Displaying publications 101 - 120 of 616 in total

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  1. Gene expression programming for total bed material load estimation--a case study
    Zakaria NA, Azamathulla HM, Chang CK, Ghani AA
    Sci Total Environ, 2010 Oct 1;408(21):5078-85.
    PMID: 20708217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.048
    This paper presents Gene-Expression Programming (GEP), which is an extension to the genetic programming (GP) approach to predict the total bed material load for three Malaysian rivers. The GEP is employed without any restriction to an extensive database compiled from measurements in the Muda, Langat, and Kurau rivers. The GEP approach demonstrated a superior performance compared to other traditional sediment load methods. The coefficient of determination, R(2) (=0.97) and the mean square error, MSE (=0.057) of the GEP method are higher than those of the traditional method. The performance of the GEP method demonstrates its predictive capability and the possibility of the generalization of the model to nonlinear problems for river engineering applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation*
  2. Node status algorithm for load balancing in distributed service architectures at paperless medical institutions
    Logeswaran R, Chen LC
    J Med Syst, 2008 Dec;32(6):453-61.
    PMID: 19058649
    Service architectures are necessary for providing value-added services in telecommunications networks, including those in medical institutions. Separation of service logic and control from the actual call switching is the main idea of these service architectures, examples include Intelligent Network (IN), Telecommunications Information Network Architectures (TINA), and Open Service Access (OSA). In the Distributed Service Architectures (DSA), instances of the same object type can be placed on different physical nodes. Hence, the network performance can be enhanced by introducing load balancing algorithms to efficiently distribute the traffic between object instances, such that the overall throughput and network performance can be optimised. In this paper, we propose a new load balancing algorithm called "Node Status Algorithm" for DSA infrastructure applicable to electronic-based medical institutions. The simulation results illustrate that this proposed algorithm is able to outperform the benchmark load balancing algorithms-Random Algorithm and Shortest Queue Algorithm, especially under medium and heavily loaded network conditions, which are typical of the increasing bandwidth utilization and processing requirements at paperless hospitals and in the telemedicine environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation*
  3. The role of infarct transmural extent in infarct extension: A computational study
    Leong CN, Lim E, Andriyana A, Al Abed A, Lovell NH, Hayward C, et al.
    Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng, 2017 Feb;33(2).
    PMID: 27043925 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2794
    Infarct extension, a process involving progressive extension of the infarct zone (IZ) into the normally perfused border zone (BZ), leads to continuous degradation of the myocardial function and adverse remodelling. Despite carrying a high risk of mortality, detailed understanding of the mechanisms leading to BZ hypoxia and infarct extension remains unexplored. In the present study, we developed a 3D truncated ellipsoidal left ventricular model incorporating realistic electromechanical properties and fibre orientation to examine the mechanical interaction among the remote, infarct and BZs in the presence of varying infarct transmural extent (TME). Localized highly abnormal systolic fibre stress was observed at the BZ, owing to the simultaneous presence of moderately increased stiffness and fibre strain at this region, caused by the mechanical tethering effect imposed by the overstretched IZ. Our simulations also demonstrated the greatest tethering effect and stress in BZ regions with fibre direction tangential to the BZ-remote zone boundary. This can be explained by the lower stiffness in the cross-fibre direction, which gave rise to a greater stretching of the IZ in this direction. The average fibre strain of the IZ, as well as the maximum stress in the sub-endocardial layer, increased steeply from 10% to 50% infarct TME, and slower thereafter. Based on our stress-strain loop analysis, we found impairment in the myocardial energy efficiency and elevated energy expenditure with increasing infarct TME, which we believe to place the BZ at further risk of hypoxia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation*
  4. A computer model of health status and costs in national health planning
    Spohr MH, Wright NH, Herm J
    Medinfo, 1995;8 Pt 2:1639.
    PMID: 8591525
    We developed a computer model which measures the impact of disease on a population, has the ability to track changes in disease incidence over time, and incorporates costs of disease prevention and treatment. This model was developed with data for Malaysia and used by the Ministry of Health in the development of their national health plan. The model uses the DHLL (DALY) measure which incorporates morbidity and mortality impacts of disease. The ability of the model to adjust for changes in disease incidence over a period of years allows health planners to accurately reflect demographic and development related changes in disease incidence. This model is of value to health planners because in incorporates information on population health status, costs of prevention and treatment, and changes in health status over time. It produces an evaluation of the cost effectiveness of possible interventions that can be used by health planners in making decisions on resource allocation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation*
  5. Prospects and progress in the production of valuable carotenoids: Insights from metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and computational approaches
    Sankari M, Rao PR, Hemachandran H, Pullela PK, Doss C GP, Tayubi IA, et al.
    J Biotechnol, 2018 Jan 20;266:89-101.
    PMID: 29247672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.010
    Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments synthesized exclusively by plants and microorganisms and play critical roles in light harvesting, photoprotection, attracting pollinators and phytohormone production. In recent years, carotenoids have been used for their health benefits due to their high antioxidant activity and are extensively utilized in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis occurs throughout the life cycle of plants, with vibrant changes in composition based on developmental needs and responses to external environmental stimuli. With advancements in metabolic engineering techniques, there has been tremendous progress in the production of industrially valuable secondary metabolites such as carotenoids. Application of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has become essential for the successful and improved production of carotenoids. Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline; metabolic engineering approaches may provide insights into novel ideas for biosynthetic pathways. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on carotenoid biosynthetic pathways and genetic engineering of carotenoids to improve their nutritional value. In addition, we investigated synthetic biological approaches for the production of carotenoids. Theoretical biology approaches that may aid in understanding the biological sciences are discussed in this review. A combination of theoretical knowledge and experimental strategies may improve the production of industrially relevant secondary metabolites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation*
  6. Optimal approach for complete liver tumor ablation using radiofrequency ablation: a simulation study
    Givehchi S, Wong YH, Yeong CH, Abdullah BJJ
    Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol, 2018 Apr;27(2):81-89.
    PMID: 28612670 DOI: 10.1080/13645706.2017.1330757
    PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) electrode trajectory on complete tumor ablation using computational simulation.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: The RFA of a spherical tumor of 2.0 cm diameter along with 0.5 cm clinical safety margin was simulated using Finite Element Analysis software. A total of 86 points inside one-eighth of the tumor volume along the axial, sagittal and coronal planes were selected as the target sites for electrode-tip placement. The angle of the electrode insertion in both craniocaudal and orbital planes ranged from -90° to +90° with 30° increment. The RFA electrode was simulated to pass through the target site at different angles in combination of both craniocaudal and orbital planes before being advanced to the edge of the tumor.

    RESULTS: Complete tumor ablation was observed whenever the electrode-tip penetrated through the epicenter of the tumor regardless of the angles of electrode insertion in both craniocaudal and orbital planes. Complete tumor ablation can also be achieved by placing the electrode-tip at several optimal sites and angles.

    CONCLUSIONS: Identification of the tumor epicenter on the central slice of the axial images is essential to enhance the success rate of complete tumor ablation during RFA procedures.

    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation*
  7. Computational analysis of the flow of bile in human cystic duct
    Al-Atabi M, Ooi RC, Luo XY, Chin SB, Bird NC
    Med Eng Phys, 2012 Oct;34(8):1177-83.
    PMID: 22217515 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.12.006
    Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of the three-dimensional flow structures in realistic cystic ducts have been performed to obtain quantitative readings of the flow parameters to compare with clinical measurements. Resin casts of real patients' cystic ducts lumen that possess representative anatomical features were scanned to obtain three-dimensional flow domains that were used in the numerical analysis. The convoluting nature of the studied cystic ducts resulted in strong secondary flow that contributed towards a dimensionless pressure drop that is four times higher than those of a straight circular tube of an equivalent length and average diameter. The numerical pressure drop results across the cystic duct compared very well with those obtained from clinical observations which indicate that CFD is an appropriate tool to investigate the flow and functions of the biliary system. From the hydrodynamic point of view, the cystic duct lumen seems to serve as a passive resistor that strives to provide a constant amount of resistance to control the flow of bile out of the gallbladder. This is mainly achieved by the coupling of the secondary flow effects and bile rheology to provide flow resistance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation*
  8. Fulltext An efficient post-processing adaptive filtering technique to rectifying the flickering effects
    Gandam A, Sidhu JS, Verma S, Jhanjhi NZ, Nayyar A, Abouhawwash M, et al.
    PLoS One, 2021;16(5):e0250959.
    PMID: 33970949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250959
    Compression at a very low bit rate(≤0.5bpp) causes degradation in video frames with standard decoding algorithms like H.261, H.262, H.264, and MPEG-1 and MPEG-4, which itself produces lots of artifacts. This paper focuses on an efficient pre-and post-processing technique (PP-AFT) to address and rectify the problems of quantization error, ringing, blocking artifact, and flickering effect, which significantly degrade the visual quality of video frames. The PP-AFT method differentiates the blocked images or frames using activity function into different regions and developed adaptive filters as per the classified region. The designed process also introduces an adaptive flicker extraction and removal method and a 2-D filter to remove ringing effects in edge regions. The PP-AFT technique is implemented on various videos, and results are compared with different existing techniques using performance metrics like PSNR-B, MSSIM, and GBIM. Simulation results show significant improvement in the subjective quality of different video frames. The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art de-blocking methods in terms of PSNR-B with average value lying between (0.7-1.9db) while (35.83-47.7%) reduced average GBIM keeping MSSIM values very close to the original sequence statistically 0.978.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation/standards*
  9. Fulltext Next-generation, personalised, model-based critical care medicine: a state-of-the art review of in silico virtual patient models, methods, and cohorts, and how to validation them
    Chase JG, Preiser JC, Dickson JL, Pironet A, Chiew YS, Pretty CG, et al.
    Biomed Eng Online, 2018 Feb 20;17(1):24.
    PMID: 29463246 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0455-y
    Critical care, like many healthcare areas, is under a dual assault from significantly increasing demographic and economic pressures. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are highly variable in response to treatment, and increasingly aging populations mean ICUs are under increasing demand and their cohorts are increasingly ill. Equally, patient expectations are growing, while the economic ability to deliver care to all is declining. Better, more productive care is thus the big challenge. One means to that end is personalised care designed to manage the significant inter- and intra-patient variability that makes the ICU patient difficult. Thus, moving from current "one size fits all" protocolised care to adaptive, model-based "one method fits all" personalised care could deliver the required step change in the quality, and simultaneously the productivity and cost, of care. Computer models of human physiology are a unique tool to personalise care, as they can couple clinical data with mathematical methods to create subject-specific models and virtual patients to design new, personalised and more optimal protocols, as well as to guide care in real-time. They rely on identifying time varying patient-specific parameters in the model that capture inter- and intra-patient variability, the difference between patients and the evolution of patient condition. Properly validated, virtual patients represent the real patients, and can be used in silico to test different protocols or interventions, or in real-time to guide care. Hence, the underlying models and methods create the foundation for next generation care, as well as a tool for safely and rapidly developing personalised treatment protocols over large virtual cohorts using virtual trials. This review examines the models and methods used to create virtual patients. Specifically, it presents the models types and structures used and the data required. It then covers how to validate the resulting virtual patients and trials, and how these virtual trials can help design and optimise clinical trial. Links between these models and higher order, more complex physiome models are also discussed. In each section, it explores the progress reported up to date, especially on core ICU therapies in glycemic, circulatory and mechanical ventilation management, where high cost and frequency of occurrence provide a significant opportunity for model-based methods to have measurable clinical and economic impact. The outcomes are readily generalised to other areas of medical care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation*
  10. Evaluation of TOPAS MC tool performance in optical photon transport and radioluminescence-based dosimetry
    Khodaei A, Moradi F, Oresegun A, Zubair HT, Bradley DA, Ibrahim SA, et al.
    Biomed Phys Eng Express, 2024 Aug 28;10(5).
    PMID: 39142303 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad6f14
    Radiation therapy plays a pivotal role in modern cancer treatment, demanding precise and accurate dose delivery to tumor sites while minimizing harm to surrounding healthy tissues. Monte Carlo simulations have emerged as indispensable tools for achieving this precision, offering detailed insights into radiation transport and interaction at the subatomic level. As the use of scintillation and luminescence dosimetry becomes increasingly prevalent in radiation therapy, there arises a need for validated Monte Carlo tools tailored to optical photon transport applications. In this paper, an evaluation process of the TOPAS (TOol for PArticle Simulation) Monte Carlo tool for Cerenkov light generation, optical photon transport and radioluminescence based dosimetry is presented. Three distinct sources of validation data are utilized: one from a published set of experimental results and two others from simulations performed with the Geant4 code. The methodology employed for evaluation includes the selection of benchmark experiments, making use of opt3 and opt4 Geant4 physics models and simulation setup, with observed slight discrepancies within the calculation uncertainties. Additionally, the complexities and challenges associated with modeling optical photons generation through luminescence or Cerenkov radiation and their transport are discussed. The results of our evaluation suggests that TOPAS can be used to reliably predict Cerenkov generation, luminescence phenomenon and the behavior of optical photons in common dosimetry scenarios.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation*
  11. Fulltext Application of empirical mode decomposition with local linear quantile regression in financial time series forecasting
    Jaber AM, Ismail MT, Altaher AM
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:708918.
    PMID: 25140343 DOI: 10.1155/2014/708918
    This paper mainly forecasts the daily closing price of stock markets. We propose a two-stage technique that combines the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) with nonparametric methods of local linear quantile (LLQ). We use the proposed technique, EMD-LLQ, to forecast two stock index time series. Detailed experiments are implemented for the proposed method, in which EMD-LPQ, EMD, and Holt-Winter methods are compared. The proposed EMD-LPQ model is determined to be superior to the EMD and Holt-Winter methods in predicting the stock closing prices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
  12. Fulltext Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of different shapes of collars on the reduction of scour around a single bridge pier
    Jahangirzadeh A, Basser H, Akib S, Karami H, Naji S, Shamshirband S
    PLoS One, 2014;9(2):e98592.
    PMID: 24919065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098592
    The scour phenomenon around bridge piers causes great quantities of damages annually all over the world. Collars are considered as one of the substantial methods for reducing the depth and volume of scour around bridge piers. In this study, the experimental and numerical methods are used to investigate two different shapes of collars, i.e, rectangular and circular, in terms of reducing scour around a single bridge pier. The experiments were conducted in hydraulic laboratory at university of Malaya. The scour around the bridge pier and collars was simulated numerically using a three-dimensional, CFD model namely SSIIM 2.0, to verify the application of the model. The results indicated that although, both types of collars provides a considerable decrease in the depth of the scour, the rectangular collar, decreases scour depth around the pier by 79 percent, and has better performance compared to the circular collar. Furthermore, it was observed that using collars under the stream's bed, resulted in the most reduction in the scour depth around the pier. The results also show the SSIIM 2.0 model could simulate the scour phenomenon around a single bridge pier and collars with sufficient accuracy. Using the experimental and numerical results, two new equations were developed to predict the scour depth around a bridge pier exposed to circular and rectangular collars.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
  13. Fulltext Improving Vector Evaluated Particle Swarm Optimisation by incorporating nondominated solutions
    Lim KS, Ibrahim Z, Buyamin S, Ahmad A, Naim F, Ghazali KH, et al.
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:510763.
    PMID: 23737718 DOI: 10.1155/2013/510763
    The Vector Evaluated Particle Swarm Optimisation algorithm is widely used to solve multiobjective optimisation problems. This algorithm optimises one objective using a swarm of particles where their movements are guided by the best solution found by another swarm. However, the best solution of a swarm is only updated when a newly generated solution has better fitness than the best solution at the objective function optimised by that swarm, yielding poor solutions for the multiobjective optimisation problems. Thus, an improved Vector Evaluated Particle Swarm Optimisation algorithm is introduced by incorporating the nondominated solutions as the guidance for a swarm rather than using the best solution from another swarm. In this paper, the performance of improved Vector Evaluated Particle Swarm Optimisation algorithm is investigated using performance measures such as the number of nondominated solutions found, the generational distance, the spread, and the hypervolume. The results suggest that the improved Vector Evaluated Particle Swarm Optimisation algorithm has impressive performance compared with the conventional Vector Evaluated Particle Swarm Optimisation algorithm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
  14. Fulltext Measuring the performance of visual to auditory information conversion
    Tan SS, Maul TH, Mennie NR
    PLoS One, 2013;8(5):e63042.
    PMID: 23696791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063042
    Visual to auditory conversion systems have been in existence for several decades. Besides being among the front runners in providing visual capabilities to blind users, the auditory cues generated from image sonification systems are still easier to learn and adapt to compared to other similar techniques. Other advantages include low cost, easy customizability, and universality. However, every system developed so far has its own set of strengths and weaknesses. In order to improve these systems further, we propose an automated and quantitative method to measure the performance of such systems. With these quantitative measurements, it is possible to gauge the relative strengths and weaknesses of different systems and rank the systems accordingly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
  15. Fulltext Generalized and improved (G'/G)-expansion method for (3+1)-dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsev equation
    Naher H, Abdullah FA, Akbar MA
    PLoS One, 2013;8(5):e64618.
    PMID: 23741355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064618
    The generalized and improved (G'/G)-expansion method is a powerful and advantageous mathematical tool for establishing abundant new traveling wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. In this article, we investigate the higher dimensional nonlinear evolution equation, namely, the (3+1)-dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsev equation via this powerful method. The solutions are found in hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational function form involving more parameters and some of our constructed solutions are identical with results obtained by other authors if certain parameters take special values and some are new. The numerical results described in the figures were obtained with the aid of commercial software Maple.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
  16. Fulltext Optimal placement of unified power flow controllers to improve dynamic voltage stability using power system variable based voltage stability indices
    Albatsh FM, Ahmad S, Mekhilef S, Mokhlis H, Hassan MA
    PLoS One, 2015;10(4):e0123802.
    PMID: 25874560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123802
    This study examines a new approach to selecting the locations of unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) in power system networks based on a dynamic analysis of voltage stability. Power system voltage stability indices (VSIs) including the line stability index (LQP), the voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI), and the line stability index (Lmn) are employed to identify the most suitable locations in the system for UPFCs. In this study, the locations of the UPFCs are identified by dynamically varying the loads across all of the load buses to represent actual power system conditions. Simulations were conducted in a power system computer-aided design (PSCAD) software using the IEEE 14-bus and 39- bus benchmark power system models. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. When the UPFCs are placed in the locations obtained with the new approach, the voltage stability improves. A comparison of the steady-state VSIs resulting from the UPFCs placed in the locations obtained with the new approach and with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE), which are static methods, is presented. In all cases, the UPFC locations given by the proposed approach result in better voltage stability than those obtained with the other approaches.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
  17. Fulltext Modeling the effect of delay strategy on transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS disease
    Raza A, Ahmadian A, Rafiq M, Salahshour S, Naveed M, Ferrara M, et al.
    Adv Differ Equ, 2020;2020(1):663.
    PMID: 33250928 DOI: 10.1186/s13662-020-03116-8
    In this manuscript, we investigate a nonlinear delayed model to study the dynamics of human-immunodeficiency-virus in the population. For analysis, we find the equilibria of a susceptible-infectious-immune system with a delay term. The well-established tools such as the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Volterra-Lyapunov function, and Lasalle invariance principle are presented to investigate the stability of the model. The reproduction number and sensitivity of parameters are investigated. If the delay tactics are decreased, then the disease is endemic. On the other hand, if the delay tactics are increased then the disease is controlled in the population. The effect of the delay tactics with subpopulations is investigated. More precisely, all parameters are dependent on delay terms. In the end, to give the strength to a theoretical analysis of the model, a computer simulation is presented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
  18. Fulltext Word sense disambiguation using hybrid swarm intelligence approach
    Al-Saiagh W, Tiun S, Al-Saffar A, Awang S, Al-Khaleefa AS
    PLoS One, 2018;13(12):e0208695.
    PMID: 30571777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208695
    Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is the process of identifying an appropriate sense for an ambiguous word. With the complexity of human languages in which a single word could yield different meanings, WSD has been utilized by several domains of interests such as search engines and machine translations. The literature shows a vast number of techniques used for the process of WSD. Recently, researchers have focused on the use of meta-heuristic approaches to identify the best solutions that reflect the best sense. However, the application of meta-heuristic approaches remains limited and thus requires the efficient exploration and exploitation of the problem space. Hence, the current study aims to propose a hybrid meta-heuristic method that consists of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and simulated annealing to find the global best meaning of a given text. Different semantic measures have been utilized in this model as objective functions for the proposed hybrid PSO. These measures consist of JCN and extended Lesk methods, which are combined effectively in this work. The proposed method is tested using a three-benchmark dataset (SemCor 3.0, SensEval-2, and SensEval-3). Results show that the proposed method has superior performance in comparison with state-of-the-art approaches.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
  19. Fulltext A low latency and low power indirect topology for on-chip communication
    Gulzari UA, Khan S, Sajid M, Anjum S, Torres FS, Sarjoughian H, et al.
    PLoS One, 2019;14(10):e0222759.
    PMID: 31577809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222759
    This paper presents the Hybrid Scalable-Minimized-Butterfly-Fat-Tree (H-SMBFT) topology for on-chip communication. Main aspects of this work are the description of the architectural design and the characteristics as well as a comparative analysis against two established indirect topologies namely Butterfly-Fat-Tree (BFT) and Scalable-Minimized-Butterfly-Fat-Tree (SMBFT). Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed topology outperforms its predecessors in terms of performance, area and power dissipation. Specifically, it improves the link interconnectivity between routing levels, such that the number of required links isreduced. This results into reduced router complexity and shortened routing paths between any pair of communicating nodes in the network. Moreover, simulation results under synthetic as well as real-world embedded applications workloads reveal that H-SMBFT can reduce the average latency by up-to35.63% and 17.36% compared to BFT and SMBFT, respectively. In addition, the power dissipation of the network can be reduced by up-to33.82% and 19.45%, while energy consumption can be improved byup-to32.91% and 16.83% compared to BFT and SMBFT, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
  20. Fulltext Handover Parameters Optimisation Techniques in 5G Networks
    Saad WK, Shayea I, Hamza BJ, Mohamad H, Daradkeh YI, Jabbar WA
    Sensors (Basel), 2021 Jul 31;21(15).
    PMID: 34372437 DOI: 10.3390/s21155202
    The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates will occur. Ensuring stable and reliable connection through the mobility of user equipment (UE) will become a major problem in future mobile networks. This problem will be magnified with the use of suboptimal handover control parameter (HCP) settings, which can be configured manually or automatically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different HCP settings on the performance of 5G network. Several system scenarios are proposed and investigated based on different HCP settings and mobile speed scenarios. The different mobile speeds are expected to demonstrate the influence of many proposed system scenarios on 5G network execution. We conducted simulations utilizing MATLAB software and its related tools. Evaluation comparisons were performed in terms of handover probability (HOP), ping-pong handover probability (PPHP) and outage probability (OP). The 5G network framework has been employed to evaluate the proposed system scenarios used. The simulation results reveal that there is a trade-off in the results obtained from various systems. The use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable enhancements compared to higher HCP settings in terms of OP. Simultaneously, the use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable drawbacks compared to higher HCP settings in terms of high PPHP for all scenarios of mobile speed. The simulation results show that medium HCP settings may be the acceptable solution if one of these systems is applied. This study emphasises the application of automatic self-optimisation (ASO) functions as the best solution that considers user experience.
    Matched MeSH terms: Computer Simulation
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