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Emotional Health and Self-esteem Among Adolescents in Malaysian Orphanages

Mohammadzadeh M, Awang H, Kadir Shahar H, Ismail S

Community Ment Health J, 2018 01;54(1):117-125.
PMID: 28315972 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-017-0128-5

This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of depression, anxiety, stress and low self-esteem among institutional Malaysian adolescents. This cross-sectional descriptive study included 287 adolescents aged 12-18 years living in six selected orphan homes. Study's instruments included Socio-demographic questionnaire, validated Malay version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The findings revealed that 85.2, 80.1 and 84.7% of participants had depression, anxiety and stress respectively. Females were more likely to be depressed. Furthermore, anxiety was significantly associated with race and age but no significant associations between stress and the demographic factors were found. The study also showed that 70.8% of males and 69.2% of females had low self-esteem and the self-esteem was associated with depression, anxiety and stress.Therefore, mental health problems are very common among adolescents in Malaysian orphanages. Results reveal the urgency of immediate actions to reduce the mental health problems among Malaysian institutional adolescents.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Mental health state of low vision patients using the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the depression, anxiety and stress scale

Mohd Harimi, A.R., Nadhrah, A.B., Nur Hidayah, Y., Zainora, M., Jemaima, C.H., Mushawiahti, M.

Medicine & Health, 2020;15(1):198-207.
MyJurnal

Penilaian status kesihatan mental dalam kalangan pesakit penglihatan terhad (LV) bukan merupakan rutin pemeriksaan. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti status kesihatan mental dalam kalangan pesakit LV menggunakan soal selidik "Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale". Seramai 100 pesakit LV telah dipilih secara rawak. Pemeriksaan piawai LV dan penilaian kesihatan mental menggunakan soal selidik DASS-21 dan HAD scale telah dijalankan. Purata umur subjek adalah 62.77+9.15 tahun. Subjek terdiri daripada 63% Melayu, diikuti 26% Cina dan 11% India. Purata tahap penglihatan subjek adalah 0.45+0.24 LogMAR. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan min skor kemurungan dan kerisauan bagi soal selidik HAD Scale adalah 3.11+3.35 dan 2.85+3.21. Min skor kemurungan, kegelisahan dan tekanan bagi soal selidik DASS adalah 4.83+6.90, 3.58+3.79 dan 6.18+6.92. Ini menunjukkan min skor bagi kedua-dua soal selidik adalah dalam julat normal mengikut klasikasi tahap keterukan HAD dan DASS. Soal selidik HAD Scale menunjukkan 12% daripada subjek mengalami kemurungan dan 8% mengalami kegelisahan, manakala soal selidik DASS menunjukkan 7% mengalami kemurungan, 17% mengalami kegelisahan dan 24% mengalami tekanan. Ini menggambarkan bahawa kesihatan mental pesakit LV boleh terjejas disebabkan oleh gangguan penglihatan. Kesimpulannya, status kesihatan mental pesakit LV boleh ditentukan secara objektif menggunakan soal selidik DASS-21 dan HAD Scale. Penentuan status ini juga memastikan rawatan dan rehabilitasi yang lebih optimum dapat diberikan kepada pesakit LV.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Prevalence of anxiety among women attending a primary care clinic in Malaysia

Mohd Sidik S, Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F

Br J Gen Pract, 2011 Jun;61(587):e326-32.
PMID: 21801511 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp11X577990

Background: This is the first study investigating Anxiety among women attending a primary care clinic
in Malaysia.
Aim: The objective was to determine the factors associated with anxiety among these women.
Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a government-funded primary care clinic in Malaysia. Consecutive female patients attending the clinic during the data-collection period were invited to participate in the study.
Method: Participants were given self-administered questionnaires, which included the validated Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire (GAD-7) Malay version to detect anxiety.
Results: Of the 1023 patients who were invited, 895 agreed to participate (response rate 87.5%). The prevalence of anxiety in this study was 7.8%, based on the GAD-7 (score ≥8). Multiple logistic regression analysis found that certain stressful life events and the emotional aspect of domestic violence were significantly associated with anxiety (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety among women in this study is similar to that found in other countries.
Factors found to be associated with anxiety, especially issues on domestic violence, need to be addressed andmanaged appropriately.
Keywords: anxiety; Malaysia; prevalence; primary care; women.
Questionnaire: Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale; GAD-7 (Malay version); Hark questionnaire

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Validation of the GAD-7 (Malay version) among women attending a primary care clinic in Malaysia

Mohd Sidik S, Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F

J Prim Health Care, 2012 Mar;4(1):5-11, A1.
PMID: 22377544

Introduction: Anxiety is a common mental health disorder in primary care, with a higher prevalence among women compared to men.
Aim: This is the first study to validate the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire (GAD-7) as a case-finding instrument for anxiety in a primary care setting in Malaysia. The objective was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Malay version of the GAD-7 in detecting anxiety among women.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a government-funded primary care clinic in Malaysia. Consecutive women participants attending the clinic during data collection were given self-administered questionnaires including the GAD-7 (Malay version). Participants then were selected using systematic weighted random sampling for Composite International Diagnostic Interviews (CIDI). The GAD-7 was validated against the CIDI reference standard.
Results: The response rate was 87.5% for the questionnaire completion (895/1023), and 96.8% for diagnostic interviews (151/156). The prevalence of anxiety was 7.8%. The GAD-7 had a sensitivity of 76% (95% CI 61%–87%), a specificity of 94% (88%–97%), positive LR 13.7 (6.2–30.5) and negative LR 0.25 (0.14–0.45).
Discussion: The Malay version of the GAD-7 was found to be valid and reliable in case-finding for anxiety in this study. Due to its brevity, it is a suitable case-finding instrument for detecting anxiety in primary care settings in Malaysia.
Keywords: Validation; anxiety; primary care; women; Malaysia
Questionnaire: Generalised Anxiety Disorder questionnaire; GAD-7; Composite International Diagnostic Interviews; CIDI; Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9; General Health Questionnaire; GHQ-12

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales*
Do depression and educational attainment mediate the association between ethnicity and dementia?

Momtaz YA, Hamid TA, Yusoff S, Ibrahim R

Gerontology, 2013;59(3):206-12.
PMID: 23147388 DOI: 10.1159/000342254

Research shows marked differences in the prevalence of dementia among different ethnic groups. However, there is a relative dearth of studies focusing on how ethnicity may influence dementia. The main aim of the current study is to test potential mediating effects of depression and level of education on the association between ethnicity and dementia.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy among depressed individuals with disabilities in Nigeria: A randomized controlled trial

Musa ZA, Soh KL, Mukhtar F, Soh KY, Oladele TO, Soh KG

Psychiatry Res, 2021 02;296:113680.
PMID: 33421840 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113680

The objective of this paper was to examine the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in decreasing depressive symptoms and intellectual disabilities (ID) among individuals with depression in Nigeria. In this randomized controlled trial, 101 participants with depression and ID, aged 18-60 years, who obtained 14 scores in the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), scores 4 and above on Shaheen Disability Scale (SDS), were randomly assigned into the interventions (n = 50) and active control group (n = 51). The MBCT group has shown a statistically significant effect on the SDS and BDI-II variables by decreasing depressive symptoms and disabilities following MBCT (p<0.05). The assessment revealed that participants reported an improvement in their experience of depression and ID. The most significant impact was in the reduced levels of ID reported. The results of the evaluation suggest that depressed people with intellectual disabilities benefit from a structured MBCT group intervention and the results are maintained at 2-months follow-up.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Group cognitive behavioural therapy (GCBT) versus group exposure and response prevention (GERP) for obsessive–compulsive disorder and comorbid depression: a clinical study in Iran

Nasim Seyedsalehi, Rohany Nasir, Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman, Ashkan Seyedsalehi, Sadaf Seyedsalehi

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2018;19(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Objective: The objective of this study to assess the comparative effectiveness of exposure and response prevention (GERP) and cognitive-behaviour therapy (GCBT) in a group of Iranian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and comorbid depression symptoms (CDS).

Methods: Ninety OCD patients were selected (both genders, married or unmarried and ages from 18-65 years) using a non-probability sampling (availability sampling) procedure. The respondents subsequently sampled via cluster randomization into three equal groups: a control group (n = 30) that did not receive any treatment intervention during the study and two other groups who received 12 weeks of psychotherapy in the form of GERP (n=30) or GCBT (n=30). This study obtained the required data through a clinical interview with all participants based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision (DSM-IV-TR). The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni correction and Pearson correlations.

Result: We found that GCBT and GERP are effective treatments for alleviating OCD symptoms among patients. The results demonstrated that OCD scores were significantly reduced among participants after receiving GCBT and GERP treatments, with mean (standard deviation, SD) changes of 0.829 (0.287) and 0.970 (0.258), respectively. The study measured CDS through the Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II-PERSIAN). The study further found a significant correlation between OCD and CDS. The findings suggested that GCBT and GERP improved comorbid depression symptoms (CDS) significantly with mean (SD) changes of 13.57 (3.92) and 12.85 (4.50) respectively.

Conclusion: GCBT and GERP separately produced equivalent improvements for OCD and CDS.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Prevalence and determinants of antepartum depressive and anxiety symptoms in expectant mothers and fathers: results from a perinatal psychiatric morbidity cohort study in the east and west coasts of Malaysia

Nasreen HE, Rahman JA, Rus RM, Kartiwi M, Sutan R, Edhborg M

BMC Psychiatry, 2018 06 15;18(1):195.
PMID: 29902985 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1781-0

BACKGROUND: Research on antepartum psychiatric morbidities investigating depressive and anxiety symptoms in expectant mothers and fathers is lacking in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of antepartum depressive, anxiety and co-occurring significant symptoms and explore the associated factors in a cross-section of Malaysian expectant mothers and fathers.

METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from a prospective cohort study of 911 expectant mothers and 587 expectant fathers during their third trimester of pregnancy, from health clinics of two states in the east and west coasts of Malaysia. The validated Malay version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the anxiety sub-scale of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale were used to measure the depressive and anxiety symptoms. Multiple logistic regression analyses identified the determinants of antepartum depressive and anxiety symptoms (ADS and AAS).

RESULTS: Prevalence of ADS was 12.2% in expectant mothers and 8.4% in expectant fathers, while AAS was 28.8% in expectant mothers and 13.3% in expectant fathers, and co-occurring significant symptoms was 8.0% in expectant mothers and 4.0% in expectant fathers. Expectant mothers and fathers having perceived social/family support were less likely to suffer from ADS. Intimate partner violence, poor relationship with husbands, depression in earlier pregnancy and husband's depression in current pregnancy in expectant mothers, and living in rented house, sex preference for the unborn child, stressful life events and wife's depression in current pregnancy in expectant fathers were associated with a greater likelihood of ADS. The determinants for AAS were living in rented house and with parents/in-laws, poor relationship with husbands, restrictions during pregnancy and stressful life events for expectant mothers, and stressful life events and being unsupportive towards wives in household chores for expectant fathers.

CONCLUSION: Both ADS and AAS are prevalent in expectant mothers and fathers, and largely an undetected problem in Malaysia. Administration of couple-based screening and referral program during antenatal check-up should be universal practices to identify and treat the psychiatric morbidities.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext A review of depression research in Malaysia

Ng CG

Med J Malaysia, 2014 Aug;69 Suppl A:42-5.
PMID: 25417950 MyJurnal

Depression is a debilitating illness and has become a leading cause of morbidity globally. We aim to summarise the evidence available in regard to the prevalence, type of assessment tools used and treatment options for depression in Malaysia. Two hundred and forty seven articles related to depression were found in a search through a database dedicated to indexing all original data relevant to medicine published in Malaysia between the years 2000-2013. Fifty seven articles were selected and reviewed on the basis of clinical relevance and future research implications. Findings were summarised, categorised and presented according to prevalence of depression, depression in women, depression in clinical condition, assessment tools, and treatment of depression. The prevalence of depression in Malaysia was estimated to be between 8 and 12%. The figures were higher among women of low socio-economic background or those with comorbid medical condition. The common assessment tools used in Malaysia include Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). They were translated into the Malay language and their psychometric properties were established. Both pharmacological treatment and psychotherapy were commonly used in Malaysia, and were highly recommended in local clinical practice guidelines. There are discrepancies in the reported rates of depression in Malaysia and this needs to be addressed. There were lack of studies looking into the depression among subgroups in Malaysia especially in the male population. There were several instruments available for assessment of depression in Malaysia but their suitability for the local setting need further research. Both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy were recommended in the local treatment guideline in Malaysia. With the emergence of generic medication, we need to compare their clinical efficacy and tolerability with original products.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Rapid response to methylphenidate as an add-on therapy to mirtazapine in the treatment of major depressive disorder in terminally ill cancer patients: a four-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study

Ng CG, Boks MP, Roes KC, Zainal NZ, Sulaiman AH, Tan SB, et al.

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2014 Apr;24(4):491-8.
PMID: 24503279 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.016

This is a 4 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to examine the effects of methylphenidate as add-on therapy to mirtazapine compared to placebo for treatment of depression in terminally ill cancer patients. It involved 88 terminally ill cancer patients from University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They were randomized and treated with either methylphenidate or placebo as add on to mirtazapine. The change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from baseline to day 3 was analyzed by linear regression. Changes of MADRS and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) over 28 days were analyzed using mixed model repeated measures (MMRM). Secondary analysis of MADRS response rates, defined as 50% or more reduction from baseline score. A significantly larger reduction of Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score in the methylphenidate group was observed from day 3 (B=4.14; 95% CI=1.83-6.45). Response rate (defined as 50% or more reduction from baseline MADRS score) in the methylphenidate treated group was superior from day 14. Improvement in Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) was greater in the methylphenidate treated group from day 3 until day 28. The drop-out rates were 52.3% in the methylphenidate group and 59.1% in the placebo group (relative risk=0.86, 95%CI=0.54-1.37) due to cancer progression. Nervous system adverse events were more common in methylphenidate treated subjects (20.5% vs 9.1%, p=0.13). In conclusions, methylphenidate as add on therapy to mirtazapine demonstrated an earlier antidepressant response in terminally ill cancer patients, although at an increased risk of the nervous system side effects.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Ethnic variations in dementia: the contributions of cardiovascular, psychosocial and neuropsychological factors

Ng TP, Leong T, Chiam PC, Kua EH

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2010;29(2):131-8.
PMID: 20145399 DOI: 10.1159/000275668

Ethnic variations in dementia rate have been reported worldwide. Understanding these differences is vital for aetiological research, clinical care and health service planning. While age and gender have been consistently implicated, the reasons behind interethnic variation remain unclear.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext The Reliability Of Malay Version Of List Of Threatening Experiences Questionnaire: A Study On A Group Of Medical Students In Malaysia

Ng, C.G., Amer Siddiq, A.N., Aida, S.A., Koh, O.H., Nor Zuraida, Z.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2009;18(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

Objective: The aim of this study is to translate the original English version of List of Threatening Experiences (LTE) into Malay and to test the reliability on a group of medical students. Method: The LTE was translated into Malay and back-translated. The Malay LTE (LTE-M) was then tested on a total of 237 medical students. They were given LTE-M, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and English version of LTE. A week later, these students were again given the LTE-M. Results: The parallel and test-retest reliability were satisfactory for 7 out of the 12 event categories (Kappa=0.67- 0.88). However 3 event categories were not reported. There was no statistical significant difference in the BDI and GHQ scores between the students with and without threatening experiences. Conclusion: The parallel and test-retest reliability of the LTE-M were acceptable. An association between the threatening experiences and increased disorders was not established.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext Clinical correlates of erectile dysfunction among male patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in Kuala Lumpur

Nik Ruzyanei, N.J., Noormazita, M., Azlin, B., Normala, I., Hazli, Z., Abdul Aziz, S., et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2012;8(1):27-35.
MyJurnal

Sexual dysfunction is common but not often assessed in the routine clinical care among males on opiate substitute treatment.
Objective: To determine the association between clinical variables and erectile dysfunction (ED) among men on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).
Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 108 participants who attended the Drug Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The instruments used include the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I Disorder (SCID-I), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and International Index of Erectile Function-15 (IIEF-15).
Results: Concurrent heroin abuse was significantly associated with presence of ED (p=0.024). Treatment factors including methadone dose and duration of methadone treatment were not significantly associated with ED.
Conclusion: Education on sexual dysfunction as a potential adverse effect and its association with illicit heroin use should be considered in the doctor-patient consultation to encourage treatment adherence and abstinence from heroin.
Study site: Drug Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Quality of life in people with cognitive impairment: nursing homes versus home care

Nikmat AW, Al-Mashoor SH, Hashim NA

Int Psychogeriatr, 2015 May;27(5):815-24.
PMID: 25497589 DOI: 10.1017/S1041610214002609

The evaluation of quality of life (QoL) among older adults has become increasingly important, and living arrangements play a pivotal role in determining the QoL of people with cognitive impairment (PWCI). Although informal care (home-based) is favored, transition to formal care (residential care) often becomes necessary, especially in the later stages of cognitive impairment. The primary objective was to compare the QoL of PWCI in the community and nursing homes. Additionally, factors differentiate the QoL of PWCI in these two settings were identified.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Quality of life in dementia patients: nursing home versus home care

Nikmat AW, Hawthorne G, Al-Mashoor SH

Int Psychogeriatr, 2011 Dec;23(10):1692-700.
PMID: 21729416 DOI: 10.1017/S1041610211001050

Care management providing a high quality of life (QoL) is a crucial issue in dealing with increasing numbers of dementia patients. Although the transition from informal (home-based) care to formal (institutional) care is often a function of dementia stage, for those with early dementia there is currently no definitive evidence showing that informal or formal care provides a higher QoL, particularly where informal care is favored for local cultural reasons. This paper outlines the research protocol for a study comparing formal and informal care in Malaysia. It seeks to provide evidence regarding which is more appropriate and results in higher QoL in early dementia.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Religiousness, religious coping methods and distress level among psychiatric patients in Malaysia

Nurasikin MS, Khatijah LA, Aini A, Ramli M, Aida SA, Zainal NZ, et al.

Int J Soc Psychiatry, 2013 Jun;59(4):332-8.
PMID: 22408116 DOI: 10.1177/0020764012437127

Patients having psychiatric diagnoses often experience high level of distress. Religiousness is often used by them as part of their coping mechanism and problem-solving strategies.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data
Stress and anxiety among mothers of premature infants in a Malaysian neonatal intensive care unit

Ong SL, Abdullah KL, Danaee M, Soh KL, Soh KG, Japar S

J Reprod Infant Psychol, 2019 04;37(2):193-205.
PMID: 30480464 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2018.1540861

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine maternal stress and anxiety as perceived by mothers whose premature infants were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to identify maternal stress and its relationship with maternal and infant characteristics and anxiety.
BACKGROUND: Vulnerable premature infants commonly require special care in the NICUs. In most cases, prolonged hospitalization results in stress and anxiety for the mothers.
METHODS: A non-probability convenience survey was used in a public hospital, with 180 mothers completing the 26-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and a 40-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).
RESULTS: 56.5% of mothers had high levels of stress, 85.5% of mothers had a high level of state-anxiety and 67.8% of mothers had a high level of trait-anxiety. The stress experienced by these mothers had a significant relationship with anxiety, and was found to be associated with state and trait anxiety levels, but not with maternal and infant characteristics.
CONCLUSION: Mothers in this setting revealed high levels of stress and anxiety during their premature infants' NICU admission. An immediate interventional programme focusing on relieving mothers' anxiety and stress is needed to prevent maternal stress and anxiety at an early stage.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Subjective depressive symptoms associated with pain in patients with major depressive disorder: Findings from the study on the aspect of Asian depression

Oon-Arom A, Likhitsathian S, Maneeton B, Sulaiman AH, Shih-Yen EC, Udomratn P, et al.

Perspect Psychiatr Care, 2020 Jan;56(1):188-193.
PMID: 31148197 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12403

PURPOSE: To examine subjective depressive symptoms associated with physical pain symptoms (PPSs) in Asian patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).
DESIGN AND METHODS: Four PPSs, including headache, chest pain, low back pain, and muscle pain, and subjective depressive symptoms were assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised.
FINDINGS: Out of 528 participants, 390 (73.9%) had at least one PPS. After adjusting for sex, depression severity, disability, fatigue, physical health status, and mental health status, PPSs were found to be associated with crying easily, blaming oneself, feeling lonely, feeling blue, and worrying too much.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Almost three-quarters of Asian patients with MDD experience PPSs. PPSs are associated with some subjective feelings of depression.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
The association of suicide risk with negative life events and social support according to gender in Asian patients with major depressive disorder

Park S, Hatim Sulaiman A, Srisurapanont M, Chang SM, Liu CY, Bautista D, et al.

Psychiatry Res, 2015 Aug 30;228(3):277-82.
PMID: 26160206 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.032

We investigated the associations between negative life events, social support, depressive and hostile symptoms, and suicide risk according to gender in multinational Asian patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). A total of 547 outpatients with MDD (352 women and 195 men, mean age of 39.58±13.21 years) were recruited in China, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan. All patients were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Symptoms Checklist 90-Revised, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the List of Threatening Experiences. Negative life events, social support, depressive symptoms, and hostility were all significantly associated with suicidality in female MDD patients. However, only depressive symptoms and hostility were significantly associated with suicidality in male patients. Depression severity and hostility only partially mediated the association of negative life events and poor social support with suicidality in female patients. In contrast, hostility fully mediated the association of negative life events and poor social support with suicidality in male patients. Our results highlight the need of in-depth assessment of suicide risk for depressed female patients who report a number of negative life events and poor social supports, even if they do not show severe psychopathology.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Fulltext The association between lower educational attainment and depression owing to shared genetic effects? Results in ~25,000 subjects

Peyrot WJ, Lee SH, Milaneschi Y, Abdellaoui A, Byrne EM, Esko T, et al.

Mol Psychiatry, 2015 Jun;20(6):735-43.
PMID: 25917368 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.50

An association between lower educational attainment (EA) and an increased risk for depression has been confirmed in various western countries. This study examines whether pleiotropic genetic effects contribute to this association. Therefore, data were analyzed from a total of 9662 major depressive disorder (MDD) cases and 14,949 controls (with no lifetime MDD diagnosis) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium with additional Dutch and Estonian data. The association of EA and MDD was assessed with logistic regression in 15,138 individuals indicating a significantly negative association in our sample with an odds ratio for MDD 0.78 (0.75-0.82) per standard deviation increase in EA. With data of 884,105 autosomal common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three methods were applied to test for pleiotropy between MDD and EA: (i) genetic profile risk scores (GPRS) derived from training data for EA (independent meta-analysis on ~120,000 subjects) and MDD (using a 10-fold leave-one-out procedure in the current sample), (ii) bivariate genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) and (iii) SNP effect concordance analysis (SECA). With these methods, we found (i) that the EA-GPRS did not predict MDD status, and MDD-GPRS did not predict EA, (ii) a weak negative genetic correlation with bivariate GREML analyses, but this correlation was not consistently significant, (iii) no evidence for concordance of MDD and EA SNP effects with SECA analysis. To conclude, our study confirms an association of lower EA and MDD risk, but this association was not because of measurable pleiotropic genetic effects, which suggests that environmental factors could be involved, for example, socioeconomic status.

Matched MeSH terms: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales

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