyte-containing multiplex panel for diagnosis of AML and, among them, MIF could be a possible therapeutic target. In addition, we observed that circulating analytes show five co-expression signatures.

    CONCLUSIONS: Circulating analyte expression in AML significantly differs from normal, and follow distinct expression patterns.

    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood*
  9. Wong RS, Cheong SK
    Clin Exp Med, 2014 Aug;14(3):235-48.
    PMID: 23794030 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0247-4
    Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have captured the attention of researchers today due to their multipotent differentiation capacity. Also, they have been successfully applied clinically, in the treatment of various diseases of the heart and musculoskeletal systems, with encouraging results. Their supportive role in haematopoiesis and their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties have enhanced their contribution towards the improvement of engraftment and the treatment of graft-versus-host disease in patients receiving haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, there is a growing body of research that supports the involvement of MSCs in leukaemogenesis with several genetic and functional abnormalities having been detected in the MSCs of leukaemia patients. MSCs also exert leukaemia-enhancing effects and induce chemotherapy resistance in leukaemia cells. This paper addresses the key issues in the therapeutic value as well as the harmful effects of the MSCs in leukaemia with a sharp focus on the recent updates in the published literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia/pathology*
  10. Lee SHR, Antillon-Klussmann F, Pei D, Yang W, Roberts KG, Li Z, et al.
    JAMA Oncol, 2022 Mar 01;8(3):354-363.
    PMID: 35084434 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6826
    IMPORTANCE: Racial and ethnic disparities persist in the incidence and treatment outcomes of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, there is a paucity of data describing the genetic basis of these disparities, especially in association with modern ALL molecular taxonomy and in the context of contemporary treatment regimens.

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of genetic ancestry with childhood ALL molecular subtypes and outcomes of modern ALL therapy.

    DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This multinational, multicenter genetic association study was conducted from March 1, 2000, to November 20, 2020, among 2428 children and adolescents with ALL enrolled in frontline trials from the United States, South East Asia (Singapore and Malaysia), and Latin America (Guatemala), representing diverse populations of European, African, Native American, East Asian, and South Asian descent. Statistical analysis was conducted from February 3, 2020, to April 19, 2021.

    MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Molecular subtypes of ALL and genetic ancestry were comprehensively characterized by performing RNA sequencing. Associations of genetic ancestries with ALL molecular subtypes and treatment outcomes were then evaluated.

    RESULTS: Among the participants in the study, 1340 of 2318 (57.8%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 7.8 (5.3) years. Of 21 ALL subtypes identified, 8 were associated with ancestry. East Asian ancestry was positively associated with the frequency of somatic DUX4 (odds ratio [OR], 1.30 [95% CI, 1.16-1.45]; P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma*
  11. Mahmoud Ahmed NH, Lai MI
    PMID: 36734897 DOI: 10.2174/1871529X23666230123140926
    β-thalassaemia is a genetic disorder resulting in a reduction or absence of β-globin gene expression. Due to the high prevalence of β-thalassaemia and the lack of available treatment other than blood transfusion and haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, the disease represents a considerable burden to clinical and economic systems. Foetal haemoglobin has an appreciated ameliorating effect in β-haemoglobinopathy, as the γ-globin chain substitutes the β-globin chain reduction by pairing with the excess α-globin chain in β-thalassaemia and reduces sickling in sickle cell disease (SCD). BCL11A is a critical regulator and repressor of foetal haemoglobin. Downregulation of BCL11A in adult erythroblasts and cell lines expressing adult haemoglobin led to a significant increase in foetal haemoglobin levels. Disruption of BCL11A erythroid enhancer resulted in disruption of the BCL11A gene solely in the erythroid lineages and increased γ-globin expression in adult erythroid cells. Autologous haematopoietic stem cell gene therapy represents an attractive treatment option to overcome the immune complications and donor availability associated with allogeneic transplantation. Using genome editing technologies, the disruption of BCL11A to induce γ- globin expression in HSCs has emerged as an alternative approach to treat β-thalassaemia. Targeting the +58 BCL11A erythroid enhancer or BCL11A binding motif at the γ-gene promoter with CRISPR-Cas9 or base editors has successfully disrupted the gene and the binding motif with a subsequent increment in HbF levels. This review outlines the critical role of BCL11A in γ-globin gene silencing and discusses the different genome editing approaches to downregulate BCL11A as a means for ameliorating β-thalassaemia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia*
  12. Marques Da Costa ME, Zaidi S, Scoazec JY, Droit R, Lim WC, Marchais A, et al.
    Commun Biol, 2023 Sep 18;6(1):949.
    PMID: 37723198 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05320-0
    Pediatric patients with recurrent and refractory cancers are in most need for new treatments. This study developed patient-derived-xenograft (PDX) models within the European MAPPYACTS cancer precision medicine trial (NCT02613962). To date, 131 PDX models were established following heterotopical and/or orthotopical implantation in immunocompromised mice: 76 sarcomas, 25 other solid tumors, 12 central nervous system tumors, 15 acute leukemias, and 3 lymphomas. PDX establishment rate was 43%. Histology, whole exome and RNA sequencing revealed a high concordance with the primary patient's tumor profile, human leukocyte-antigen characteristics and specific metabolic pathway signatures. A detailed patient molecular characterization, including specific mutations prioritized in the clinical molecular tumor boards are provided. Ninety models were shared with the IMI2 ITCC Pediatric Preclinical Proof-of-concept Platform (IMI2 ITCC-P4) for further exploitation. This PDX biobank of unique recurrent childhood cancers provides an essential support for basic and translational research and treatments development in advanced pediatric malignancies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia*
  13. Kuan JW, Su AT, Wahab M, Hamdan A, Hashim J, Kiyu A, et al.
    BMC Cancer, 2023 Jun 19;23(1):563.
    PMID: 37337159 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10988-y
    BACKGROUND: Published epidemiological studies of haematological cancers are few. Hereby we present a 20-year epidemiological data of haematological cancers in Sarawak from a population-based cancer registry.

    METHODS: Haematological cancer cases with ICD-10 coded C81-C96 and ICD-O coded /3 diagnosed from 1996 to 2015 were retrieved from Sarawak Cancer Registry. Adult was defined as those 15 years and above. Incidence rate (IR) was calculated based on yearly Sarawak citizen population stratified to age, gender, and ethnic groups. Age-standardised IR (ASR) was calculated using Segi World Standard Population.

    RESULTS: A total of 3,947 cases were retrieved and analysed. ASR was 10 and male predominance (IR ratio 1.32, 95%CI 1.24,1.41). Haematological cancers generally had a U-shaped distribution with lowest IR at age 10-14 years and exponential increment from age 40 years onwards, except acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with highest IR in paediatric 2.8 versus adult 0.5. There was a significant difference in ethnic and specific categories of haematological cancers, of which, in general, Bidayuh (IR ratio 1.13, 95%CI 1.00, 1.27) and Melanau (IR ratio 0.54, 95%CI 0.45, 0.65) had the highest and lowest ethnic-specific IR, respectively, in comparison to Malay. The ASR (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute myeloid leukaemia, ALL, chronic myeloid leukaemia, and plasma cell neoplasm) showed a decreasing trend over the 20 years, -2.09 in general, while Hodgkin lymphoma showed an increasing trend of + 2.80. There was crude rate difference between the 11 administrative divisions of Sarawak.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study provided the IR and ASR of haematological cancers in Sarawak for comparison to other regions of the world. Ethnic diversity in Sarawak resulted in significant differences in IR and ASR.

    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute*
  14. Martins NDS, Rodrigues APS, Bicalho JM, Albuquerque JJ, Reis LL, Alves LL, et al.
    Virus Genes, 2023 Aug;59(4):562-571.
    PMID: 37195404 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01997-x
    The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) belongs to the Retroviridae family and Gammaretrovirus genus, and causes a variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases in domestic cats (Felis catus), such as thymic and multicentric lymphomas, myelodysplastic syndromes, acute myeloid leukemia, aplastic anemia, and immunodeficiency. The aim of the present study was to carry out the molecular characterization of FeLV-positive samples and determine the circulating viral subtype in the city of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, as well as identify its phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity. The FIV Ac/FeLV Ag Test Kit (Alere™) and the commercial immunoenzymatic assay kit (Alere™) were used to detect the positive samples, which were subsequently confirmed by ELISA (ELISA - SNAP® Combo FeLV/FIV). To confirm the presence of proviral DNA, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the target fragments of 450, 235, and 166 bp of the FeLV gag gene. For the detection of FeLV subtypes, nested PCR was performed for FeLV-A, B, and C, with amplification of 2350-, 1072-, 866-, and 1755-bp fragments for the FeLV env gene. The results obtained by nested PCR showed that the four positive samples amplified the A and B subtypes. The C subtype was not amplified. There was an AB combination but no ABC combination. Phylogenetic analysis revealed similarities (78% bootstrap) between the subtype circulating in Brazil and FeLV-AB and with the subtypes of Eastern Asia (Japan) and Southeast Asia (Malaysia), demonstrating that this subtype possesses high genetic variability and a differentiated genotype.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia Virus, Feline/genetics
  15. Lin HP, Puthucheary SD, Sinniah D
    Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1980 Oct;19(10):697-9.
    PMID: 6931670
    A 13-year old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia on chemotherapy developed neutropenia and acute cellulitis progressing to fulminating septicemia due to Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Septicemic melioidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a febrile illness in children who are susceptible to infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Lymphoid/complications*
  16. Venkataraghavan K, Majithia U, Choudhary P, Trivedi K, Shah S
    J Contemp Dent Pract, 2016 Jan-Feb;15(5):614-7.
    PMID: 25707835
    INTRODUCTION: Leukemia is a malignancy of the bone marrow and constitutes 30% of all childhood cancers. The leukemic condition itself and its therapy cause oral signs and symptoms with significant morbidity.
    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the oral health status in children with leukemia and relate the gingival and periodontal findings to the changes in their hematological values.
    MATERIALS AND METHOD: The oral health status in 47 pediatric leukemic patients in the age group of 6 to 14 years was assessed using the dmft/DMFT index, OHI(S) index and modified gingival index (MGI). Their hematological reports on the day of examination were obtained. The patients were divided into three groups based on the status of treatment. The relation between the platelet count and the WBC count with the MGI score was checked.
    RESULTS: The highest dmf and DMF scores were seen in patients who were currently under treatment. Though an inverse relation was seen between the platelet count and the MGI score, a statistically significant value was not obtained.
    CONCLUSION: A longitudinal follow-up of patients should be carried out in order to establish a relation between the hematological parameters and the gingival inflammation score
    Matched MeSH terms: Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/blood*; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/radiotherapy
  17. Abdul Wahid SF, Ismail NA, Mohd-Idris MR, Jamaluddin FW, Tumian N, Sze-Wei EY, et al.
    Stem Cells Dev, 2014 Nov 1;23(21):2535-52.
    PMID: 25072307 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0123
    Currently, the indications to perform reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (RIC-HCT) are based on data derived mainly from large registry and single-centre retrospective studies. Thus, at the present time, there is limited direct evidence supporting the current practice in selecting patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for RIC versus myeloablative conditioning (MAC) transplants. To determine the relationship between dose intensity of conditioning regimen and survival outcomes after allografting in AML/ALL patients, we performed a meta-analysis of 23 clinical trials reported between 1990 and 2013 involving 15,258 adult patients that compare survival outcomes after RIC-HCT versus MAC-HCT. RIC-HCT resulted in comparable <2-year and 2-6 year overall survival (OS) rates post-transplantation even though the RIC-HCT recipients were older and had more active disease than MAC-HCT recipients. The 2-6 year progression-free survival (PFS), nonrelapse mortality, acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and chronic GvHD rates were reduced after RIC-HCT, but relapse rate was increased. Similar outcomes were observed regardless of disease type and status at transplantation. Odds ratio for all outcomes remained comparable with or without performing separate analyses for the year of HCT and for retrospective versus prospective studies. Among RIC-HCT recipients, survival rates were superior if patients were in CR at transplantation. Significant inter-study heterogeneity for aGvHD data and publication bias for PFS data were observed. This meta-analysis showed no OS benefit of MAC-HCT over RIC-HCT across the entire cohort of patients suggesting that RIC-HCT could be an effective therapeutic option for AML/ALL patients who are ineligible for MAC-HCT and CR status is preferred before RIC-HCT.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Myeloid/therapy*; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy*
  18. Fazlina N, Maha A, Zarina AL, Hamidah A, Zulkifli SZ, Cheong SK, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2008 Dec;30(2):87-93.
    PMID: 19291917
    Multidrug resistance (MDR) is believed to be responsible for poor response of patients towards chemotherapy particularly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The best-characterized resistance mechanism is the one mediated by permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) encoded by MDR1 gene, which is responsible for drug efflux. We studied P-gp and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) expression and functional activities in 43 newly diagnosed acute leukemia cases (19 paediatric ALL cases and 24 adult AML cases). The expression and functional activities were examined using flow cytometry and MultiDrugQuant assay kit (involving calcein AM uptake and efflux). P-gp and MRP1 expression and its functional activities were observed in 68.4% of paediatric ALL. In adult AML cases, all cases expressed MRP1 and its functional activities but only 58.3% were positive for P-gp and its functional activities. We were able to show a significant correlation between the expression of the multidrug resistant protein (P-gp and MRP1) and their functional activity in adult AML and paediatric ALL samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism*; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism*
  19. Leong CF, Azma RZ, Cheong SK, Salwati S, Sharifah NA
    Malays J Pathol, 2005 Jun;27(1):45-50.
    PMID: 16676693
    A 25-year-old man was referred to Hospital UKM with a 2-week history of fever, productive cough and loss of appetite. Physical examination revealed an ill-looking, tachypnoeic young man. No obvious lymphadenopathy or organomegaly was noted. Examination of the respiratory system revealed right pleural effusion. Full blood picture demonstrated leukocytosis with 90% blasts, and bone marrow examination confirmed the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) French-American-British (FAB) classification of M4 with eosinophilia. His chromosome karyotyping showed complex karyotypic abnormalities. Cytological examination of the pleural fluid demonstrated numerous blast cells indicating leukemic infiltration of the lungs, which is a rare presentation in AML. He was then started on induction chemotherapy with intravenous daunorubicin and cytarabine. In the midst of treatment, he developed an episode of seizure and cerebro-spinal fluid cytology confirmed central nervous system (CNS) leukaemic infiltration. Additional intrathecal methotraxate was given. Repeat bone marrow examination done on day 15 of chemotherapy showed persistence of excess blasts indicating refractory AML. He was then reinduced with high dose cytarabine but to no avail. The disease progressed and he succumbed about 8 weeks after the initial diagnosis was made. We highlight here a case of AML-M4Eo with complex karyoyptic abnormalities presenting with leukaemic infiltration of the lungs and CNS which had imparted a bad prognosis for this subtype of AML, AML-M4Eo.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/diagnosis*; Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/pathology; Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/therapy
  20. Wong RS, Cheong SK
    Malays J Pathol, 2012 Dec;34(2):77-88.
    PMID: 23424769 MyJurnal
    Although there have been many new developments in the treatment of leukaemia with the use of new anti-leukaemic agents and stem cell transplantation, drug resistance and treatment failure remain a great challenge for the attending physician. Several studies have suggested that leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) play a pivotal role in chemoresistance and metastasis and the mechanisms by which these cells do so have also been elucidated. There is increasing evidence to show that there exists a large pool of therapeutic targets in LSCs and that the eradication of these cells is feasible with some promising results. This article gives an overview of different types of cancer stem cells (CSCs) derived from various types of leukaemia, the mechanisms by which LSCs contribute to drug resistance and metastasis and some recent advances in targeted therapy against LSCs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leukemia/immunology; Leukemia/pathology*; Leukemia/therapy
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