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  1. Azira Azmi, Norazdliza Azmi, Norliza Mohd Sabri, Nur Mahfuzah Mohamed Fauzi, Che Zaiton Yahaya, Rosmiza Khazaid, et al.
    Q Bulletin, 2019;1(28):46-57.
    MyJurnal
    Pre-pregnancy care (PPC) is a set of interventions used to identify and reduce women’s risks during reproductive age, especially women with chronic illnesses to achieve a healthy pregnancy. It includes optimisation of care, advice on appropriate contraception, and lifestyle modification. Our project aims to increase the PPC registration percentage of women with diabetes and hypertension from 53% to 100%, hence increasing their chances of receiving appropriate PPC intervention.
    Both the cards of diabetic and hypertensive clients were reviewed using the PPC assessment form where the percentages of registered clients, completeness of registration, and aspects of interventions were calculated. We developed a new standardised guideline with a refined registration process into our routine Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Clinic. The new PPC guideline implementation was reassessed every three months for two cycles by our district PPC team.
    Post-intervention, the percentages of diabetes and hypertension clients registered with PPC has increased to 79.2%. Furthermore, proper registration helped to increase the percentages of PPC intervention from 86.6% to 95.3%. The implementation analysis showed that the completeness of five registration components had increased significantly from 1.4% to 16.8%. All elements under optimisation of care showed a positive changed, from 65.1% to 85.6% for optimisation of treatment, 48% to 52.6% for contraception advice, and 30.2% to 44% for lifestyle modifications.
    We conclude based on the findings of this study that a well-structured PPC guideline with a few modifications that enhanced the process efficiency was able to increase the PPC registration percentages of eligible women with diabetes and hypertension and in turn, increase their chances of getting appropriate intervention. Continuous assessment and periodic PPC courses for healthcare workers are essential to ensure the sustainability of the implementation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chronic Disease
  2. Tan BL, Norhaizan ME
    World J Mens Health, 2021 Apr;39(2):195-207.
    PMID: 32648373 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200014
    Prostate cancer has become the second leading cancer in men worldwide. Androgen plays an important role in normal functioning, development, and differentiation of the prostate, and thus is considered to be the most powerful candidate that mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance in the prostate. The elevation of ROS has been associated with the progression and development of this disease. Conventional therapy has shown a high cure rate in patients with localized prostate cancer. Despite the patients respond favorably initially, this therapy fails to response in the advanced stage of the diseases even in the absence of androgens. Indeed, the onset and progression of prostate cancer could be prevented by changing dietary habits. Much information indicates that oxidative stress and prostate cancer can be modulated by dietary components rich in antioxidants. While there is substantial evidence to suggest an association between prostate cancer risk and ROS-mediated oxidative stress; therefore, the interactions and mechanisms of this phenomenon are worth to discuss further. This review aimed to discuss the mechanisms of action of oxidative stress involved in the progression of prostate cancer. We also highlighted how some of the vital dietary components dampen or exacerbate inflammation, oxidative stress, and prostate cancer. Overall, the reported information would provide a useful approach to the prevention of prostate cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Progression
  3. Latifah Saiful Yazan, Paskaran, Kaveinesh, Gopalsamy, Banulata, Roslaini Abd Majid
    MyJurnal
    Dengue fever (DF) is a global health problem and considered to be endemic in Malaysia. Conventional mosquito traps currently applied as vector control do not effectively reduce Aedes mosquito population. AedesTech Mosquito Home System (AMHS) is an autocidal ovitraps for Aedes mosquitoes that uses the ‘lure and kill’ concept and is expected to be able to reduce Aedes mosquito population. The effectiveness of AMHS in reducing Aedes mosquito population was investigated in Block A, B and D (control) of the 17th College, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). For the first two weeks (pre-intervention), the conventional ovitraps were used to obtain the initial abundance of mosquito population in Block A, B and D. Subsequently, AMHS was used for the next three months and again followed by the conventional ovitrap for the final two weeks (post-intervention). Ovitrap Index, Hatching Index and percentage of emergence of adult mosquitoes were calculated once every two weeks. Data were analysed using Paired Sample T-test. Values were considered significant at p≤0.05. The Ovitrap Index that indicates the mosquito population at Block A and B was significantly higher (p≤0.05) than of Block D. Hatching Index of AMHS was significantly lower (p≤0.05) then conventional ovitraps. All mosquito eggs collected in AMHS did not develop into adult mosquitoes. There was a significant reduction (p≤0.05) in the mosquito population between the pre- and post-intervention. In conclusion, AMHS was effective in reducing the mosquito population in 17th College, UPM. Therefore, it is believed to be a very promising vector management option to control the incidence of DF.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Vectors
  4. Ibrahim Ahmed Alhothily, Nazri Che Dom, Siti Aekbal Salleh, Anila Ali
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Aedes albopictus is known for its aggressiveness towards human and recently expanded to more coun- tries outside the native regions. Thus, the demographic parameters of Aedes albopictus are important to determine the characteristics of this species mosquitoes in terms of the reproduction rates and dispersal distance. Materials and Methods: This study, was performed using a Shah Alam strain of Aedes albopictus originally collected in twenty district areas of the central zone of Shah Alam. This research applies field work-study with a cross-sectional design to investigate the demographic parameters of Aedes albopictus. The demographic evaluation of Aedes albopictus was conducted under the control environment in insectarium. Results: Investigation on the demographic parameters of Aedes albopictus clearly showed that there is a significance different observed in the total number of mosquito eggs produced in both high and low incidence rate IR areas (p=0.03). In contrast, other parameters showed insignificant value between high and low IR areas. Conclusion: The key to control the mosquito vectors population is by tracking the vector’s life cycle including its survival. Therefore, the outcome of this study may provide as a baseline to esti- mate the dengue outbreak in the current episystem.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
  5. Destiani DP, Naja S, Dewi S, Rahmadi AR, Sulaiman SAS, Abdulah R
    Osteoporos Int, 2021 May;32(5):805-816.
    PMID: 33210179 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05743-z
    Even though new drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been developed, methotrexate (MTX) remains a commonly used drug for RA management. In addition to monitoring disease activity during RA treatment, bone erosion should be closely assessed throughout long-term RA management. In this review article, we present a systematic review of MTX effectiveness in reducing the risk of bone erosion. We reviewed randomized controlled trial studies that involved MTX monotherapy or MTX in combination with placebo. Evaluation of the progression of bone erosion was examined by radiographic assessment such as total Sharp score (TSS) or van der Heijde score (SvdH or vdH TSS), joint space narrowing (JSN), erosion score (ERO), and proportion of radiographic nonprogressors. Several key factors were found to influence the response to MTX treatment, such as gene polymorphism. The exact mechanism of the prevention of bone erosion by MTX remains unclear, which warrants future investigations. The variability of RA disease activity in study subjects resulted in variations in the results reported by individual studies. Collective analysis suggests that MTX could slow down the progression of bone erosion based on a radiographic score of less than 0.5-1/year.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Progression
  6. Tan PPS, Hall D, Chilian WM, Chia YC, Mohd Zain S, Lim HM, et al.
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2021 04 01;320(4):H1486-H1497.
    PMID: 33577433 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00888.2020
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory molecules that are involved in posttranscriptional modifications. These noncoding RNAs are usually ferried by extracellular carriers such as exosomes or other protein and lipid carriers inside a range of body fluids including plasma and urine. Due to their ability to withstand harsh external conditions, exosomal miRNAs possess enormous potential as noninvasive disease biomarkers for, notably hypertension, whereby exosomal miRNAs have been implicated in its pathophysiological processes. More importantly, alterations in the microenvironment as a result of disease progression can induce active and selective loading of miRNAs into exosomes. In this paper, we first review the mechanisms of miRNA loading into exosomes, followed by the roles of exosomal miRNAs in the development of hypertension, and the potentials of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers in comparison with other free circulating miRNAs. Finally, challenges and future research surrounding exosomal miRNAs will also be discussed. This review will aid in the understanding of noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of hypertension and for probing therapeutic efficacy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Progression
  7. Raihanah Chokeli, Nur Azira Baharuddin, Vivien How, Nurul Syazani Yuswir, Shariza Afini Mohd Noor, Ho Yu Bin, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The increased use of mobile phones has increased the mobile base stations (MBS) deployment. While understanding of radiation protection is growing among the public, questions regarding early-life exposure to ra- diofrequency radiation (RFR) from MBS in children are of importance as to whether it will raise the chances of developing chronic diseases during adulthood. Taking into account the sitting location of MBS, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the chromosomal DNA damage in buccal mucosal cells between school children exposed to RFR emitted from base station antennas. Method: This is a comparative cross-sectional study in which two group of school children were sampled i.e. exposed groups are children whose school located near MBS (200 meters); un- exposed groups are children whose school located distant far from the MBS (>200 meters). Digital RF Analyzer was used to measure RFR at the school surrounding. Buccal mucosa cells from the oral cavity were sampled to examine the level of micronuclei (MN) frequencies. Results: This study found that the densities of the RFR energy differed in range. Although all measurements showed the RFR reading below the acceptable exposure level, there were still sig- nificant variations at each location assessed. Statistically, the MN frequency is significantly different when compared to the exposed and non-exposed group. Conclusion: To understand the mechanism of health effects from exposure to low-level RFR emited from MBS, further study should consider environmental factors influencing MBS sitting on RFR emission, as well as examining the health effects into molecular levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chronic Disease
  8. Khoo PLZ, Poon JS, Tan GJS, Yahya A, Chan KMJ
    Med J Malaysia, 2020 11;75(6):722-730.
    PMID: 33219184
    INTRODUCTION: Heart valve disease comprises a cluster of conditions affecting the aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid valves. This paper reviews all the research on heart valve disease in Malaysia published between the years 2000- 2016.

    METHODS: The methodology was based on the search process described in the paper, "Bibliography of clinical research in Malaysia: methods and brief results". The search databases included PubMed, Scopus and several Malaysian journals such as MyJurnal and UKM Journal Repository, by using the following keywords: (heart valve disease OR infective endocarditis OR rheumatic heart disease) and (Malaysia).

    RESULTS: In all 94 papers were identified of which 39 papers were selected and reviewed on the basis of their relevance. The local studies contributed to the knowledge and understanding of the epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, investigations, treatment, and outcomes of heart valve disease in the country.

    DISCUSSION: The clinical relevance of the studies performed in the country is discussed along with recommendations for future research.

    Matched MeSH terms: Rheumatic Heart Disease
  9. Low QJ, Lau WK, Lim TH, Lee RA, Cheo SW
    Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(3):86-89.
    PMID: 33329868
    Primary care providers should be alert to travel-related infections. Around 10-40% of returning travelers from all destinations and 15-70% of travelers from tropical settings experience ill health, either overseas or upon returning home.1 A systematic approach concentrating on possible infections should be undertaken based on the patient's travel location, immunization history, presence of malaria chemoprophylaxis at the destination, other potential exposures, incubation period, and clinical presentation.2-3 The World Health Organization (WHO) website is constantly being updated on specific travel-related infections and recent geographical outbreaks. In this paper, we report a case of severe falciparum malaria in a returned traveler.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
  10. Toopkanloo SP, Tan TB, Abas F, Alharthi FA, Nehdi IA, Tan CP
    Nanomaterials (Basel), 2020 Dec 05;10(12).
    PMID: 33291386 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122432
    This study used highly lipophilic agents with an aim to increase the oxidant inhibitory activity and enhance photothermal stability of a novel mixed soy lecithin (ML)-based liposome by changing the composition of formulation within the membrane. Specifically, the development and optimization of the liposome intended for improving Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value and %TEAC loss was carried out by incorporating a natural antioxidant, quercetin (QU). In this context, a focus was set on QU encapsulation in ML-based liposomes and the concentration-dependent solubility of QU was investigated and calculated as encapsulation efficiency (EE). To explore the combined effects of the incorporation of plant sterols on the integrity and entrapment capacity of mixed phospholipid vesicles, conjugation of two types of phytosterols (PSs), namely β-sitosterol (βS) and stigmasterol (ST), to mixed membranes at different ratios was also performed. The EE measurement revealed that QU could be efficiently encapsulated in the stable ML-based liposome using 0.15 and 0.1 g/100 mL of βS and ST, respectively. The aforementioned liposome complex exhibited a considerable TEAC (197.23%) and enhanced TEAC loss (30.81%) when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light (280-320 nm) over a 6 h duration. It appeared that the presence and type of PSs affect the membrane-integration characteristics as well as photodamage transformation of the ML-based liposome. The association of QU with either βS or ST in the formulation was justified by their synergistic effects on the enhancement of the EE of liposomes. Parallel to this, it was demonstrated that synergistic PS effects could be in effect in the maintenance of membrane order of the ML-based liposome. The findings presented in this study provided useful information for the development and production of stable QU-loaded ML-based liposomes for food and nutraceutical applications and could serve as a potential mixed lipids-based delivery system in the disease management using antioxidant therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Management
  11. Siddiqui MW, Lara I, Ilahy R, Tlili I, Ali A, Homa F, et al.
    Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf, 2018 Nov;17(6):1540-1560.
    PMID: 33350145 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12395
    Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) fruit is rich in various nutrients, vitamins and health-promoting molecules. Fresh tomatoes are an important part of the Mediterranean gastronomy, and their consumption is thought to contribute substantially to the reduced incidence of some chronic diseases in the Mediterranean populations in comparison with those of other world areas. Unfortunately, tomato fruit is highly perishable, resulting in important economic losses and posing a challenge to storage, logistic and supply management. This review summarizes the current knowledge on some important health-promoting and eating quality traits of tomato fruits after harvest and highlights the existence of substantial cultivar-to-cultivar variation in the postharvest evolution of the considered traits according to maturity stage at harvest and in response to postharvest manipulations. It also suggests the need for adapting postharvest procedures to the characteristics of each particular genotype to preserve the optimal quality of the fresh product.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chronic Disease
  12. Alam MM, Wei H, Wahid ANM
    Aust Econ Pap, 2020 Nov 27.
    PMID: 33349733 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8454.12215
    The outbreak of COVID-19 has weakened the economy of Australia and its capital market since early 2020. The overall stock market has declined. However, some sectors become highly vulnerable while others continue to perform well even in the crisis period. Given this new reality, we seek to investigate the initial volatility and the sectoral return. In this study, we analyse data for eight sectors such as, transportation, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, energy, food, real estate, telecommunications and technology of the Australian stock market. In doing so, we obtain data from Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and analysed them based on 'Event Study' method. Here, we use the 10-days window for the event of official announcement of the COVID-19 outbreak in Australia on 27 February 2020. The findings of the study show that on the day of announcement, the indices for food, pharmaceuticals and healthcare exhibit impressive positive returns. Following the announcement, the telecommunications, pharmaceuticals and healthcare sectors exhibit good performance, while poor performance is demonstrated by the transportation industry. The findings are vital for investors, market participants, companies, private and public policymakers and governments to develop recovery action plans for vulnerable sectors and enable investors to regain their confidence to make better investment decisions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
  13. Ghani NA, Shohaimi S, Hee AK, Chee HY, Emmanuel O, Alaba Ajibola LS
    Trop Med Infect Dis, 2019 Feb 15;4(1).
    PMID: 30781369 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010037
    BACKGROUND: Dengue has affected more than one-third of the world population and Malaysia has recorded an increase in the number of dengue cases since 2012. Selangor state recorded the highest number of dengue cases in Malaysia. Most of the dengue infections occur among people living in hotspot areas of dengue. This study aims to compare Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among communities living in hotspot and non-hotspot dengue areas.

    METHOD: Communities living in 20 hotspot and 20 non-hotspot areas in Selangor were chosen in this study where 406 participants were randomly selected to answer questionnaires distributed at their housing areas. Total marks of each categories were compared using t-test.

    RESULT: Results show that there were significant mean differences in marks in Knowledge (p value: 0.003; 15.41 vs. 14.55) and Attitude (p value: < 0.001; 11.41 vs. 10.33), but not Practice (p value 0.101; 10.83 vs. 10.47) categories between communities of non-hotspot and hotspot areas. After considering two confounding variables which are education level and household income, different mean marks are found to be significant in Knowledge when education level acts as a covariate and Attitude when both act as covariates.

    CONCLUSION: Overall results show that people living in non-hotspot areas had better knowledge and attitude than people living in hotspot areas, but no difference was found in practice. This suggests that public health education should be done more frequently with people with a low education background and low household income, especially in hotspot areas to fight dengue outbreak and make dengue cases decrease effectively.

    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
  14. Ban A, Omar A, Chong LY, Lockman H, Ida Zaliza ZA, Ali I, et al.
    Malays Fam Physician, 2018;13(3):20-26.
    PMID: 30800229 MyJurnal
    Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway which is often misdiagnosed and undertreated. Early diagnosis and vigilant asthma control are crucial to preventing permanent airway damage, improving quality of life and reducing healthcare burdens. The key approaches to asthma management should include patient empowerment through health education and self-management and, an effective patient-healthcare provider partnership.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chronic Disease
  15. Quek DKL
    Family Practitioner, 1988;11(1):90-91.
    Cardiovascular disease has been the premier cause of hospital-registered deaths in Malaysia for the past 8 years. Among these reported deaths, 31% were caused by coronary heart disease in 1982. A healthy lifestyle to control the coronary risk factors would help to reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease in future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Disease
  16. Tey S, Shahrizaila N, Drew AP, Samulong S, Goh KJ, Battaloglu E, et al.
    Neurogenetics, 2019 08;20(3):117-127.
    PMID: 31011849 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-019-00576-3
    Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a form of inherited peripheral neuropathy that affects motor and sensory neurons. To identify the causative gene in a consanguineous family with autosomal recessive CMT (AR-CMT), we employed a combination of linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing. After excluding known AR-CMT genes, genome-wide linkage analysis mapped the disease locus to a 7.48-Mb interval on chromosome 14q32.11-q32.33, flanked by the markers rs2124843 and rs4983409. Whole exome sequencing identified two non-synonymous variants (p.T40P and p.H915Y) in the AHNAK2 gene that segregated with the disease in the family. Pathogenic predictions indicated that p.T40P is the likely causative allele. Analysis of AHNAK2 expression in the AR-CMT patient fibroblasts showed significantly reduced mRNA and protein levels. AHNAK2 binds directly to periaxin which is encoded by the PRX gene, and PRX mutations are associated with another form of AR-CMT (CMT4F). The altered expression of mutant AHNAK2 may disrupt the AHNAK2-PRX interaction in which one of its known functions is to regulate myelination.
    Matched MeSH terms: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease/genetics*; Genetic Predisposition to Disease*
  17. Lubomski M, Tan AH, Lim SY, Holmes AJ, Davis RL, Sue CM
    J Neurol, 2020 Sep;267(9):2507-2523.
    PMID: 31041582 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09320-1
    Recently, there has been a surge in awareness of the gastrointestinal microbiome (GM) and its role in health and disease. Of particular note is an association between the GM and Parkinson's disease (PD) and the realisation that the GM can act via a complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Compelling evidence suggests that a shift in GM composition may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD by facilitating the characteristic ascending neurodegenerative spread of α-synuclein aggregates from the enteric nervous system to the brain. Here, we review evidence linking GM changes with PD, highlighting mechanisms supportive of pathological α-synuclein spread and intestinal inflammation in PD. We summarise existing patterns and correlations seen in clinical studies of the GM in PD, together with the impacts of non-motor symptoms, medications, lifestyle, diet and ageing on the GM. Roles of GM modulating therapies including probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation are discussed. Encouragingly, alterations in the GM have repeatedly been observed in PD, supporting a biological link and highlighting it as a potential therapeutic target.
    Matched MeSH terms: Parkinson Disease
  18. Azizi MIHN, Othman I, Naidu R
    Cancers (Basel), 2021 Apr 05;13(7).
    PMID: 33916349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071716
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short-strand non-coding RNAs that are responsible for post-transcriptional regulation of many biological processes. Their differential expression is important in supporting tumorigenesis by causing dysregulation in normal biological functions including cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis and invasion and cellular metabolism. Cellular metabolic processes are a tightly regulated mechanism. However, cancer cells have adapted features to circumvent these regulations, recognizing metabolic reprogramming as an important hallmark of cancer. The miRNA expression profile may differ between localized lung cancers, advanced lung cancers and solid tumors, which lead to a varying extent of metabolic deregulation. Emerging evidence has shown the relationship between the differential expression of miRNAs with lung cancer metabolic reprogramming in perpetuating tumorigenesis. This review provides an insight into the role of different miRNAs in lung cancer metabolic reprogramming by targeting key enzymes, transporter proteins or regulatory components alongside metabolic signaling pathways. These discussions would allow a deeper understanding of the importance of miRNAs in tumor progression therefore providing new avenues for diagnostic, therapeutic and disease management applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Management
  19. Binti Badlishah Sham NI, Lewin SD, Grant MM
    Proteomics Clin Appl, 2020 05;14(3):e1900043.
    PMID: 31419032 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900043
    Proteomics has currently been a developing field in periodontal diseases to obtain protein information of certain samples. Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disorder that attacks the teeth, connective tissues, and alveolar bone within the oral cavity. Proteomics information can provide proteins that are differentially expressed in diseased or healthy samples. This review provides insight into approaches researching single species, multi species, bacteria, non-human, and human models of periodontal disease for proteomics information. The approaches that have been taken include gel electrophoresis and qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry. This review is carried out by extracting information about in vitro and in vivo studies of proteomics in models of periodontal diseases that have been carried out in the past two decades. The research has concentrated on a relatively small but well-known group of microorganisms. A wide range of models has been reviewed and conclusions across the breadth of these studies are presented in this review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Models, Animal
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