Displaying publications 161 - 180 of 471 in total

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  1. Fulltext Cost effectiveness of quadrivalent influenza vaccines in the elderly population of Malaysia
    Aljunid SM, Mad Tahir NS, Ismail A, Abdul Aziz AF, Azzeri A, Zafirah SA, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2023 Oct 31;13(1):18771.
    PMID: 37907537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46079-y
    The economic burden of influenza is a significant issue within healthcare system, related to higher medical costs particularly among the elderly. Yet, influenza vaccination rates in the elderly in Malaysia were considerably low as it is not part of Malaysia's national immunization program, with substantial mortality and morbidity consequences. Therefore, we conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) for the elderly in Malaysia compared with the current no-vaccination policy. A static cost-utility model, with a lifetime horizon based on age, was used for the analysis to assess the cost-effectiveness and health outcomes associated with QIV. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the effects of variations in the parameters. The use of QIV in Malaysia's elderly population would prevent 66,326 potential influenza cases and 888 potential deaths among the elderly, leading to 10,048 potential quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. The QIV would also save over USD 4.4 million currently spent on influenza-related hospitalizations and reduce productivity losses by approximately USD 21.6 million. The ICER per QALY gained from a third-party payer's perspective would be USD 2216, which is lower than the country's gross domestic product per capita. A QIV-based vaccination program in the elderly was found to be highly cost-effective, therefore would reduce the financial burden of managing influenza and reduce pre-mature death related to this disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination
  2. Fulltext A survey on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and concern among Malaysians
    Syed Alwi SAR, Rafidah E, Zurraini A, Juslina O, Brohi IB, Lukas S
    BMC Public Health, 2021 06 12;21(1):1129.
    PMID: 34118897 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11071-6
    BACKGROUND: Vaccination is an effective way to curtail the burden of COVID-19 in which success depends on a high acceptance of the vaccine. However, addressing concerns among vaccine-hesitant individuals is essential to avoid failure of the immunisation programme. This study sought to assess the concerns and acceptance rates regarding the COVID-19 vaccine among Malaysians.

    METHODS: An online questionnaire was distributed to 1411 respondents via a snowball sampling method among Malaysians aged 18 years and above.

    RESULTS: The majority of the respondents were young adults (40.7%), female (62.8%), Malay (63.8%), Muslim (72.3%), married (52.9%), with tertiary education (86.8%) and without medical illness (85%). Social media (97.4%) was the primary source of information regarding COVID-19. The overall acceptance rate was high (83.3%), with the lowest rates among the elderly aged 60 years and above (63.4%) and pensioners (64.6%). Hesitance was caused by concerns regarding side effects (95.8%), safety (84.7%), lack of information (80.9%), effectiveness (63.6%) and religious (20.8%) and cultural factors related to the COVID-19 vaccine (6.8%). Respondents with diabetes mellitus (24.7%) and hypercholesterolemia (23%) were more hesitant to accept the COVID-19 vaccine, at 16.1 and 15.8%, respectively. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitance were age, religion, and current residence.

    CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a high rate of acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among Malaysians. Thus, the Malaysian government and other related agencies should increase their campaign and prepare to implement the COVID-19 mass immunisation programme among Malaysians. However, despite the high acceptance rate, it remains important to address concerns among hesitant individuals by building trust in vaccine safety and effectiveness through adequate information regarding the vaccine.

    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination
  3. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication -- Western Pacific Region, January 1, 1996-September 27, 1997
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1997 Nov 28;46(47):1113-7.
    PMID: 9393657
    In 1988, the World Health Assembly adopted the goal of global poliomyelitis eradication by 2000, which was endorsed in each of the six regions of the World Health Organization (WHO). In the Western Pacific Region (WPR), where the last known case of polio associated with isolation of wild poliovirus occurred in March 1997, the reported number of cases decreased from 5963 in 1990 to 197 in 1996. This report documents progress toward polio eradication in WPR from January 1, 1996, through September 27, 1997, in countries where polio is endemic (Cambodia, China, Laos, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and Vietnam) or recently was endemic (Malaysia and Mongolia) and describes the routine and supplemental vaccination activities necessary to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission in the region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination
  4. Fulltext Advances & challenges in leptospiral vaccine development
    Bashiru G, Bahaman AR
    Indian J Med Res, 2018 Jan;147(1):15-22.
    PMID: 29749356 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1022_16
    Considerable progress has been made in the field of leptospiral vaccines development since its first use as a killed vaccine in guinea pigs. Despite the fact that the immunity conferred is restricted to serovars with closely related lipopolysaccharide antigen, certain vaccines have remained useful, especially in endemic regions, for the protection of high-risk individuals. Other conventional vaccines such as the live-attenuated vaccine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) vaccine have not gained popularity due to the reactive response that follows their administration and the lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. With the recent breakthrough and availability of complete genome sequences of Leptospira, development of novel vaccine including recombinant protein vaccine using reverse vaccinology approaches has yielded encouraging results. However, factors hindering the development of effective leptospiral vaccines include variation in serovar distribution from region to region, establishment of renal carrier status following vaccination and determination of the dose and endpoint titres acceptable as definitive indicators of protective immunity. In this review, advancements and progress made in LPS-based vaccines, killed- and live-attenuated vaccines, recombinant peptide vaccines and DNA vaccines against leptospirosis are highlighted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination
  5. Fulltext BCG adenitis - Need for increased awareness
    Govindarajan KK, Chai FY
    Malays J Med Sci, 2011 Apr;18(2):66-9.
    PMID: 22135589
    Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination for protection against tuberculosis has been in use for long. Although the vaccine is safe, its administration can result in complications such as BCG adenitis. We report here a series of children with BCG adenitis with a view to recognise and manage this condition. It is hoped that this case series would encourage the increased identification of this condition.
    Study site: Paediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination
  6. Fulltext Immunization knowledge and practice among Malaysian parents: a questionnaire development and pilot-testing
    Awadh AI, Hassali MA, Al-lela OQ, Bux SH, Elkalmi RM, Hadi H
    BMC Public Health, 2014;14:1107.
    PMID: 25346471 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1107
    Parents are the main decision makers for their children vaccinations. This fact makes parents' immunization knowledge and practices as predictor factors for immunization uptake and timeliness. The aim of this pilot study was to develop a reliable and valid instrument in Malaysian language to measure immunization knowledge and practice (KP) of Malaysian parents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination*
  7. Fulltext Knowledge, attitude and vaccination status of varicella among students of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
    Hesham R, Cheong JY, Mohd Hasni J
    Med J Malaysia, 2009 Sep;64(3):257-62.
    PMID: 20527284 MyJurnal
    Varicella is a highly infectious disease that can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis and death. Vaccination is the best method to prevent the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and vaccination status of varicella among UKM students. A cross sectional study involving pre-tested questionnaires was undertaken between February and April, 2005. Questionnaires were distributed and filled by the first and second year students from four faculties in UKM (n=879). The faculties included were divided into two categories: medical fields and non-medical fields. The results showed that the overall level of knowledge on varicella among respondents was intermediate. The score of knowledge was significantly higher among medical students (t = 10.9, p < 0.05) compared to non-medical students. The varicella vaccination coverage was low among UKM students (19.3%). The vaccination status was significantly higher among medical students compared to non-medical students (chi2 = 8.6, p < 0.05). Vaccination status of varicella among respondents had no association with the level of knowledge (chi2 = 2.42, p > 0.05).
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/statistics & numerical data*
  8. Perceived vaccination status in ecotourists and risks of anthropozoonoses
    Muehlenbein MP, Martinez LA, Lemke AA, Ambu L, Nathan S, Alsisto S, et al.
    Ecohealth, 2008 Sep;5(3):371-8.
    PMID: 18810550 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-008-0192-y
    Anthropozoonotic (human to nonhuman animal) transmission of infectious disease poses a significant threat to wildlife. A large proportion of travelers to tropical regions are not protected against vaccine-preventable illnesses, and a majority of these travelers demonstrate poor recall of actual vaccination status. Here we characterize self-perceived vaccination status among a large sample of ecotourists at the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia. Despite their recognized travel itinerary to view endangered animals, tourists at wildlife sanctuaries are not adequately protected against vaccine-preventable illnesses. Of 633 surveys, over half reported being currently vaccinated against tuberculosis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, polio, and measles. Fewer participants reported current vaccination status for influenza, rabies, and chickenpox. Despite the fact that the majority of visitors to Sepilok are from temperate regions where influenza is relatively more prevalent, 67.1% of those surveyed with medical-related occupations reported not being currently vaccinated for influenza. Ecotourists concerned about environmental protection are themselves largely unaware of their potential contribution to the spread of diseases to animals. The risks of negatively affecting animal populations must be communicated to all concerned parties, and this may begin by urging travelers to examine their actual vaccination status, particularly as the ecotourism industry continues its rapid expansion, and is seen increasingly as a possible tool to save great ape populations from extinction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination*
  9. Strategy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease in Southeast Asia (SEAFMD)
    Edwards JR
    Dev Biol (Basel), 2004;119:423-31.
    PMID: 15742655
    The OIE Southeast Asia Foot-and-Mouth Disease Campaign (SEAFMD) involves the coordinated control of foot-and-mouth disease by eight of the ASEAN countries. A long term vision for SEAFMD has been developed and the core element is a progressive zoning approach to the control and eradication of FMD in the region. This paper describes the current status of FMD in Southeast Asia and progress towards achievement of OIE free zone status for FMD in parts of the Philippines and Malaysia and the initiation of the Malaysia-Thailand-Myanmar (MTM) Peninsular Campaign for FMD Freedom. In mainland Southeast Asia, the progressive zoning approach involves several sub-regional groups working in parallel to oversee the epidemiological and economic studies required to determine the feasibility of the approach. Areas involved include the Lower Mekong Basin, Upper Mekong Basin, parts of Myanmar and the Red River Delta of Vietnam. The paper describes the current usage of vaccines for FMD in Southeast Asia and provides recommendations for their supply and use in the new regional initiatives.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/veterinary*
  10. Fulltext Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards polio immunization among residents of two highly affected regions of Pakistan
    Khan MU, Ahmad A, Aqeel T, Salman S, Ibrahim Q, Idrees J, et al.
    BMC Public Health, 2015;15:1100.
    PMID: 26541976 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2471-1
    Despite the efforts of national and international organizations, polio has not been eradicated from Pakistan. The prevalence of polio in Pakistan is exceptional in global context. Quetta and Peshawar divisions are amongst the most affected regions hit by polio in Pakistan. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards polio immunization among residents of Quetta and Peshawar divisions in Pakistan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/psychology*
  11. Fulltext Hendra virus and Nipah virus animal vaccines
    Broder CC, Weir DL, Reid PA
    Vaccine, 2016 06 24;34(30):3525-34.
    PMID: 27154393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.075
    Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic viruses that emerged in the mid to late 1990s causing disease outbreaks in livestock and people. HeV appeared in Queensland, Australia in 1994 causing a severe respiratory disease in horses along with a human case fatality. NiV emerged a few years later in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998-1999 causing a large outbreak of encephalitis with high mortality in people and also respiratory disease in pigs which served as amplifying hosts. The key pathological elements of HeV and NiV infection in several species of mammals, and also in people, are a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. In people, both HeV and NiV are also capable of causing relapsed encephalitis following recovery from an acute infection. The known reservoir hosts of HeV and NiV are several species of pteropid fruit bats. Spillovers of HeV into horses continue to occur in Australia and NiV has caused outbreaks in people in Bangladesh and India nearly annually since 2001, making HeV and NiV important transboundary biological threats. NiV in particular possesses several features that underscore its potential as a pandemic threat, including its ability to infect humans directly from natural reservoirs or indirectly from other susceptible animals, along with a capacity of limited human-to-human transmission. Several HeV and NiV animal challenge models have been developed which have facilitated an understanding of pathogenesis and allowed for the successful development of both active and passive immunization countermeasures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/veterinary*
  12. Optimizing national immunization program supply chain management in Thailand: an economic analysis
    Riewpaiboon A, Sooksriwong C, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tharmaphornpilas P, Techathawat S, Rookkapan K, et al.
    Public Health, 2015 Jul;129(7):899-906.
    PMID: 26027451 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.04.016
    This study aimed to conduct an economic analysis of the transition of the conventional vaccine supply and logistics systems to the vendor managed inventory (VMI) system in Thailand.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/economics*
  13. Fulltext Life threatening pancreatitis following varicella vaccination: cause, association or co-incidence?
    Chan PWK, Goh AYT
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Dec;55(4):527-8.
    PMID: 11221171
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/adverse effects*
  14. Fulltext Retrospective review of serologic rubella activity in University Hospital Kuala Lumpur
    Chua KB, Lam SK, Hooi PS, Chua BH, Lim CT
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55(3):299-303.
    PMID: 11200707
    A retrospective review of rubella serological results carried out in the Virus Diagnostic Unit, University Hospital Kuala Lumpur (UHKL) from January 1993 to September 1999 showed the presence of rubella infection annually which appeared to increase periodically every two to three years. There was no statistical significant difference in the rubella positive rate between male and female population aged 14 to 48 years. Congenital rubella infections (CRI) occurred in babies delivered in UHKL yearly from 1993 to 1998 with an average incidence rate of 48 per 100,000 deliveries. Peaks of rubella cases appeared to be followed by an increase in incidence of CRI cases 6 to 9 months later. The study showed that only 50.8% clinically diagnosed rubella was confirmed by laboratory finding. This study also showed an increase of rubella activity for the months of July, August and September 1999 and this may herald an increase of CRI cases in the coming millennium.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/standards
  15. Evaluation of combined Pasteurella vaccines in control of sheep pneumonia
    Chandrasekaran S, Hizat K, Saad Z, Johara MY, Yeap PC
    Br. Vet. J., 1991 Sep-Oct;147(5):437-43.
    PMID: 1959015
    The effectiveness of an oil adjuvant vaccine (OAV) incorporating locally isolated strains of Pasteurella haemolytica type 7 and Pasteurella multocida types A and D was compared with that of Carovax (Wellcome Laboratories) in imported cross-bred lambs. The criterion of efficacy was the ability of the vaccines to reduce the extent of pneumonic lesions in vaccinated as against unvaccinated control lambs. The OAV produced at this Institute significantly reduced the lung lesions at P less than 0.05 level compared with its control group when challenged with P. haemolytica alone. However, the vaccine was unsatisfactory against P. multocida or combined P. multocida P. haemolytica challenge. Carovax did not produce any significant reduction in the lung lesions caused by P. haemolytica and/or P. multocida.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/veterinary
  16. Fulltext Optimum age for measles immunization in Malaysia
    Chen ST, Lam SK
    Med J Malaysia, 1985 Dec;40(4):281-8.
    PMID: 3842727
    A study was carried out at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to determine the age-specific prevalence of measles infection by serology and the age specific - seroconversion rates following measles vaccination. The results show that the percentage of children with passively acquired measles antibodies decreased with increasing age fill three to five months of age. From 12 months of age, the percentage of positivity increased sharply due probably to natural infection. The geometric mean antibody titre was low at birth, but from six months it started to increase. These results indicate that measles infection is common in Malaysia and a small number of children began to acquire natural measles infection from six to eight months of age; however the peak age for the acquisition of measles infection was from 12 months to five years of age. Seroconversion rates following vaccination from nine months of age, ranged from 94-99%. However, the rates and the geometric mean titre were higher among those vaccinated at 11 months of age or older compared with those vaccinated at nine or ten months of age. Based on the above results, it is concluded that the optimum age for measles immunization in Malaysia should be 11 months.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination*
  17. The resistance of meat chickens vaccinated by aerosol with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field to challenge with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus
    Bell IG, Nicholls PJ, Norman C, Ideris A, Cross GM
    Aust. Vet. J., 1991 Mar;68(3):97-101.
    PMID: 2043098
    Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV. Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 0.47, 0.77, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge. Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV. Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge. The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination. This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody. Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination. Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination. It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/veterinary*
  18. Awareness and attitudes toward hepatitis B among Malaysian dentists
    Razak IA, Latifah RJ, Nasruddin J, Esa R
    Clin Prev Dent, 1991 Jul-Aug;13(4):22-4.
    PMID: 1884572
    A questionnaire was mailed to 1217 dentists whose names appear in the Dentist Register of 1987 in order to assess their awareness and acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine and their pattern of glove usage. Almost all the respondents (99.6%) were aware of the availability of the hepatitis B vaccine yet only 44.8% have received the vaccine. This is in spite of the fact that the majority (61.2%) of the vaccine non-acceptors have no reservations concerning the vaccine. About 71% and 63% of the vaccine-acceptors and non-acceptors respectively believed that the risk of their contracting hepatitis B was high or very high. About 22% of the vaccine non-acceptors never used gloves when treating patients as compared to 9% among vaccine acceptors. Overall, about 78% of the respondents have experienced needleprick injuries in the 3 years preceding the survey.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/utilization*
  19. Fulltext Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) presenting with seizures secondary to anti-tetanus toxin vaccination
    Hamidon BB, Raymond AA
    Med J Malaysia, 2003 Dec;58(5):780-2.
    PMID: 15190671
    Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is known to occur spontaneously in association with specific and non-specific viral illnesses and after vaccination against various pathogens. Although it is often a self-limited monophasic illness, the fatality rate is estimated to be as high as 20%, and many patients suffer residual neurologic impairment 1. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical and radiological findings. The clinical presentation varies from merely, an asymptomatic condition to loss of consciousness, seizures, ataxia, optic neuropathy, cranial nerve palsies, and motor dysfunction. MRI of the brain is the single most important diagnostic radiological investigation and can facilitate early diagnosis and prompt treatment. This case report describes a patient with ADEM presenting with only seizures after vaccination with anti-tetanus toxin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination/adverse effects
  20. Poliomyelitis vaccination benefits--versus risk
    Assaad F
    Dev. Biol. Stand., 1979;43:141-50.
    PMID: 520666
    Paralytic poliomyelitis is a constantly rising problem in the developing world. It may take an insiduous endemic "infantile paralysis" behaviour exacting a high toll in the first few years of life, as in Ghana or Burma but on the other hand it may take the form of sudden extensive outbreaks of paralytic disease as in Argentina, Mexico or Malaysia. The developed world has controlled the disease by effectively immunizing a very high proportion of their populations, but those who have not been vaccinated are at risk even in countries with very high coverage, as has been noted in the Netherlands, Sweden, United States of America, etc. There is no reason to have a crippled paralytic child (or adult). Both the live and killed vaccines have been repeatedly shown to be safe and effective. The minute risk incidental to vaccination is more than one hundredfold smaller than the risk from the disease, not only in the developing world but in the developed world as well. Therefore, the question of which vaccine to use is of far less relevance than of how to increase effective coverage with any available vaccine. This does not mean that vaccine control should be relaxed. A health respect should be maintained for the polioviruses used as vaccine sources and great care must be exercised by those undertaking the manufacture or the administration of vaccine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vaccination*
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