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School education and childhood obesity: A systemic review

Nga VT, Dung VNT, Chu DT, Tien NLB, Van Thanh V, Ngoc VTN, et al.

Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2019 07 08;13(4):2495-2501.
PMID: 31405667 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.014

Childhood obesity prevalence is shooting up at a phenomenal rate worldwide, leading to long-term devastating consequences. A great number of studies have investigated factors contributing to the increase in BMI of children and adolescents. School-based, home-based and clinic-based solutions have been suggested as possible viable strategies, among which school-based interventions is believed to produce a noticeable effect on a massive scale. However, the question of whether school interventions, especially school education exert significant impact on childhood obesity or not, is left with mixing results. This article aims to holistically review the relationship between school education and childhood obesity. Various factors are covered, including health education, nutrition education, school nutrition, physical education, teachers' awareness, teaching practice and school stress, In all, school education is not the answer to childhood obesity but just part of it. More attempts from other stakeholders (parents, community, policy makers, researchers, etc.) should be made in order to solve this complicated puzzle.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools/statistics & numerical data*
Fulltext The first graduates in 1910

Cheah JS, Ho TM, Ng BY

Ann Acad Med Singap, 2005 Jul;34(6):19C-24C.
PMID: 16010376

The Medical School in Singapore was founded on 3 July 1905 and named the Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School. There were 23 students in the first enrollment; 16 students attended the full course, while 7 attended a 2-year course for hospital assistants. The pioneer group of 7 that graduated in May 1910 (the Magnificent Seven) consisted of Drs Chen Su Lan, Edwin Williborod deCruz, and John Gnanapragasam from Singapore; Drs Willie Carnegie and Mark W Chill from Penang; Dr SR Krishnan from Seramban and Dr John Scott Lee from Ipoh. In December 1910, a further 6 students graduated. Of this first batch of 13 graduates in 1910, we describe the careers of 6; no records exist of the remaining 7.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools, Medical/history*
Fulltext Current and future trends in the teaching of direct posterior resin composites in Malaysian dental schools: a cross-sectional study

Sidhu P, Sultan OS, Math SY, Malik NA, Wilson NHF, Lynch CD, et al.

J Dent, 2021 07;110:103683.
PMID: 33957189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103683

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current and future teaching of posterior composite restorations in undergraduate curricula in Malaysian dental schools.
METHODS: A 24-item validated questionnaire including closed and open questions on the teaching of posterior composites was emailed to faculty members in all 13 Dental Schools in Malaysia. Responses were compiled on Excel and analysed.
RESULTS: All 13 dental schools responded to the survey yielding a 100 % response. All schools indicated the use of posterior composites for 2- and 3-surface cavities in premolars and molars. The didactic teaching time devoted to composites was greater than for amalgam (38 h vs 29 h). Clinically, most posterior restorations placed by students were composites (average 74.1 %, range 10 %-100 %); the remaining 25.9 % were amalgams (range, 0 %-50 %). Slot-type cavities were the preparation techniques most commonly taught (n = 11,84.6 %). The use of rubber dam for moisture control was mandatory in most schools (n = 11, 84.6 %). History of adverse reaction to composites was found to be the most common contraindication to composite placement. The phase down of teaching and use of amalgam in Malaysia is expected to occur within the next six years.
CONCLUSION: The trend to increase the teaching of posterior composites reported for other countries is confirmed by the findings from Malaysian dental schools. Notwithstanding this trend, the use of amalgam is still taught, and future studies are required to investigate the implications of the phase down of amalgam in favour of posterior composites.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Notwithstanding the increase in the teaching of posterior composites there is a pressing need to update and refine clinical guidelines for the teaching of posterior composites globally.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools, Dental*
Planning dietaries for older school children

MILLIS J

Med J Malaya, 1959 Dec;14:111-5.
PMID: 14422631
Matched MeSH terms: Schools*
An outbreak of influenza due to type B virus in a residential boys' school in Malaya

GORDON SMITH CE, THOMSON WG

Med J Malaya, 1956 Jun;10(4):332-7.
PMID: 13399536
Matched MeSH terms: Schools*
The weight of pre-school children in the Federation of Malaya

THOMSON FA

Med J Malaya, 1961 Mar;15:160-5.
PMID: 14037851
Matched MeSH terms: Schools*
Time-bound promotions in Indian medical institutes: a mirage?

Sukhlecha A

Indian J Med Ethics, 2016 Oct-Dec;1(4):264.
PMID: 27731301

Incentives, pay hikes and timely promotions enhance the job performance of an employee. In medical institutes, too, satisfied teachers would train students in a better way leading to better equipped doctors and ultimately, greater patient satisfaction. A study in Malaysia links high levels of satisfaction of employees with good salary, promotions, and incentives.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools, Medical*
Special issue - Learning and teaching of veterinary parasitology

Jabbar A, Gasser RB

Vet Parasitol, 2018 04 15;253:120-121.
PMID: 30173728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.020
Matched MeSH terms: Schools, Veterinary*
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a 3-Year, Teacher-Led Healthy Lifestyle Program on Eating Behaviors Among Adolescents Living in Day School Hostels in Malaysia

Teng CY, Chin YS, Taib MNM, Chan YM

Food Nutr Bull, 2018 12;39(4):595-607.
PMID: 30407077 DOI: 10.1177/0379572118795358

BACKGROUND: Independence gained during adolescence may be associated with unhealthy eating behaviors. Although malnutrition among adolescents is evident, studies on eating behaviors among adolescents are scarce.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a teacher-led Healthy Lifestyle Program on eating behaviors among adolescents in Malaysia.
METHODS: This was a cluster randomized controlled trial (conducted in 2012 to 2014), with 100 schools randomly selected from 721 schools, then assigned to 50 intervention schools and 50 control schools. A Healthy Eating and Be Active among Teens (HEBAT) module was developed for pretrained teachers to deliver a Healthy Lifestyle Program on eating behaviors among adolescents. Eating behaviors of the respondents was determined using Eating Behaviors Questionnaire. Linear Mixed Model analysis and χ2 test were used to determine within- and between-group effects of studied variables.
RESULTS: A total of 4277 respondents participated in this study, with 2635 samples involved in the final analysis, comprised of 921 intervention and 1714 control respondents. There were 32.4% (36.4%) males and 67.6% (63.6%) females in the intervention (control) group. Mean age was comparable between the groups (intervention = 12.98 years; control = 12.97 years). Majority of the respondents skipped meals at baseline (intervention = 74.7%; control = 79.5%). After the program, intervention respondents had higher consumption frequency of lunch, dinner, and mid-morning snack but a lower consumption frequency of late-evening snack and meal skipping behaviors than their control counterparts.
CONCLUSION: The teacher-led Healthy Lifestyle Program was effective in reducing meal-skipping behaviors among Malaysian adolescents.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools*
Fulltext The Effect of Brain Breaks on Physical Activity Behaviour among Primary School Children: A Transtheoretical Perspective

Rizal H, Hajar MS, Muhamad AS, Kueh YC, Kuan G

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 11 04;16(21).
PMID: 31690004 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214283

Brain Breaks Physical Activity Solutions (BBPAS) is a web-based structured physical activity (PA) video that is specifically designed for school settings and can stimulate a student's health and learning. The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of BBPAS on the stages of change, decisional balance, processes of change, self-efficacy and leisure-time exercise among Malay ethnic primary school children. A validated Malay version of three of the five constructs was derived with sound validity and was used in the present study. A total of 159 male and 163 female children aged 10 to 11 years old, mean (SD) = 10.53 (0.50), were recruited from two schools in Kelantan, Malaysia. Purposive sampling was used to divide the children into intervention (n = 177) and control (n = 145) groups. Children in the intervention group underwent BBPAS activity for an accumulated 30 min per week, while children in the control group were not involved in the BBPAS intervention. Mixed factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the effect of BBPAS on the study variables. A mixed ANOVA showed significant changes (time effect) on cognitive process, F(1, 320) = 5.768, p-value = 0.017; behavioural process, F(1, 313) = 5.736, p-value = 0.017; and internal feeling, F(1, 312) = 6.050, p-value = 0.014. There was also a significant difference between groups on cons, F(1, 316) = 7.504, p-value = 0.007. A significant interaction effect was observed for stages of change, F(1, 319) = 7.861, p-value = 0.005; pros, F(1, 316) = 31.311, p-value = 0.001; internal feeling, F(1, 312) = 4.692, p-value = 0.031; and behavioural process, F(1, 313) = 7.312, p-value = 0.007. In conclusion, BBPAS was successful in improving four of the five constructs, and thus, should be recommended to be used in schools throughout Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: School Health Services/organization & administration*; Schools*
Fulltext The MAHSA University, Malaysia's medical student oath and a comparison of various oaths

Jegasothy R, Sen M

Natl Med J India, 2020 3 5;32(3):161-166.
PMID: 32129312 DOI: 10.4103/0970-258X.278687

When students enrol in a medical school, they are not introduced to any ethical issues until later in the curriculum. The Hippocratic/physician's oath is taken upon graduation. A student oath is important to introduce students to the solemnity of the education they are dedicating themselves to. This oath is analysed and compared with the doctor's oath upon graduation and a few other oaths.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools, Medical*
Trends in medical education: challenges and directions for need-based reforms of medical training in South-East Asia

Majumder AA, D'Souza U, Rahman S

Indian J Med Sci, 2004 Sep;58(9):369-80.
PMID: 15470278

Most medical schools, especially in South-East Asia, currently are experiencing difficulties in providing the right quality and quantity of educational experiences as the curricula have failed to respond to the needs of the community and country. The pedagogic shift from traditional approach to a need-based approach requires a fundamental change of the roles and commitments of educators, planners and policymakers. Teachers of health professional education in the region are to be well-informed of the trends and innovations and utilize these to increase relevance and quality of education to produce competent human resources for the region. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (i) to discuss innovative strategies and emerging trends, which have been successfully adopted by educators around the world for the reorientation of medical education to overcome existing traditions of educational planning, review and development and (ii) to highlight their implications and importance to initiate need-based reforms of medical training in South-East Asia.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools, Medical/trends*
Fulltext Gender stereotypes and education: A comparative content analysis of Malaysian, Indonesian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi school textbooks

Islam KMM, Asadullah MN

PLoS One, 2018;13(1):e0190807.
PMID: 29351305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190807

Using government secondary school English language textbooks from Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh, we conducted a quantitative content analysis in order to identify gender stereotypes in school education. In total, 21 categories of exclusion and quality of representation were used to study gender stereotypes. Our analysis confirms a pro-male bias in textbooks: the aggregate female share is 40.4% in textual and pictorial indicators combined. Female occupations are mostly traditional and less prestigious while the characters are predominantly introverted and passive in terms of personality traits. Women are also shown to be mostly involved in domestic and in-door activities while men have a higher presence in professional roles. Systematic underrepresentation of females is evident regardless of whether we look at the text or pictures. A cross-country analysis shows that the female share in picture content is only 35.2% in Malaysia and Bangladesh. Overall, the proportion of female to male characters (text and pictures combined) is balanced in Malaysia and Indonesia (44.4% and 44.1% respectively) while this share is only 24.4% and 37.3% in Pakistani and Bangladeshi textbooks respectively. The finding of underrepresentation of women in Pakistani textbooks, in terms of quality and quantity, is robust to the selection of province-, grade- and subject-specific textbooks, as well as the range and type of categories used.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools*
Fulltext The need to cover generic medications and generic substitution practice in the curricula of pharmacy colleges in Saudi Arabia

Alrasheedy AA, Hassali MA, Aljadhey H, Al-Tamimi SK

Am J Pharm Educ, 2014 Jun 17;78(5):108.
PMID: 24954948 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe785108
Matched MeSH terms: Schools, Pharmacy*
Fulltext Poor sitting posture and a heavy schoolbag as contributors to musculoskeletal pain in children: an ergonomic school education intervention program

Syazwan A, Azhar MM, Anita A, Azizan H, Shaharuddin M, Hanafiah JM, et al.

J Pain Res, 2011;4:287-96.
PMID: 22003301 DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S22281

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a multidisciplinary, interventional, ergonomic education program designed to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal problems by reducing schoolbag weight and correcting poor sitting posture.
METHODS: Data were collected twice before and twice following intervention using the Standardized Nordic Body Map Questionnaire, a rapid upper limb assessment for posture evaluation, and schoolbag weight measurement in children aged 8 and 11 years attending two schools within the central region of Malaysia.
RESULTS: Students who received the ergonomic intervention reported significant improvements in their sitting posture in a classroom environment and reduction of schoolbag weight as compared with the controls.
CONCLUSION: A single-session, early intervention, group ergonomics education program for children aged 8 and 11 years is appropriate and effective, and should be considered as a strategy to reduce musculoskeletal pain among schoolchildren in this age group.
KEYWORDS: assessment; awareness; education; ergonomic; intervention; musculoskeletal pain; school children

Matched MeSH terms: Schools
[Su Tian-you's historical relics of practicing medicine and teaching abroad]

Zhang YS

Zhongguo Zhen Jiu, 2005 Jun;25(6):443-4.
PMID: 16309092

OBJECTIVE: To find historical relics of propagation of Chengjiang acupuncture and moxibustion school of thought abroad in which Cheng Dan' an is representative.

METHODS: Interview Xing Jingqing, Zhao Zhixing, Qiu Rongqing, students of Ph.D. Su Tianyou in Malaysia, who is the third generation of students of Cheng Dan' an, and collect historical materials about practicing medicine and teaching of Ph.D. Su abroad.

RESULTS: Su Tianyou is a student of Zeng Tianzhi, a brilliant disciple of Cheng Dan' an. He practiced medicine in 1939 and established Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medical College of Hong Kong in 1940, and he went to 13 countries and districts such as Asia, America and so on for practicing medicine, running schools. He is respectfully called "father of American acupuncture and moxibustion".

CONCLUSION: Ph.D. Su propagated Chinese medicine abroad, with outstanding achievement in education of medical sciences.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools
Private medical education--the doctor's perspective

Abdul Hamid AK

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Aug;55 Suppl B:23-7.
PMID: 11125516

The Government's decision to drastically and speedily increase the number of doctors in the country needs to be reviewed. The standard and quality of health care does not depend on the number of doctors, but on the improvement of the health care infrastructure. Increasing the number of government medical schools and increasing the intake of students should be done on a need-to basis, with the above perspective in mind. The selection criteria of candidates must not be compromised and the teaching staff must be adequate and experienced. The number of doctors should be gradually increased over the years in tandem with the development of the health care infrastructure and the deployment of doctors must be directed at providing equitable care to the people at all economic levels and geographic locations. The strength of academic staff in existing government medical schools must be upgraded to provide high level of teaching and research, perhaps reinforced with the recruitment of suitably qualified and experienced foreign teachers. The infrastructure of existing government medical schools must be upgraded to cater for the gradual increasing demand for more doctors as the country develops. The selection of candidates for the government medical schools must be based on merit and without undue emphasis on ethnic considerations, for it is only in the arena of fair competitiveness that excellence can be born. The considerations of merit in selection must include assessment of attitude, self-development, moral ethics and reasoning. If the above perspectives are fully appreciated, then there is really no requirement for private medical colleges in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools, Medical
Fulltext Prevalence of giardiasis among Malaysian primary school children

Shekhar KC, Prathapa S, Gurpreet K

Med J Malaysia, 1996 Dec;51(4):475-9.
PMID: 10968037

Giardiasis, a gastrointestinal disease caused by Giardia intestinalis is endemic in Malaysia. The prevalence rate has been reported to range from 1.4% to 11.1%. The present study was undertaken between 1992-1994 in three health districts in three states viz. Pahang, Negeri Sembilan and Selangor. Seven thousand five hundred and fifty seven (7557) primary school children between the ages of 6-12 years from the lower socio-economic groups were screened. The prevalence was 0.21%. The study suggests that improved water supply, toilet facilities and sanitation have lowered the prevalence of a waterborne disease in the areas surveyed.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools
Fulltext Mapping of the beta-thalassaemia carrier in Sabah: an initial step to strengthen the Thalassaemia Prevention Program in Malaysia

Asit Sena, Saidatul Norbaya Buang, Mohd Shahriel Md Daud, Soh Chin Li, Zaleha Sulaiman, Kaharnisah Mat Noor, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):13-13.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Thalassaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting 5 percent of the Malaysian population. The state of Sabah has the highest number of transfusion dependent thalassaemia and β-thalassaemia carrier in Malay-sia. For Malaysia to be successful in the prevention of thalassaemia, Sabah needs to be focused on the preventive activities in areas with high prevalence of β-thalassaemia carriers. Thus, identifying the mapping of β-thalassaemia is crucial for planning for prevention activities. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of β-thalas-saemia by districts and ethnic groups in Sabah. Methods: This study used data from Form 4 Thalassaemia Screening Records in 2017. The data were cleaned and analysed using Excel spreadsheet to calculate for the national and state specific prevalence of β-thalassaemia carrier. Subsequently, the data was used for mapping of high-risk districts and ethnic groups in Sabah. Results: A total of 31,655 Form 4 students from 242 secondary schools were screened in Sa-bah in 2017 and 1150 (3.6%) were diagnosed as β-thalassemia carrier. The prevalence of β thalassaemia carrier was higher in the West Coast of Sabah which include Kota Marudi District (11.1%), Nabawan (9.0%), Tambunan (8%), Tongod (7.5%), Ranau (7.0%), Kota Belud (5.0%), Kudat (4.6%), Tenom (4.1%) and Tuaran (4.0%). In the East Coast of Sabah, there was only the Beluran District (5.0%) had prevalence that higher than the state average. β-thalassae-mia carriers were more likely to be of Dusun, Kadazan Dusun followed by Bajau, Murut and Rungus ethnic group. Conclusion: The distribution of β-thalassaemia carrier in Sabah was concentrated in the West Coast of Sabah and more common among the Dusun, Kadazan Dusun followed by Bajau, Murut and Rungus ethnic group. Thus, the thalassaemia prevention activities should be focuses in these areas and ethnic groups.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools
Fulltext Contextualized School-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Intervention for Malaysian Secondary School Students

Saw JA, Tam CL, Thanzami V, Bonn G

Front Psychiatry, 2020;11:565896.
PMID: 33408652 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565896

This study investigates the effectiveness of the school-based Shine Through Any Roadblocks (STAR) CBT intervention, by a screening conducted on 634 students from eight secondary schools in Malaysia. Participants (n = 85) who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were assigned randomly to either the intervention group (n = 42) or the assessment-only waitlist control group (n = 43). The intervention consisted of eight group-based sessions over a period of 2 months. Sessions were 60-min each and conducted according to the STAR module. Outcome measures (depressive symptoms and automatic negative thoughts) were administered at five intervals: baseline/pre-intervention, mid-intervention, post-intervention, 1-month after intervention, and 3-months after intervention. Results showed significant and lasting lower levels of depressive symptoms and automatic negative thoughts in the intervention group, indicating that the STAR intervention could be an effective means of reducing depressive symptomatology among adolescents. Clinical implications for the Malaysian secondary school context are further discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Schools

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