Displaying publications 161 - 180 of 4451 in total

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  1. Occurrence of infanticide among wild proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in Sabah, Northern Borneo
    Agoramoorthy G, Hsu MJ
    Folia Primatol., 2005;76(3):177-9.
    PMID: 15900105
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/physiology*; Colobinae/physiology*
  2. Fulltext Coral community response to bleaching on a highly disturbed reef
    Guest JR, Low J, Tun K, Wilson B, Ng C, Raingeard D, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2016 Feb 15;6:20717.
    PMID: 26876092 DOI: 10.1038/srep20717
    While many studies of coral bleaching report on broad, regional scale responses, fewer examine variation in susceptibility among coral taxa and changes in community structure, before, during and after bleaching on individual reefs. Here we report in detail on the response to bleaching by a coral community on a highly disturbed reef site south of mainland Singapore before, during and after a major thermal anomaly in 2010. To estimate the capacity for resistance to thermal stress, we report on: a) overall bleaching severity during and after the event, b) differences in bleaching susceptibility among taxa during the event, and c) changes in coral community structure one year before and after bleaching. Approximately two thirds of colonies bleached, however, post-bleaching recovery was quite rapid and, importantly, coral taxa that are usually highly susceptible were relatively unaffected. Although total coral cover declined, there was no significant change in coral taxonomic community structure before and after bleaching. Several factors may have contributed to the overall high resistance of corals at this site including Symbiodinium affiliation, turbidity and heterotrophy. Our results suggest that, despite experiencing chronic anthropogenic disturbances, turbid shallow reef communities may be remarkably resilient to acute thermal stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthozoa/physiology*; Disease Resistance/physiology*
  3. Fulltext Ringed Seal Search for Global Optimization via a Sensitive Search Model
    Saadi Y, Yanto IT, Herawan T, Balakrishnan V, Chiroma H, Risnumawan A
    PLoS One, 2016;11(1):e0144371.
    PMID: 26790131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144371
    The efficiency of a metaheuristic algorithm for global optimization is based on its ability to search and find the global optimum. However, a good search often requires to be balanced between exploration and exploitation of the search space. In this paper, a new metaheuristic algorithm called Ringed Seal Search (RSS) is introduced. It is inspired by the natural behavior of the seal pup. This algorithm mimics the seal pup movement behavior and its ability to search and choose the best lair to escape predators. The scenario starts once the seal mother gives birth to a new pup in a birthing lair that is constructed for this purpose. The seal pup strategy consists of searching and selecting the best lair by performing a random walk to find a new lair. Affected by the sensitive nature of seals against external noise emitted by predators, the random walk of the seal pup takes two different search states, normal state and urgent state. In the normal state, the pup performs an intensive search between closely adjacent lairs; this movement is modeled via a Brownian walk. In an urgent state, the pup leaves the proximity area and performs an extensive search to find a new lair from sparse targets; this movement is modeled via a Levy walk. The switch between these two states is realized by the random noise emitted by predators. The algorithm keeps switching between normal and urgent states until the global optimum is reached. Tests and validations were performed using fifteen benchmark test functions to compare the performance of RSS with other baseline algorithms. The results show that RSS is more efficient than Genetic Algorithm, Particles Swarm Optimization and Cuckoo Search in terms of convergence rate to the global optimum. The RSS shows an improvement in terms of balance between exploration (extensive) and exploitation (intensive) of the search space. The RSS can efficiently mimic seal pups behavior to find best lair and provide a new algorithm to be used in global optimization problems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/physiology*; Seals, Earless/physiology*
  4. A new form of tool use by orang-utans in Sabah, East Malaysia
    Rogers LJ, Kaplan G
    Folia Primatol., 1994;63(1):50-2.
    PMID: 7813972
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding Behavior/physiology*; Pongo pygmaeus/physiology*
  5. Evaluation of variable parameters in neutrophil function test using chemiluminescence assay
    Noah RM, Jais MR, Noh LM
    Malays J Pathol, 1994 Dec;16(2):157-60.
    PMID: 9053565
    Variable parameters in chemiluminescence assay, one of the methods used to assess the functional capacity of neutrophils, were evaluated for suitable adaptation locally. The use of pooled normal human serum as compared to single normal human serum in opsonizing particles for phagocytosis was found to exhibit lower chemiluminescence activity (reduction range of 30%-50%). A similar degree of depression was observed when the particles were opsonized using normal human serum in comparison to that using autologous serum. Different intensity of chemiluminescence was also noted when the opsonized particle used was the Oxford strain of Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) in contrast to a strain of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a patient. The results obtained warrant clinicians to deliver appropriate samples as best they can when the chemiluminescence assay is requested.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neutrophils/physiology*; Phagocytosis/physiology*
  6. Fulltext Evaluation of carbon dioxide and 1-octen-3-ol as mosquito attractants
    Vythilingam I, Chiang GL, Chan ST
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Jun;23(2):328-31.
    PMID: 1359652
    CDC Light traps were used to study the attractant effect of CO2 and 1-octen-3-ol on trap catches of mosquito populations at three different locations in Malaysia. There was a significant increase in the number of mosquitos caught in traps baited with CO2 and CO2 with 1-octen-3-ol. The number of mosquitos caught in the CDC light trap and in the CDC light trap baited with 1-octen-3-ol alone were very few. 1-octen-3-ol and CO2 acted synergistically in attracting significantly greater numbers of Culex tritaeniorhynchus. However Anopheles sp. were not very attracted to light traps even with attractants added to them.
    Matched MeSH terms: Culex/physiology; Culicidae/physiology*
  7. A study of dispersal, survival and gonotrophic cycle estimates of Mansonia uniformis in an open swamp ecotype
    Chiang GL, Loong KP, Mahadevan S, Eng KL
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1988 Jun;19(2):271-82.
    PMID: 2906483
    Five mark-release-recapture experiments with wild caught Ma. uniformis were conducted in an open swamp area at Batang Berjuntai in Selangor, 40 km from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between May 1983 and January 1985. A total of 64 (0.14%) from the 45,950 females released were recaptured feeding on humans and cattle and resting in cattle-sheds. Substantially fewer (0.03% to 0.09%) females were recaptured from releases of blood-fed females than from releases of unfed females (0.20% to 0.23%). More than 70% of all recaptures were taken within a radius of 1.5 km around the point of release and the longest detected flight was 3.5 km. The mean dispersal distance for blood-fed and unfed females was 1.445 +/- 1.06 and 1.706 +/- 1.03 km, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the overall mean dispersal of the two groups of females (p greater than 0.05). The duration of the gonotrophic cycle in the field was between 3 to 4 days. Daily survivorship estimates (0.783-0.867) based on the recapture rates of date specific marked females was comparable to that estimated vertically from the dissection of unmarked females (0.751-0.795). These experiments revealed the remarkable flying ability of Ma. uniformis and the importance of reinvasion must be recognized when control operations are restricted to small areas.
    Matched MeSH terms: Culicidae/physiology*; Ovary/physiology
  8. Fulltext Biodiversity hanging by a thread: the importance of fungal litter-trapping systems in tropical rainforests
    Snaddon JL, Turner EC, Fayle TM, Khen CV, Eggleton P, Foster WA
    Biol Lett, 2012 Jun 23;8(3):397-400.
    PMID: 22188674 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.1115
    The exceptionally high species richness of arthropods in tropical rainforests hinges on the complexity of the forest itself: that is, on features such as the high plant diversity, the layered nature of the canopy and the abundance and the diversity of epiphytes and litter. We here report on one important, but almost completely neglected, piece of this complex jigsaw-the intricate network of rhizomorph-forming fungi that ramify through the vegetation of the lower canopy and intercept falling leaf litter. We show that this litter-trapping network is abundant and intercepts substantial amounts of litter (257.3 kg ha(-1)): this exceeds the amount of material recorded in any other rainforest litter-trapping system. Experimental removal of this fungal network resulted in a dramatic reduction in both the abundance (decreased by 70.2 ± 4.1%) and morphospecies richness (decreased by 57.4 ± 5.1%) of arthropods. Since the lower canopy levels can contain the highest densities of arthropods, the proportion of the rainforest fauna dependent on the fungal networks is likely to be substantial. Fungal litter-trapping systems are therefore a crucial component of habitat complexity, providing a vital resource that contributes significantly to rainforest biodiversity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthropods/physiology*; Marasmius/physiology*
  9. Branch architecture, light interception and crown development in saplings of a plagiotropically branching tropical tree, Polyalthia jenkinsii (Annonaceae)
    Osada N, Takeda H
    Ann Bot, 2003 Jan;91(1):55-63.
    PMID: 12495920
    To investigate crown development patterns, branch architecture, branch-level light interception, and leaf and branch dynamics were studied in saplings of a plagiotropically branching tree species, Polyalthia jenkinsii Hk. f. & Thoms. (Annonaceae) in a Malaysian rain forest. Lengths of branches and parts of the branches lacking leaves ('bare' branches) were smaller in upper branches than in lower branches within crowns, whereas lengths of 'leafy' parts and the number of leaves per branch were larger in intermediate than in upper and lower branches. Maximum diffuse light absorption (DLA) of individual leaves was not related to sapling height or branch position within crowns, whereas minimum DLA was lower in tall saplings. Accordingly, branch-level light interception was higher in intermediate than in upper and lower branches. The leaf production rate was higher and leaf loss rate was smaller in upper than in intermediate and lower branches. Moreover, the branch production rate of new first-order branches was larger in the upper crowns. Thus, leaf and branch dynamics do not correspond to branch-level light interception in the different canopy zones. As a result of architectural constraints, branches at different vertical positions experience predictable light microenvironments in plagiotropic species. Accordingly, this pattern of carbon allocation among branches might be particularly important for growth and crown development in plagiotropic species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Leaves/physiology; Polyalthia/physiology*
  10. Cryopreservation of shoot tips of recalcitrant and tropical species: Advances and strategies
    Normah MN, Sulong N, Reed BM
    Cryobiology, 2019 04;87:1-14.
    PMID: 30677412 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.01.008
    There is a pressing need for practical and successful conservation efforts to establish long-term germplasm collections of recalcitrant and tropical species, given the challenge and threat that these plants are facing. Cryopreservation is the only way of conserving some of these species, especially those with temperature or desiccation sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds. This review covers reports on cryopreservation studies of shoot tips (apical and axillary) of tropical and subtropical plants. Since many of these species have recalcitrant seeds, the cryopreservation successes, failures and problems involved with these seeds are also discussed. The methodologies, important factors and steps involved in successful cryopreservation protocols are analyzed. Finally strategies are suggested to develop a successful cryopreservation protocol for new plant species, in particular those with tropical recalcitrant seeds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Seeds/physiology; Plant Shoots/physiology*
  11. Fulltext Spatio-temporal variations in wheat aphid populations and their natural enemies in four agro-ecological zones of Pakistan
    Faheem M, Saeed S, Sajjad A, Wang S, Ali A
    PLoS One, 2019;14(9):e0222635.
    PMID: 31568475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222635
    Aphids are major pests of wheat crop in Pakistan inflicting considerable economic losses. A better knowledge of landscape scale spatial distribution of aphids and their natural enemies could be used to improve integrated pest management programs. Therefore, the present study aimed to document spatio-temporal variations in populations of wheat aphids and their natural enemies in Pakistan. The 2-year survey study was carried out at ten experimental farms located in five districts of four contrasted agro-ecological zones of eastern Pakistan (Punjab area) i.e. District Chakwal in arid zone, Gujranwala in rice-cropped zone, Faisalabad in central mixed-cropped zone, and Khanewal and Multan in cotton-cropped zone. The dominant aphid species i.e. Schizaphis graminum, Rhopalosiphum padi, R. maidis and Sitobion avenae varied significantly among the five districts surveyed. The population of S. graminum was observed more abundant in arid, R. padi in rice, S. avenae in aird and rice, and R. maidis in cotton-I zones. Aphids ended their population dynamics on 25th March in central mixed-cropped zone and 12th April in other three zones. Various species of natural enemies, mainly Coccinella septumpunctata, C. undecimpunctata, Menochilus sexmaculata, Chrysoperla carnea, Syrphidae and parasitoid mummies were inconsistently observed in four agro-ecological zones. The population of C. septumpunctata, was observed more abundant in rice zone, C. undecimpunctata and C. carnea in cotton-I and arid zones, M. sexmaculata in cotton-I and II zones, Syrphidae in cotton-I zone and parasitoid mummies in rice and arid zones. There were no clear relationships between aphid and the natural enemy populations. The present study may serve as a baseline regarding distribution of wheat aphids and their natural enemies and the results provided insights for further studies on the potential top-down (natural enemies) versus bottom-up (fertilization and irrigation regimes) forces in management of wheat aphids in eastern Pakistan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aphids/physiology*; Beetles/physiology*
  12. Fulltext Mycobiome in the Gut: A Multiperspective Review
    Chin VK, Yong VC, Chong PP, Amin Nordin S, Basir R, Abdullah M
    Mediators Inflamm, 2020;2020:9560684.
    PMID: 32322167 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9560684
    Human gut is home to a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem encompassing bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms that have an undisputable role in maintaining good health for the host. Studies on the interplay between microbiota in the gut and various human diseases remain the key focus among many researchers. Nevertheless, advances in sequencing technologies and computational biology have helped us to identify a diversity of fungal community that reside in the gut known as the mycobiome. Although studies on gut mycobiome are still in its infancy, numerous sources have reported its potential role in host homeostasis and disease development. Nonetheless, the actual mechanism of its involvement remains largely unknown and underexplored. Thus, in this review, we attempt to discuss the recent advances in gut mycobiome research from multiple perspectives. This includes understanding the composition of fungal communities in the gut and the involvement of gut mycobiome in host immunity and gut-brain axis. Further, we also discuss on multibiome interactions in the gut with emphasis on fungi-bacteria interaction and the influence of diet in shaping gut mycobiome composition. This review also highlights the relation between fungal metabolites and gut mycobiota in human homeostasis and the role of gut mycobiome in various human diseases. This multiperspective review on gut mycobiome could perhaps shed new light for future studies in the mycobiome research area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology*; Fungi/physiology
  13. Fulltext Population analysis of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera:Culicidae) under uncontrolled laboratory conditions
    Nur Aida H, Abu Hassan A, Nurita AT, Che Salmah MR, Norasmah B
    Trop Biomed, 2008 Aug;25(2):117-25.
    PMID: 18948882
    A semi laboratory experiment using 3 cohorts of Aedes albopictus adults was performed to obtain age-specific mortality and fecundity information and to derive statistical estimates of some population growth parameters. Life expectancy was calculated for both males and females. The following population parameters were estimated: intrinsic rate of increase (rm= 0.21), net reproductive (replacement) rate (Ro= 68.70), age at mean cohort reproduction (To=10.55 days), birth rate (B=0.23), death rate (D=0.02) and generation time (G=20.14 days). The high rm/B (0.91) and B/D (11.50) ratios indicated the high colonizing ability of Ae. albopictus in nature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aedes/physiology*; Reproduction/physiology
  14. Fulltext The technology of tongue and hard palate contact detection: a review
    Mat Zin S, Md Rasib SZ, Suhaimi FM, Mariatti M
    Biomed Eng Online, 2021 Feb 06;20(1):17.
    PMID: 33549118 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00854-y
    The tongue and hard palate play an essential role in the production of sound during continuous speech. Appropriate tongue and hard palate contacts will ensure proper sound production. Electropalatography, also known as EPG, is a device that can be used to identify the location of the tongue and hard palate contact. It can also be used by a speech therapist to help patients who have a speech disorder. Among the group with the disease are cleft palate, Down syndrome, glossectomy, and autism patients. Besides identifying the contact location, EPG is a useful medical device that has been continuously developed based on the patient's needs and treatment advancement. This article reviews the technology of electropalatography since the early introduction of the device. It also discusses the development process and the drawbacks of the previous EPG systems, resulting in the EPG's upgraded system and technology. This review suggests additional features that can be useful for the future development of the EPG. The latest technology can be incorporated into the EPG system to provide a more convenient method. There are some elements to be considered in the development of EPG's new technology that were discussed in this study. The elements are essential to provide more convenience for the patient during speech therapy. New technology can accelerate the growth of medical devices, particularly on the development of speech therapy equipment that should be based on the latest technological advancements available. Thus, the advanced EPG system suggested in this article may expand the usage of the EPG and serve as a tool to provide speech therapy treatment services and not limited to monitoring only.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tongue/physiology*; Palate, Hard/physiology*
  15. Feeding behavior of Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis (Ludlow, 1905) (Diptera, Culicidae) in Peninsular Malaysia
    Braima KA, Muslimin M, M Ghazali AR, Wan-Nor F, Wilson JJ, Jeffery J, et al.
    Acta Trop, 2017 Jul;171:138-140.
    PMID: 28359829 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.025
    Mosquitoes are vectors of various human diseases in the tropics including yellow fever, dengue, malaria and West Nile virus. Mosquitoes can act as vectors between wildlife and humans, which is particularly important for diseases where wild animals serve as reservoirs of parasites in the absence of human infections. Research has mainly focused on the medical impacts of Anopheles, Aedes, Mansonia and Culex, however, very little attention has been directed towards other mosquito genera, especially those which act as vectors of diseases of wildlife. We have observed adults of Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis (Ludlow, 1905) feeding on a toad, Ingerophrynus parvus, near an oil palm plantation settlement in Setia Alam, Selangor state, Peninsular Malaysia. Mimomyia is known to feed on reptiles and amphibians, and is a documented vector of several arboviruses, including West Nile virus. The observation of Mimomyia feeding on a common toad near a human settlement highlights a need to understand the relationships between mosquitoes, toads and humans from an ecological perspective. We report on-site observations of the feeding habit of Mimomyia; the first records from Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding Behavior/physiology*; Culicidae/physiology*
  16. Notes on the duration of attachment of certain Malaysian trombiculid mite larvae
    Kundin WD, Nadchatram M, Keong A
    J Med Entomol, 1972 Dec 20;9(6):558-9.
    PMID: 4654691
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/physiology; Mites/physiology*
  17. Pelvic organ support several years after a first birth
    Ferreira CWS, Atan IK, Martin A, Shek KL, Dietz HP
    Int Urogynecol J, 2017 Oct;28(10):1499-1505.
    PMID: 28285396 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-017-3297-4
    INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Female pelvic organ prolapse is highly prevalent and childbirth has been shown to be an important risk factor. The study was carried out to observe if pelvic organ support deteriorates over time following a first birth.

    METHODS: This is a retrospective review using archived data sets of women seen in the context of two prospective perinatal imaging studies. All subjects had undergone a standardised interview, a clinical examination and 4D translabial ultrasound, 3 months and 2-5 years post-partum. Main outcome measures were pelvic organ descent and hiatal area at maximum Valsalva manoeuvre. Means at the two time points were compared using paired Student's t test. Predictors of change over time in continuous variables were explored using linear modelling methods.

    RESULTS: A total of 300 women had at least two postnatal follow-ups. They were first seen on average 0.39 (SD 0.2, range 0.2-2.1) years and again 3.1 (SD 1.5, range 1.4-8) years after the index delivery, with a mean interval of 2.71 (SD 1.5, range 0.7-7.7) years, providing a total of 813 (300 × 2.71) woman-years of observation. On univariate analysis, there was a significant decrease in mobility over time of the bladder neck, bladder, and rectal ampulla (P = < 0.004) and hiatal area (P = 0.012). The degree of improvement was less marked in women with levator avulsion.

    CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction in pelvic organ descent and hiatal area was noted over a mean of 2.7 years after a first birth.

    Matched MeSH terms: Pelvic Floor/physiology*; Parturition/physiology*
  18. Fulltext The Streptococcus pneumoniaeyefM-yoeB and relBE Toxin-Antitoxin Operons Participate in Oxidative Stress and Biofilm Formation
    Chan WT, Domenech M, Moreno-Córdoba I, Navarro-Martínez V, Nieto C, Moscoso M, et al.
    Toxins (Basel), 2018 09 18;10(9).
    PMID: 30231554 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090378
    Type II (proteic) toxin-antitoxin systems (TAs) are widely distributed among bacteria and archaea. They are generally organized as operons integrated by two genes, the first encoding the antitoxin that binds to its cognate toxin to generate a harmless protein⁻protein complex. Under stress conditions, the unstable antitoxin is degraded by host proteases, releasing the toxin to achieve its toxic effect. In the Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae we have characterized four TAs: pezAT, relBE, yefM-yoeB, and phD-doc, although the latter is missing in strain R6. We have assessed the role of the two yefM-yoeB and relBE systems encoded by S. pneumoniae R6 by construction of isogenic strains lacking one or two of the operons, and by complementation assays. We have analyzed the phenotypes of the wild type and mutants in terms of cell growth, response to environmental stress, and ability to generate biofilms. Compared to the wild-type, the mutants exhibited lower resistance to oxidative stress. Further, strains deleted in yefM-yoeB and the double mutant lacking yefM-yoeB and relBE exhibited a significant reduction in their ability for biofilm formation. Complementation assays showed that defective phenotypes were restored to wild type levels. We conclude that these two loci may play a relevant role in these aspects of the S. pneumoniae lifestyle and contribute to the bacterial colonization of new niches.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antitoxins/physiology*; Streptococcus pneumoniae/physiology*
  19. An exploration of the associations between facets of interoceptive awareness and body image in adolescents
    Todd J, Aspell JE, Barron D, Swami V
    Body Image, 2019 Dec;31:171-180.
    PMID: 31654981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.10.004
    Previous research suggests that lower interoceptive awareness is associated with more negative body image during adolescence. However, studies have not distinguished between adaptive and maladaptive modes of attention toward interoceptive signals, and relationships between interoceptive awareness and positive body image remain unexplored. To address these issues, a sample of 265 British adolescents (140 girls, 125 boys) aged 13-16 years completed measures of interoceptive awareness, body appreciation, functionality appreciation, body pride, body shame, and body surveillance. Correlational analyses broadly indicated that greater interoceptive awareness was significantly associated with more positive body image. Multiple regressions revealed significant predictive relationships between interoceptive awareness and all facets of body image in both girls and boys, except body surveillance, which was not statistically significant for girls. At the univariate level, the interoceptive awareness facets of Attention Regulation, Body Listening, Self-Regulation, and Trusting emerged as significant predictors for at least one facet of positive body image, whilst the Noticing and Emotional Awareness facets did not. These findings broadly align with previous research with adults, which has indicated that the way interoceptive stimuli are appraised and responded to might be more closely associated with facets of body image than the tendency to notice interoceptive stimuli.
    Matched MeSH terms: Awareness/physiology*; Interoception/physiology*
  20. Fulltext Theorizing how the brain encodes consciousness based on negentropic entanglement
    Poznanski RR, Cacha LA, Latif AZA, Salleh SH, Ali J, Yupapin P, et al.
    J Integr Neurosci, 2019 03 30;18(1):1-10.
    PMID: 31091842 DOI: 10.31083/j.jin.2019.01.105
    The physicality of subjectivity is explained through a theoretical conceptualization of guidance waves informing meaning in negentropically entangled non-electrolytic brain regions. Subjectivity manifests its influence at the microscopic scale of matter originating from de Broglie 'hidden' thermodynamics as action of guidance waves. The preconscious experienceability of subjectivity is associated with a nested hierarchy of microprocesses, which are actualized as a continuum of patterns of discrete atomic microfeels (or "qualia"). The mechanism is suggested to be through negentropic entanglement of hierarchical thermodynamic transfer of information as thermo-qubits originating from nonpolarized regions of actin-binding proteinaceous structures of nonsynaptic spines. The resultant continuous stream of intrinsic information entails a negentropic action (or experiential flow of thermo-quantum internal energy that results in a negentropic force) which is encoded through the non-zero real component of the mean approximation of the negentropic force as a 'consciousness code'. Consciousness consisting of two major subprocesses: (1) preconscious experienceability and (2) conscious experience. Both are encapsulated by nonreductive physicalism and panexperiential materialism. The subprocess (1) governing "subjectivity" carries many microprocesses leading to the actualization of discrete atomic microfeels by the 'consciousness code'. These atomic microfeels constitute internal energy that results in the transfer intrinsic information in terms of thermo-qubits. These thermo-qubits are realized as thermal entropy and sensed by subprocess (2) governing "self-awareness" in conscious experience.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain/physiology*; Consciousness/physiology*
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