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Fulltext Evaluation of physicochemical properties of Musa acuminate cv. Berangan at different ripening stages

Zulkifli, N., Hashim, N., Abdan, K., Hanafi, M.

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(101):97-100.
MyJurnal

The physicochemical properties of Musa Acuminata cv. Berangan at different ripening stages
(1, 2 and 3) were evaluated in the study. A visual attribute such as colour usually leads to
misclassification as it can be subjected to different individual interpretation. Therefore, various
measurements were conducted to determine the relationship between ripening stages and
physicochemical properties of the fruit such as colour, pH, total soluble solids content (TSS)
and firmness. Results showed that there were significant changes in physicochemical properties
as ripening stages increased. Results also indicated that the correlations between ripening
stages and firmness and pH values were statistically significant compared to other parameters.
These relationships can be used to predict the related quality attributes of Berangan bananas.
Fulltext The effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of banana fibre and adhesion to Epoxy resin

Zin, M.H., Abdan, K., Norizan, M.N., Mazlan, N.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2018;26(1):161-176.
MyJurnal

The main focus of this study was to obtain the optimum alkaline treatment for banana fibre and the its effect on the mechanical and chemical properties of banana fibre, its surface topography, its heat resistivity, as well as its interfacial bonding with epoxy matrix. Banana fibre was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under various treatment conditions. The treated fibres were characterised using FTIR spectroscopy. The morphology of a single fibre observed under a Digital Image Analyser indicated slight reduction in fibre diameter with increasing NaOH concentration. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results showed the deteriorating effect of alkali, which can be seen from the removal of impurities and increment in surface roughness. The mechanical analysis indicates that 6% NaOH treatment with a two-hour immersion time gave the highest tensile strength. The adhesion between single fibre and epoxy resin was analysed through the micro-droplet test. It was found that 6% NaOH treatment with a two-hour immersion yielded the highest interfacial shear stress of 3.96 MPa. The TGA analysis implies that alkaline treatment improved the thermal and heat resistivity of the fibre.
Fulltext A review on nano fibre technology in polymer composites

Saba, N., Paridah, M.T., Abdan, K., Ibrahim, N.A.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(4):1051-1072.
MyJurnal

The enormous attention and interest by both academics and industrial field for greener, biodegradable
and renewable materials implicate a persuasive trends towards the encroachment of nano-materials
science and technology in the polymer composite field. Nanocomposites creates high impacts on the
development of nano materials with advanced features to solve potential risks with their wider industrial
applications. Nano fibres are highly engineered fibres with diameters less than 100 nm that offer several
advantages over conventional fibres. One dimensional (1D) nanostructure fillers such as carbon nano
fibre and cellulose nano fibre are the most common, promising and unique for developing multifunctional
nanocomposites with better properties and extensive applications compared to micro size fibres. Nano
fibre technology brings revolution by providing products that are completely safe, truly greener, reliable
and environmentally friendly for industries, researchers and users. This review article is intended to
present valuable literature data on research and trend in the fields of carbon and cellulose nano fiber,
nanocomposites with specific focus on various applications for a sustainable and greener environment.
Fulltext Evaluation of a suitable thin layer model for drying of pumpkin under forced air convection

Onwude, D. I., Hashim, N., Janius, R. B., Nawi, N., Abdan, K.

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(3):1173-1181.
MyJurnal

The thin layer drying kinetics of pumpkin slices (Cucurbita moschata) were experimentally
investigated in a convective hot air dryer. In order to select the appropriate model for predicting
the drying kinetics of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), twelve thin layer semi theoretical,
theoretical and empirical models, widely used in describing the drying behaviour of agricultural
products were fitted to the experimental data. The Page and Two term exponential models
showed the best fit under certain drying conditions. The Hii et al. (2009) model, which was
adopted from a combination of the Page and Two term models was compared to the other 11
selected thin layer models based on the coefficient of determination (R2
) and sum of squares
error (SSE). Comparison was made between the experimental and model predicted moisture
ratio by non-linear regression analysis. Furthermore, the effect of drying temperature and slice
thickness on the best model constants was evaluated. Consequently, the Hii et al. (2009) model
showed an excellent fit with the experimental data (R2 > 0.99 and SSE < 0.012) for the drying
temperatures of 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C and at different sample thicknesses of 3 mm, 5 mm and
7 mm respectively. Thus, the Hii et al. (2009) model can adequately predict the drying kinetics
of pumpkin.
Fulltext Induced tensile properties with EB- cross linking of hybridized kenaf/palf reinforced HDPE composite

Aji, I.S., Zinudin, E.S., Khairul, M.Z., Abdan, K., S. M. Sapuan

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(1):135-140.
MyJurnal

Electron beam irradiation, without any addition of cross-linking agents, was investigated at varying
doses of EB-Irradiation to develop an environmentally friendly hybridized kenaf (bast)/ pineapple leaf
fibre (PALF) bio-composites. Improvement in tensile property of the hybrid was achieved with the result
showing a direct proportionality relationship between tensile properties and increasing radiation dose.
Statistical analysis software (SAS) was employed to validate the result. HDPE has been shown to have
self-cross-linked, enabling interesting tensile properties with irradiation. Statistical analysis validated
the results obtained and also showed that adequate mixing of fibres and matrix had taken place at 95%
confidence level. Hybridization and subsequent irradiation increased the tensile strength and modulus
of HDPE up to 31 and 185%, respectively, at about 100kGy. Meanwhile, SEM was used to view the
interaction between the fibres and matrix.
Fulltext Modelling the convective drying process of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) using an artificial neural network

Onwude, D. I., Hashim, N., Janius, R. B., Nawi, N., Abdan, K.

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(101):237-243.
MyJurnal

This study investigated the drying kinetic of pumpkin under different drying temperatures (50,
60, 70 and 80°C), samples thickness (3, 4, 5 and 7mm), air velocity (1.2m/s) and relative
humidity (40 - 50%). Kinetic models were developed using semi-theoretical thin layer models
and multi-layer feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) method. The Hii et al. (2009)
semi-theoretical model was found to be the most suitable thin layer model while two hidden
layers with 20 neurons was the best for the ANN method. The selections were based on the
statistical indicators of coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and
sum of squares error (SSE). Results indicated that the ANN demonstrated better prediction
than those of the theoretical models with R2, RMSE and SSE values of 0.992, 0.036 and 0.207
as compared to the Hii et al. (2009) model values of 0.902, 0.088 and 1.734 respectively. The
validation result also showed good agreement between the predicted values obtained from
the ANN model and the experimental moisture ratio data. This indicates that an ANN can
effectively describe the drying process of pumpkin.
Fulltext Mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibre based hybrid composites: a review

Zahra Dashtizadeh, Abdan, K., Jawaid, M., Mohd Asim Khan, Mohammad Behmanesh, Masoud Dashtizadeh, et al.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(4):1103-1122.
MyJurnal

Environmental issues have motivated researchers to replace synthetic fibres with natural fibres in the
fabrication of polymer composites. However, natural fibres demonstrate weak mechanical or thermal
properties which limit their different applications. Researchers have suggested fabrication of hybrid
composites in order to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibre-based composites.
Hybrid composites are made up by two or more fibres in one matrix or two polymer blends and with
one natural fibre reinforcement. By hybridising one
natural fibre with another natural fibre/synthetic
fibre in one matrix, the resulting composite is a
unique product (hybrid composites) that displays
better mechanical and thermal properties in
comparison with individual fibre-reinforced
polymer composites. The advantages of developing
hybrid composites are that they are more reliable
for different applications and more environmental
friendly. In this review paper, we present some
recently published works related to mechanical
and thermal properties of natural/natural fibres, and
natural/synthetic fibre-based hybrid composites. Hybrid composites are one of the emerging fields in material science which has attracted attention for
their different engineering applications.
Fulltext Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Preparation of Biocomposites Based on Poly(lactic acid) and Durian Peel Cellulose

Penjumras P, Rahman RA, Talib RA, Abdan K

ScientificWorldJournal, 2015;2015:293609.
PMID: 26167523 DOI: 10.1155/2015/293609

Response surface methodology was used to optimize preparation of biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) and durian peel cellulose. The effects of cellulose loading, mixing temperature, and mixing time on tensile strength and impact strength were investigated. A central composite design was employed to determine the optimum preparation condition of the biocomposites to obtain the highest tensile strength and impact strength. A second-order polynomial model was developed for predicting the tensile strength and impact strength based on the composite design. It was found that composites were best fit by a quadratic regression model with high coefficient of determination (R (2)) value. The selected optimum condition was 35 wt.% cellulose loading at 165°C and 15 min of mixing, leading to a desirability of 94.6%. Under the optimum condition, the tensile strength and impact strength of the biocomposites were 46.207 MPa and 2.931 kJ/m(2), respectively.
Fulltext A Brief Review on the Influence of Ionic Liquids on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Chemical Properties of Biodegradable Polymer Composites

Shamsuri AA, Md Jamil SNA, Abdan K

Polymers (Basel), 2021 Aug 05;13(16).
PMID: 34451137 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162597

Biodegradable polymers are an exceptional class of polymers that can be decomposed by bacteria. They have received significant interest from researchers in several fields. Besides this, biodegradable polymers can also be incorporated with fillers to fabricate biodegradable polymer composites. Recently, a variety of ionic liquids have also been applied in the fabrication of the polymer composites. In this brief review, two types of fillers that are utilized for the fabrication of biodegradable polymer composites, specifically organic fillers and inorganic fillers, are described. Three types of synthetic biodegradable polymers that are commonly used in biodegradable polymer composites, namely polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and polycaprolactone (PCL), are reviewed as well. Additionally, the influence of two types of ionic liquid, namely alkylimidazolium- and alkylphosphonium-based ionic liquids, on the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of the polymer composites, is also briefly reviewed. This review may be beneficial in providing insights into polymer composite investigators by enhancing the properties of biodegradable polymer composites via the employment of ionic liquids.
Fulltext Optimisation of Stingless Bee Honey Nanoemulsions Using Response Surface Methodology

Rozman AS, Hashim N, Maringgal B, Abdan K

Foods, 2021 Sep 09;10(9).
PMID: 34574242 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092133

Nanoemulsions (NEs) have been used in a wide range of products, such as those produced by the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, due to their stability and long shelf life. In the present study, stingless bee honey (SBH) NEs were formulated using SBH, oleic acid, tween 80, glycerol, and double-distilled water. SBH NEs were prepared using a high-pressure homogeniser and were characterised by observing their stability and droplet size. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) analysis was used to observe the functional groups of the SBH NEs after being subjected to high-pressure homogenisation. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images were then used to confirm the particle size of the SBH NEs and to investigate their morphology. The effects of the independent variables (percentage of oleic acid, storage time, and storage temperature) on the response variables (particle size and polydispersity index) were investigated using the response surface methodology, along with a three-level factorial design. The results showed that the models developed via the response surface methodology were reliable, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of more than 0.90. The experimental validation indicated an error of less than 10% in the actual results compared to the predicted results. The FTIR analysis showed that SBH NEs have the same functional group as SBH. Observation through TEM indicated that the SBH NEs had a similar particle size, which was between 10 and 100 nm. Thus, this study shows that SBH NEs can be developed using a high-pressure homogeniser, which indicates a new direction for SBH by-products.
The potential of computer vision, optical backscattering parameters and artificial neural network modelling in monitoring the shrinkage of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) during drying

Onwude DI, Hashim N, Abdan K, Janius R, Chen G

J Sci Food Agric, 2018 Mar;98(4):1310-1324.
PMID: 28758207 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8595

BACKGROUND: Drying is a method used to preserve agricultural crops. During the drying of products with high moisture content, structural changes in shape, volume, area, density and porosity occur. These changes could affect the final quality of dried product and also the effective design of drying equipment. Therefore, this study investigated a novel approach in monitoring and predicting the shrinkage of sweet potato during drying. Drying experiments were conducted at temperatures of 50-70 °C and samples thicknesses of 2-6 mm. The volume and surface area obtained from camera vision, and the perimeter and illuminated area from backscattered optical images were analysed and used to evaluate the shrinkage of sweet potato during drying.
RESULTS: The relationship between dimensionless moisture content and shrinkage of sweet potato in terms of volume, surface area, perimeter and illuminated area was found to be linearly correlated. The results also demonstrated that the shrinkage of sweet potato based on computer vision and backscattered optical parameters is affected by the product thickness, drying temperature and drying time. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network with input layer containing three cells, two hidden layers (18 neurons), and five cells for output layer, was used to develop a model that can monitor, control and predict the shrinkage parameters and moisture content of sweet potato slices under different drying conditions. The developed ANN model satisfactorily predicted the shrinkage and dimensionless moisture content of sweet potato with correlation coefficient greater than 0.95.
CONCLUSION: Combined computer vision, laser light backscattering imaging and artificial neural network can be used as a non-destructive, rapid and easily adaptable technique for in-line monitoring, predicting and controlling the shrinkage and moisture changes of food and agricultural crops during drying. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Fulltext Low-Temperature Thermal Degradation of Disinfected COVID-19 Non-Woven Polypropylene-Based Isolation Gown Wastes into Carbonaceous Char

Harussani MM, Rashid U, Sapuan SM, Abdan K

Polymers (Basel), 2021 Nov 17;13(22).
PMID: 34833277 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223980

Yields of carbonaceous char with a high surface area were enhanced by decreasing the temperature to improve the conversion of hazardous plastic polypropylene (PP), the major component in abundantly used isolation gowns. This study applied pyrolysis with different low pyrolytic temperatures to convert disinfected PP-based isolation gown waste (PP-IG) into an optimised amount of char yields. A batch reactor with a horizontal furnace was used to mediate the thermal decomposition of PP-IG. Enhanced surface area and porosity value of PP-IG derived char were obtained via an optimised slow pyrolysis approach. The results showed that the amount of yielded char was inversely proportional to the temperature. This process relied heavily on the process parameters, especially pyrolytic temperature. Additionally, as the heating rate decreased, as well as longer isothermal residence time, the char yields were increased. Optimised temperature for maximum char yields was recorded. The enhanced SBET values for the char and its pore volume were collected, ~24 m2 g-1 and ~0.08 cm3 g-1, respectively. The char obtained at higher temperatures display higher volatilisation and carbonisation. These findings are beneficial for the utilisation of this pyrolysis model in plastic waste management and conversion of PP-IG waste into char for further activated carbon and fuel briquettes applications, with the enhanced char yields, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Modeling the Thin-Layer Drying of Fruits and Vegetables: A Review

Onwude DI, Hashim N, Janius RB, Nawi NM, Abdan K

Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf, 2016 May;15(3):599-618.
PMID: 33401820 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12196

The drying of fruits and vegetables is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. In practice, the drying of fruits and vegetables increases product shelf-life and reduces the bulk and weight of the product, thus simplifying transport. Occasionally, drying may lead to a great decrease in the volume of the product, leading to a decrease in storage space requirements. Studies have shown that dependence purely on experimental drying practices, without mathematical considerations of the drying kinetics, can significantly affect the efficiency of dryers, increase the cost of production, and reduce the quality of the dried product. Thus, the use of mathematical models in estimating the drying kinetics, the behavior, and the energy needed in the drying of agricultural and food products becomes indispensable. This paper presents a comprehensive review of modeling thin-layer drying of fruits and vegetables with particular focus on thin-layer theories, models, and applications since the year 2005. The thin-layer drying behavior of fruits and vegetables is also highlighted. The most frequently used of the newly developed mathematical models for thin-layer drying of fruits and vegetables in the last 10 years are shown. Subsequently, the equations and various conditions used in the estimation of the effective moisture diffusivity, shrinkage effects, and minimum energy requirement are displayed. The authors hope that this review will be of use for future research in terms of modeling, analysis, design, and the optimization of the drying process of fruits and vegetables.
Role of Honey as a Bifunctional Reducing and Capping/Stabilizing Agent: Application for Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Bahari N, Hashim N, Abdan K, Md Akim A, Maringgal B, Al-Shdifat L

Nanomaterials (Basel), 2023 Mar 31;13(7).
PMID: 37049336 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071244

The use of natural reducing and capping agents has gained importance as a way to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs) in an environmentally sustainable manner. Increasing numbers of studies have been published on the green synthesis of NPs using natural sources such as bacteria, fungi, and plants. In recent years, the use of honey in the synthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs has become a new and promising area of research. Honey acts as both a stabilizing and reducing agent in the NP synthesis process and serves as a precursor. This review focuses on the use of honey in the synthesis of silver NPs (Ag-NPs) and zinc oxide NPs (ZnO-NPs), emphasizing its role as a reducing and capping agent. Additionally, a comprehensive examination of the bio-based reducing and capping/stabilizing agents used in the honey-mediated biosynthesis mechanism is provided. Finally, the review looks forward to environmentally friendly methods for NP synthesis.
Fulltext Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin

Saffian HA, Yamaguchi M, Ariffin H, Abdan K, Kassim NK, Lee SH, et al.

Polymers (Basel), 2021 Jul 19;13(14).
PMID: 34301116 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142359

In this study, Kraft lignin was esterified with phthalic anhydride and was served as reinforcing filler for poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). Composites with different ratios of PBS, lignin (L), modified lignin (ML) and kenaf core fibers (KCF) were fabricated using a compounding method. The fabricated PBS composites and its counterparts were tested for thermal, physical and mechanical properties. Weight percent gain of 4.5% after lignin modification and the FTIR spectra has confirmed the occurrence of an esterification reaction. Better thermo-mechanical properties were observed in the PBS composites reinforced with modified lignin and KCF, as higher storage modulus and loss modulus were recorded using dynamic mechanical analysis. The density of the composites fabricated ranged from 1.26 to 1.43 g/cm3. Water absorption of the composites with the addition of modified lignin is higher than that of composites with unmodified lignin. Pure PBS exhibited the highest tensile strength of 18.62 MPa. Incorporation of lignin and KCF into PBS resulted in different extents of reduction in tensile strength (15.78 to 18.60 MPa). However, PBS composite reinforced with modified lignin exhibited better tensile and flexural strength compared to its unmodified lignin counterpart. PBS composite reinforced with 30 wt% ML and 20 wt% KCF had the highest Izod impact, as fibers could diverge the cracking propagation of the matrix. The thermal conductivity value of the composites ranged from 0.0903 to 0.0983 W/mK, showing great potential as a heat insulator.
Fulltext Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments

Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Rayung M, Norrrahim MNF, Shazleen SS, Rani MSA, et al.

Polymers (Basel), 2021 Aug 13;13(16).
PMID: 34451248 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162710

Natural fiber such as bamboo fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, kenaf fiber, and sugar palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being increasingly developed for lightweight structures with high specific strength in the automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction industries with significant economic benefits, sustainability, and environmental benefits. The plant-based natural fibers are hydrophilic, which is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This leads to a reduction of their interfacial bonding and to the poor thermal stability performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Based on the literature, the effect of chemical treatment of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites had significantly influenced the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with the thermal stability performance of the composite structure. In this review, the effect of chemical treatments used on cellulose natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites has been reviewed. From the present review, the TGA data are useful as guidance in determining the purity and composition of the composites' structures, drying, and the ignition temperatures of materials. Knowing the stability temperatures of compounds based on their weight, changes in the temperature dependence is another factor to consider regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments for the purpose of synergizing the chemical bonding between the natural fiber with polymer matrix or with the synthetic fibers.

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