Displaying publications 121 - 140 of 2342 in total

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  1. Aerosolised Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expressing Angiopoietin-1 Enhances Airway Repair
    Halim NSS, Ch'ng ES, Kardia E, Ali SA, Radzi R, Yahaya BH
    Stem Cell Rev Rep, 2019 02;15(1):112-125.
    PMID: 30178289 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9844-7
    BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MSCs and MSC-expressing ANGPT1 (MSC-pANGPT1) treatment via aerosolisation in alleviating the asthma-related airway inflammation in the rabbit model.

    METHODS: Rabbits were sensitised and challenged with both intraperitoneal injection and inhalation of ovalbumin (Ova). MSCs and MSC-pANGPT1 cells were aerosolised into rabbit lungs using the MicroSprayer® Aerosolizer Model IA-1B 48 h after injury. The post mortem was performed 3 days following cell delivery. Histopathological assessments of the lung tissues and inflammatory response were quantitatively scored following treatments.

    RESULT(S): Administration of aerosolised MSCs and MSC-pANGPT1 were significantly reduced inflammation of the airways (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Transforming Growth Factor beta
  2. Fulltext Agarolytic bacterium Persicobacter sp. CCB-QB2 exhibited a diauxic growth involving galactose utilization pathway
    Furusawa G, Lau NS, Suganthi A, Amirul AA
    Microbiologyopen, 2017 02;6(1).
    PMID: 27987272 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.405
    The agarolytic bacterium Persicobacter sp. CCB-QB2 was isolated from seaweed (genus Ulva) collected from a coastal area of Malaysia. Here, we report a high-quality draft genome sequence for QB2. The Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) annotation server identified four β-agarases (PdAgaA, PdAgaB, PdAgaC, and PdAgaD) as well as galK, galE, and phosphoglucomutase, which are related to the Leloir pathway. Interestingly, QB2 exhibited a diauxic growth in the presence of two kinds of nutrients, such as tryptone and agar. In cells grown with agar, the profiles of agarase activity and growth rate were very similar. galK, galE, and phosphoglucomutase genes were highly expressed in the second growth phase of diauxic growth, indicating that QB2 cells use galactose hydrolyzed from agar by its agarases and exhibit nutrient prioritization. This is the first report describing diauxic growth for agarolytic bacteria. QB2 is a potential novel model organism for studying diauxic growth in environmental bacteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteroidetes/growth & development*
  3. Age determination by magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in adolescent male football players
    Dvorak J, George J, Junge A, Hodler J
    Br J Sports Med, 2007 Jan;41(1):45-52.
    PMID: 17021001
    In football there are established age-related tournaments for males and females to guarantee equal chances within the game for all the different age groups. To prevent participation in the incorrect age group, and owing to the fact that in some Asian and African countries registration at birth is not compulsory, other methods of age determination need to be available. Standard radiographs of the left wrist have been used for assessment of skeletal age for many years. This is, however, not ethical in the sporting environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Wrist/growth & development*
  4. Age estimation from structural changes of teeth and buccal alveolar bone level
    Koh KK, Tan JS, Nambiar P, Ibrahim N, Mutalik S, Khan Asif M
    J Forensic Leg Med, 2017 May;48:15-21.
    PMID: 28407514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.03.004
    Forensic odontology plays a vital role in the identification and age estimation of unknown deceased individuals. The purpose of this study is to estimate the chronological age from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images by measuring the buccal alveolar bone level (ABL) to the cemento-enamel junction and to investigate the possibility of employing the age-related structural changes of teeth as studied by Gustafson. In addition, this study will determine the forensic reliability of employing CBCT images as a technique for dental age estimation. A total of 284 CBCT images of Malays and Chinese patients (150 females and 134 males), aged from 20 years and above were selected, measured and stages of age-related changes were recorded using the i-CAT Vision software. Lower first premolars of both left and right side of the jaw were chosen and the characteristics described by Gustafson, namely attrition, secondary dentine formation and periodontal recession were evaluated. Linear regression analysis was performed for the buccal bone level and the R values obtained were 0.85 and 0.82 for left and right side respectively. Gustafson's characteristics were analysed using multiple regression analysis with chronological age as the dependent variable. The results of the analysis showed R values ranged from 0.44 to 0.62. Therefore it can be safely concluded that the buccal bone level highly correlated with the chronological age and is consequently the most suitable age-related characteristic for forensic age estimation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alveolar Process/growth & development; Dental Enamel/growth & development
  5. Age estimation using third molar development
    Phrabhakaran N
    Malays J Pathol, 1995 Jun;17(1):31-4.
    PMID: 8907002
    Teeth are the most durable structures in the human body. The pattern of their development has been used as a credible technique of age determination of unidentified bodies. Dental age estimation is by comparison of the dental status of an individual with published dental surveys. The third molars are the last teeth to erupt and are regarded as the most variable in the dentition. Nevertheless, radiographs depicting their growth have been used to determine the chronological age. A case for actual need for age estimation using a developing third molar is presented here.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molar, Third/growth & development*
  6. Age- and size-related changes in physiological characteristics and chemical composition of Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus excelsior trees
    Abdul-Hamid H, Mencuccini M
    Tree Physiol, 2009 Jan;29(1):27-38.
    PMID: 19203930 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn001
    Forest growth is an important factor both economically and ecologically, and it follows a predictable trend with age. Generally, growth accelerates as canopies develop in young forests and declines substantially soon after maximum leaf area is attained. The causes of this decline are multiple and may be linked to age- or size-related processes, or both. Our objective was to determine the relative effects of tree age and tree size on the physiological attributes of two broadleaf species. As age and size are normally coupled during growth, an approach based on grafting techniques to separate the effects of size from those of age was adopted. Genetically identical grafted seedlings were produced from scions taken from trees of four age classes, ranging from 4 to 162 years. We found that leaf-level net photosynthetic rate per unit of leaf mass and some other leaf structural and biochemical characteristics had decreased substantially with increasing size of the donor trees in the field, whereas other gas exchange parameters expressed on a leaf area basis did not. In contrast, these parameters remained almost constant in grafted seedlings, i.e., scions taken from donor trees with different meristematic ages show no age-related trend after they were grafted onto young rootstocks. In general, the results suggested that size-related limitations triggered the declines in photosynthate production and tree growth, whereas less evidence was found to support a role of meristematic age.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acer/growth & development; Fraxinus/growth & development
  7. Age-related changes in the location of the mandibular and mental foramen in children with Mongoloid skeletal pattern
    Lim MY, Lim WW, Rajan S, Nambiar P, Ngeow WC
    Eur Arch Paediatr Dent, 2015 Oct;16(5):397-407.
    PMID: 25894248 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-015-0184-x
    To observe age-related changes in the locations of mandibular foramen (MF) and mental foramen (mf) using dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs).
    Matched MeSH terms: Chin/growth & development; Mandible/growth & development*
  8. Fulltext Ageing Effects, Generation Means, and Path Coefficient Analyses on High Kernel Elongation in Mahsuri Mutan and Basmati 370 Rice Populations
    Ab Halim AAB, Rafii MY, Osman MB, Oladosu Y, Chukwu SC
    Biomed Res Int, 2021;2021:8350136.
    PMID: 34095311 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8350136
    High kernel elongation (HKE) is one of the high-quality characteristics in rice. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of ageing treatments, gene actions, and inheritance pattern of kernel elongation on cooking quality in two populations of rice and determine the path of influence and contribution of other traits to kernel elongation in rice. Two rice populations derived from crosses between MR219 × Mahsuri Mutan and MR219 × Basmati 370 were used. The breeding materials included two F1 progenies from the two populations, and their respective parents were grown in four different batches at a week interval to synchronize the flowering between the female and male plants. Scaling tests and generation means analysis were carried out to determine ageing effects and estimate additive-dominance gene action and epistasis. The estimation of gene interaction was based on quantitative traits. Path coefficient analysis was done using SAS software version 9.4 to determine the path of influence (direct or indirect) of six quantitative traits on HKE. Results obtained showed that nonallelic gene interaction was observed in all traits. The results before ageing and after ageing showed significant differences in all traits, while the gene interaction changed after ageing. The HKE value improved after ageing, suggesting that ageing is an external factor that could influence gene expression. The epistasis effect for HKE obtained from the cross Mahsuri Mutan × MR219 showed duplicate epistasis while that obtained from a cross between Basmati 370 × MR219 showed complimentary epistasis. Besides, the heritability of HKE was higher in Basmati 370 × MR219 compared to that obtained in Mahsuri Mutan × MR219. The path analysis showed that the cooked grain length and length-width ratio positively significantly affected HKE. It was concluded that ageing treatment is an external factor that could improve the expression of HKE. The findings from this study would be useful to breeders in the selection and development of new specialty (HKE) rice varieties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oryza/growth & development*
  9. Fulltext Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the recalcitrant Vanda Kasem's Delight orchid with higher efficiency
    Gnasekaran P, Antony JJ, Uddain J, Subramaniam S
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:583934.
    PMID: 24977213 DOI: 10.1155/2014/583934
    The presented study established Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation using protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) for the production of transgenic Vanda Kasem's Delight Tom Boykin (VKD) orchid. Several parameters such as PLB size, immersion period, level of wounding, Agrobacterium density, cocultivation period, and concentration of acetosyringone were tested and quantified using gusA gene expression to optimize the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of VKD's PLBs. Based on the results, 3-4 mm PLBs wounded by scalpel and immersed for 30 minutes in Agrobacterium suspension of 0.8 unit at A 600 nm produced the highest GUS expression. Furthermore, cocultivating infected PLBs for 4 days in the dark on Vacin and Went cocultivation medium containing 200 μM acetosyringone enhanced the GUS expression. PCR analysis of the putative transformants selected in the presence of 250 mg/L cefotaxime and 30 mg/L geneticin proved the presence of wheatwin1, wheatwin2, and nptII genes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development*
  10. Alcohol and the developing fetus--a review
    Chaudhuri JD
    Med Sci Monit, 2000 Sep-Oct;6(5):1031-41.
    PMID: 11208451
    Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a collection of signs and symptoms seen in some children exposed to alcohol in the prenatal period. It is characterized mainly by physical and mental retardation, craniofacial anomalies and minor joint abnormalities. However, with the increasing incidence of FAS, there is a great variation in the clinical features of FAS. This article describes in detail these clinical features. Due to ethical reasons it is not possible to perform experiments on pregnant women. Hence to study the effects of alcohol, various animal and avian experimental models have been chosen. The various experimental findings and human correlation are described. The exact mechanism by which alcohol induces its teratogenic effects is not known. The possible mechanisms are discussed. Measures to prevent the occurrence of FAS have been suggested.
    Matched MeSH terms: Growth Substances/physiology
  11. Algal biomass dehydration
    Show KY, Lee DJ, Chang JS
    Bioresour Technol, 2013 May;135:720-9.
    PMID: 22939595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.021
    Biofuels are viewed as promising alternatives to conventional fossil fuels because they have the potential to eliminate major environmental problems created by fossil fuels. Among the still developing biofuel technologies, biodiesel production from algae offers a greater prospect for large-scale practical use, as algae are capable of producing much more yield than other biofuels. While research on algae-based biofuel is still in its developing stage, extensive work on laboratory- and pilot-scale algae harvesting systems with promising prospects has been reported. This paper presented a discussion of the literature review on recent advances in algae separation, harvesting and drying for biofuel production. The review and discussion focus on destabilization of algae, algae harvesting technologies and algae drying processes. Challenges and prospects of algae harvesting are also outlined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microalgae/growth & development
  12. Fulltext Allelopathic effects of litter Axonopus compressus against two weedy species and its persistence in soil
    Samedani B, Juraimi AS, Rafii MY, Anuar AR, Sheikh Awadz SA, Anwar MP
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:695404.
    PMID: 24260020 DOI: 10.1155/2013/695404
    This study investigated the allelopathic effect of Axonopus compressus litter on Asystasia gangetica and Pennisetum polystachion. In experiment 1 the bioassays with 0, 10, 30, and 50 g L⁻¹ of aqueous A. compressus litter leachate were conducted. Experiment 2 was carried out by incorporating 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g L⁻¹ of A. compressus litter leachate into soil. In experiment 3, the fate of A. compressus litter leachate phenolics in the soil was investigated. A. compressus leachates did not affect the germination percentage of A. gangetica and P. polystachion, but delayed germination of A. gangetica seeds and decreased seed germination time of P. polystachion. A. compressus litter leachates affected weeds hypocotyl length. Hypocotyl length reductions of 18 and 31% were observed at the highest concentration (50 g L⁻¹) compared to the control in A. gangetica and P. polystachion, respectively. When concentration of A. compressus litter leachate-amended soil increased A. gangetica and P. polystachion seedling shoot length, root length, seedling weight and chlorophyll concentration were not affected. The 5-week decomposition study of A. compressus showed that the phenolic compounds in A. compressus litter abruptly decreased about 52% after two weeks and remained steady until the end of the incubation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/growth & development*
  13. Fulltext Alleviation of diabetic nephropathy by zinc oxide nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in rats
    Alomari G, Al-Trad B, Hamdan S, Aljabali AAA, Al Zoubi MS, Al-Batanyeh K, et al.
    IET Nanobiotechnol, 2021 Jul;15(5):473-483.
    PMID: 34694755 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12026
    This study examines the effect of nanoparticles with zinc oxides (ZnONPs) on diabetic nephropathy, which is the primary cause of mortality for diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Diabetes in adult male rats was induced via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. ZnONPs were intraperitoneally administered to diabetic rats daily for 7 weeks. Diabetes was associated with increases in blood glucose level, 24-h urinary albumin excretion rate, glomerular basement membrane thickness, renal oxidative stress markers, and renal mRNA or protein expression of transforming growth factor-β1, fibronectin, collagen-IV, tumour necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Moreover, the expression of nephrin and podocin, and the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 were decreased in the diabetic group. These changes were not detected in the control group and were significantly prevented by ZnONP treatment. These results provide evidence that ZnONPs ameliorate the renal damage induced in a diabetic rat model of nephropathy through improving renal functionality; inhibiting renal fibrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and abnormal angiogenesis; and delaying the development of podocyte injury. The present findings may help design the clinical application of ZnONPs for protection against the development of diabetic nephropathy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
  14. Fulltext Alleviation of water stress effects on MR220 rice by application of periodical water stress and potassium fertilization
    Zain NA, Ismail MR, Mahmood M, Puteh A, Ibrahim MH
    Molecules, 2014;19(2):1795-819.
    PMID: 24504074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19021795
    The use of periodical water stress and potassium fertilization may enhance rice tolerance to drought stress and improve the crop's instantaneous water use efficiency without much yield reduction. This study was conducted to assess the effects of different periodical water stress combined with potassium fertilization regimes on growth, yield, leaf gas exchanges and biochemical changes in rice grown in pots and compare them with standard local rice grower practices. Five treatments including (1) standard local grower's practice (control, 80CF = 80 kg K2O/ha + control flooding); (2) 120PW15 = 120 kg K2O/ha + periodical water stress for 15 days; (3) 120DS15V = 120 kg K2O/ha + drought stress for 15 days during the vegetative stage; (4) 120DS25V = 120 kg K2O/ha + drought stress for 25 days and (5) 120DS15R = 120 kg K2O/ha + drought stress for 15 days during the reproductive stage, were evaluated in this experiment. Control and 120PW15 treatments were stopped at 100 DAS, and continuously saturated conditions were applied until harvest. It was found that rice under 120PW15 treatment showed tolerance to drought stress evidenced by increased water use efficiency, peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT) and proline levels, maximum efficiency of photosystem II (fv/fm) and lower minimal fluorescence (fo), compared to other treatments. Path coefficient analysis revealed that most of parameters contribute directly rather than indirectly to rice yield. In this experiment, there were four factors that are directly involved with rice yield: grain soluble sugar, photosynthesis, water use efficiency and total chlorophyll content. The residual factors affecting rice yield are observed to be quite low in the experiment (0.350), confirming that rice yield was mostly influenced by the parameters measured during the study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oryza/growth & development; Plant Leaves/growth & development; Plant Roots/growth & development
  15. Allometric growth of oesophagus-body of rhabditiform and filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis and S. fulleborni (cultures at 28 C)
    Bisseru B, Poopalachelvam M
    Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):234-5.
    PMID: 4234370
    Matched MeSH terms: Strongyloides/growth & development*
  16. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid mitigates the detrimental effects of soy antigenic protein on the intestinal health and growth performance of Mirror carp Cyprinus carpio
    Zhou Z, Zhao J, de Cruz CR, Xu H, Wang L, Xu Q
    Fish Physiol Biochem, 2023 Oct;49(5):951-965.
    PMID: 37665506 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01234-0
    The study investigated the alleviated effects of Alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on the intestinal health of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio Songpu) caused by soy antigenic protein. The diets were formulated from fishmeal (CON), 50% soybean meal (SBM), the mixture of glycinin and β-conglycinin (11 + 7S) and adding 1% AKG in the 11 + 7S (AKG). Carp (~ 4 g) in triplicate (30 fish per tank) was fed to apparent satiation thrice a day for six weeks. Compared with CON, SBM treatment resulted in significantly poor growth performance (P  0.05). Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) in proximal intestines (PI) and distal intestines (DI) were increased (P growth factor (TGF-β) in PI and middle intestines (MI) was decreased (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Transforming Growth Factor beta
  17. Fulltext Altered trajectories of neurodevelopment and behavior in mouse models of Rett syndrome
    Smith ES, Smith DR, Eyring C, Braileanu M, Smith-Connor KS, Ei Tan Y, et al.
    Neurobiol Learn Mem, 2019 Nov;165:106962.
    PMID: 30502397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.11.007
    Rett Syndrome (RTT) is a genetic disorder that is caused by mutations in the x-linked gene coding for methyl-CpG-biding-protein 2 (MECP2) and that mainly affects females. Male and female transgenic mouse models of RTT have been studied extensively, and we have learned a great deal regarding RTT neuropathology and how MeCP2 deficiency may be influencing brain function and maturation. In this manuscript we review what is known concerning structural and coinciding functional and behavioral deficits in RTT and in mouse models of MeCP2 deficiency. We also introduce our own corroborating data regarding behavioral phenotype and morphological alterations in volume of the cortex and striatum and the density of neurons, aberrations in experience-dependent plasticity within the barrel cortex and the impact of MeCP2 loss on glial structure. We conclude that regional structural changes in genetic models of RTT show great similarity to the alterations in brain structure of patients with RTT. These region-specific modifications often coincide with phenotype onset and contribute to larger issues of circuit connectivity, progression, and severity. Although the alterations seen in mouse models of RTT appear to be primarily due to cell-autonomous effects, there are also non-cell autonomous mechanisms including those caused by MeCP2-deficient glia that negatively impact healthy neuronal function. Collectively, this body of work has provided a solid foundation on which to continue to build our understanding of the role of MeCP2 on neuronal and glial structure and function, its greater impact on neural development, and potential new therapeutic avenues.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain/growth & development*; Mice/growth & development
  18. Fulltext Amino acid dosing in parenteral nutrition for very low birth weight preterm neonates: an outcome assessment
    Kamarudin NA, Manan MM, Zulkifly HH, Neoh CF, Ali SM, Ming LC
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2016;25(1):53-61.
    PMID: 26965762 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.2016.25.2.02
    This study aimed to investigate the effects of parenteral nutrition (PN) administration of amino acids (AA) on physical changes among very low birth weight infants in a local hospital setting in Malaysia. A retrospective study was carried out at a hospital in Malaysia. Records of neonates prescribed PN in the neonatal unit in 2012 were screened for eligibility. A total of 199 premature neonates received PN support in the year 2012 and, of these, 100 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The median value of AA intake on the first day of PN was 2.00 (<28 weeks group); 1.00 (28-31 weeks group) and 0.75 (>31 weeks group). Neonates in the <28 weeks group were more likely to receive AA at an earlier time and higher initial dose compared with the other age groups. The study also found that there was no statistically significant difference in the dose of AA on the first day of PN administration and that the significant variations in nutritional parameters among the subjects did not lead to differences in physical outcomes. This study identified that when PN is provided in the local hospital setting, it is likely that the current nutritional practices are inadequate to achieve the standard growth recommendations. Our findings call for a need to optimize AA and calorie intake since growth restriction is a morbidity which will affect the infants' growth and development. Current prescriptions for PN in this hospital need to be reviewed in order to improve patient outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Infant, Premature/growth & development*; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight/growth & development*
  19. Amniotic Membrane Enhance the Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on the Angiogenic Marker Expression of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth
    Yusof MFH, Hashim SNM, Zahari W, Chandra H, Noordin KBAA, Kannan TP, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2020 May;191(1):177-190.
    PMID: 32096060 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03266-1
    Previously, it was reported that human amniotic membrane (AM) induced stem cells from human deciduous exfoliated teeth (SHED) endothelial-like-cell differentiation. This interesting effect of AM matrix on SHED demands further elucidation. Objective of this in vitro work was to study the effect of 24-h VEGF induced on SHED endothelial differentiation when seeded on acellular stromal side (SS) of AM matrix. Stemness of SHED was identified by flow cytometry. Cell attachment and morphological changes towards the matrix was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Protein expression of endothelial marker was examined by Western blot. The expression of stem cells and endothelial-specific gene markers of VEGF-induced SHED cultured on human AM was inspected via reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results showed SHED at both passages retain stemness property. Ang-1 protein was expressed in SHED. Cells treated with VEGF and cultured on AM transformed attached well to AM. VEGF-induced SHED expressed both stem cell and endothelial-specific markers throughout the treatments and timeline. Interestingly, prolonged VEGF treatment increased the expression of Cox-2 and VE-Cadherin genes in all treated groups when compared to SHED. It was concluded that the VEGF-induced SHED showed better expression of endothelial-specific markers when cultured on SS of AM, with prolonged VEGF treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology*
  20. Fulltext Amoebic forms of Blastocystis spp. - evidence for a pathogenic role
    Rajamanikam A, Govind SK
    Parasit Vectors, 2013;6(1):295.
    PMID: 24499467 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-295
    Blastocystis spp. are one of the most prevalent parasites isolated from patients suffering from diarrhea, flatulence, constipation and vomiting. It's pathogenicity and pathophysiology remains controversial to date. Protease activity and amoebic forms have been reported previously in symptomatic isolates but there has been no conclusive evidence provided to correlate the protease activity and any specific life cycle stage of the parasite thus far.
    Matched MeSH terms: Blastocystis/growth & development
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