Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 49 in total

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  1. Fulltext Spiral CT angiography in an infant with a hypoplastic aortic arch
    Man Harun S, Faridah Y
    Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2006 Apr;2(2):e11.
    PMID: 21614223 MyJurnal DOI: 10.2349/biij.2.2.e11
    The advent of multislice computed tomography (CT) has revolutionised the performance of body CT and allowed the development of CT angiography (CTA). CTA is a robust and minimally invasive method of visualizing the arterial vascular system. The newer generation of multidetector scans has allowed for shorter scanning times with no respiratory misregistration at peak vascular opacification following peripheral contrast injection. The volume of data obtained from these scans can be further manipulated to generate two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images with no increase in radiation to the patient. Hence, CTA has gained popularity and importance as the alternative diagnostic tool especially for ill patients in which conventional angiography is inadvisable.We present an infant with coarctation of the aorta and hypoplastic aortic arch, in which CT angiography was used to pinpoint the diagnosis. The CT findings were subsequently confirmed at surgery.
  2. Fulltext Combination therapy of a novel ruthenium polypyridyl complex and cisplatin for the treatment of cancer
    Haslina Ahmad, Yusoh N. A., Harun S. N., Chia, S. L.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(102):25-25.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Combination therapy to treat cancer have been demanded due to the complexity of the disease and to prevent resistance mechanisms commonly found in classic chemotherapeutic methods. Recently, we have reported that [Ru(dppz)2(PIP)]2+ (dppz = dipyridophenazine, PIP = 2-(phenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) (RuPIP) immediately stalls replication fork progression in HeLa human cervical cancer cells. Co-incubation with a Chk1 inhibitor achieves synergistic apoptosis in cancer cells. These discoveries indicate that this class of compounds merit further investigation as anticancer drugs, especially within combinational therapy roles. However, information pertaining to the effects of combining ruthenium compounds with existing chemotherapeutic drugs remain scarce. This study aimed to investigate the possible synergistic cytotoxic effects of using RuPIP in combination with cisplatin on different cancer cell lines. Methods: A549, MCF7, Hela and T24 cells were treated with different concentrations of RuPIP or cisplatin alone, as well as different combinations of these two agents at a fixed ratio 1:1 over the course of 72 hr to assess their individual and combination effects. Cell viability was analysed using MTT assay. The combination index (CI) was calculated based on the Chou Talalay Method. Results: Single-agent treatment at 72 hr with RuPIP or cisplatin led to dose-dependent decreases in the viability of the A549, MCF7, Hela and T24 cells at 72 hr. Furthermore, increasing the concentrations of the combinations up to four folds of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) statistically decrease the cell survival rates of A549 and MCF7 cells thus, displayed synergistic effects. Conclusion: Treatment of MCF7 and A549 cells with a combination of RuPIP and cisplatin showed a synergistic effect and thus are promising as a combination therapy for cancer treatment.
  3. Fulltext Improved in vitro toxicity of ruthenium complex by mesoporous silica nanoparticles encapsulation
    Harun S. N., Haslina Ahmad, Chia, S. L., Leong, S. W.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(102):27-27.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Ruthenium compounds are widely studied for its biological activity. However, potent ruthenium drugs often have limited bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. In order to assist the preparation of these hydrophobic compounds, a carrier or drug delivery agent is often introduced. Herein, we encapsulated a hydrophobic ruthenium polypyridyl complex [Ru(dppz)PIP]2+, (dppz = dipyrido-[3,2-a:20,30-c]phenazine, PIP = 2-phenylimidazo[4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline) in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN). Methods: The MSN was synthesized by using ionic liquid 1-hexadecylphenanthrolinium as a novel template and have 833.99 m2/g in surface area. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized ruthenium complex, MSN and MSN-loaded ruthenium was studied on Hela and A549 cancer cell lines. Results: MSN was non-toxic at lower dosage (
  4. Fulltext Construction of a polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) pathway based on the interactions of PCOS-related proteins retrieved from bibliomic data
    Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Harun S
    Theor Biol Med Model, 2009;6:18.
    PMID: 19723303 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-6-18
    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex but frequently occurring endocrine abnormality. PCOS has become one of the leading causes of oligo-ovulatory infertility among premenopausal women. The definition of PCOS remains unclear because of the heterogeneity of this abnormality, but it is associated with insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, obesity and dyslipidaemia. The main purpose of this study was to identify possible candidate genes involved in PCOS. Several genomic approaches, including linkage analysis and microarray analysis, have been used to look for candidate PCOS genes. To obtain a clearer view of the mechanism of PCOS, we have compiled data from microarray analyses. An extensive literature search identified seven published microarray analyses that utilized PCOS samples. These were published between the year of 2003 and 2007 and included analyses of ovary tissues as well as whole ovaries and theca cells. Although somewhat different methods were used, all the studies employed cDNA microarrays to compare the gene expression patterns of PCOS patients with those of healthy controls. These analyses identified more than a thousand genes whose expression was altered in PCOS patients. Most of the genes were found to be involved in gene and protein expression, cell signaling and metabolism. We have classified all of the 1081 identified genes as coding for either known or unknown proteins. Cytoscape 2.6.1 was used to build a network of protein and then to analyze it. This protein network consists of 504 protein nodes and 1408 interactions among those proteins. One hypothetical protein in the PCOS network was postulated to be involved in the cell cycle. BiNGO was used to identify the three main ontologies in the protein network: molecular functions, biological processes and cellular components. This gene ontology analysis identified a number of ontologies and genes likely to be involved in the complex mechanism of PCOS. These include the insulin receptor signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis, and the regulation of gonadotropin secretion among others.
  5. Compact Brillouin-erbium fiber laser
    Harun SW, Shahi S, Ahmad H
    Opt Lett, 2009 Jan 01;34(1):46-8.
    PMID: 19109635
    A single-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser (BFL) is demonstrated at the extended L-band region using bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber (Bi-EDF) for the first time to the best of our knowledge. A 2.15-m-long Bi-EDF is used to provide both nonlinear and linear gains to generate a stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and to amplify the generated SBS, respectively. The BFL operates at 1613.93 nm, which is upshifted by 0.09 nm from the Brillouin pump with a peak power of 2 dBm and a side-mode suppression ratio of more than 22 dB. The generated BFL has a narrow linewidth and many potential applications, such as in optical communication and sensors.
  6. Multi-wavelength laser generation with Bismuthbased Erbium-doped fiber
    Ahmad H, Shahi S, Harun SW
    Opt Express, 2009 Jan 05;17(1):203-7.
    PMID: 19129889
    A multi-wavelength laser comb is demonstrated using a nonlinear effect in a backward pumped Bismuth-based Erbium-doped fiber (Bi-EDF) for the first time. It uses a ring cavity resonator scheme containing a 215 cm long highly nonlinear Bi-EDF, optical isolators, polarisation controller and 10 dB output coupler. The laser generates more than 10 lines of optical comb with a line spacing of approximately 0.41 nm at 1615.5 nm region using 146 mW of 1480 nm pump power.
  7. Spatial and seasonal variations in the composition of dissolved organic matter in a tropical catchment: the Lower Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia
    Harun S, Baker A, Bradley C, Pinay G
    Environ Sci Process Impacts, 2016 Jan;18(1):137-50.
    PMID: 26666759 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00462d
    Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was characterised in water samples sampled in the Lower Kinabatangan River Catchment, Sabah, Malaysia between October 2009 and May 2010. This study aims at: (i) distinguishing between the quality of DOM in waters draining palm oil plantations (OP), secondary forests (SF) and coastal swamps (CS) and, (ii) identifying the seasonal variability of DOM quantity and quality. Surface waters were sampled during fieldwork campaigns that spanned the wet and dry seasons. DOM was characterised optically by using the fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM), the absorption coefficient at 340 nm and the spectral slope coefficient (S). Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) was undertaken to assess the DOM composition from EEM spectra and five terrestrial derived components were identified: (C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5). Components C1 and C4 contributed the most to DOM fluorescence in all study areas during both the wet and dry seasons. The results suggest that component C4 could be a significant (and common) PARAFAC signal found in similar catchments. Peak M (C2 and C3) was dominant in all samples collected during wet and dry seasons, which could be anthropogenic in origin given the active land use change in the study area. In conclusion, there were significant seasonal and spatial variations in DOM which demonstrated the effects of land use cover and precipitation amounts in the Kinabatangan catchment.
  8. Linear cavity Brillouin fiber laser with improved characteristics
    Shirazi MR, Harun SW, Biglary M, Ahmad H
    Opt Lett, 2008 Apr 15;33(8):770-2.
    PMID: 18414527
    A configuration for linear cavity Brillouin fiber laser (BFL) generation is demonstrated using a standard single-mode fiber, two optical circulators, a 3 dB coupler, and a 95/5 coupler to allow high efficiency. With a Brillouin pump (BP) power of 13 dBm, the laser peak power is 12.3 dB higher than a conventional linear cavity BFL at an upshifted wavelength of 0.086 nm from the BP wavelength. In addition, it is revealed that the BFL peak power can be higher than the transmitted BP peak power when the BP power exceeds the second Brillouin Stokes threshold power.
  9. Fulltext Highly sensitive detection of low-concentration sodium chloride solutions based on a gold-coated prism in Kretschmann setup
    Na'imah S, Apsari R, Masruroh, Yasin M, Wadi Harun S
    Heliyon, 2024 Jun 30;10(12):e32349.
    PMID: 38975194 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32349
    A gold-coated Kretschmann setup has been constructed and explored as a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) platform, specifically tailored for the detection of low-concentration sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. The setup employs a BK7 prism coated with a 50 nm gold layer, serving as a plasmonic layer, to induce resonance. This resonance arises from the interplay between light waves and free electrons propagating at the interface of two media. The experimental findings reveal a notable resonance angle shift of 10° when the NaCl concentration is varied from 0 to 2.5 %. Furthermore, angle interrogation provides insightful details about the sensor's response to changes in the refractive index, showcasing a commendable sensitivity of 2400°/RIU, a high level of linearity at 0.9771, and an impressive resolution of 0.217 %. The demonstrated capabilities of this sensor underscore its potential for widespread applications, particularly in the monitoring of salt concentration across diverse domains such as seawater analysis, food processing, and fermentation processes. The robust performance and precision of this proposed sensor position it as a valuable tool with promising prospects for addressing the needs of various industries dependent on accurate salt concentration measurements.
  10. S-band multiwavelength ring Brillouin/Raman fiber laser with 20 GHz channel spacing
    Ahmad H, Zulkifli MZ, Hassan NA, Harun SW
    Appl Opt, 2012 Apr 10;51(11):1811-5.
    PMID: 22505174 DOI: 10.1364/AO.51.001811
    We propose and demonstrate a tunable S-band multiwavelength Brillouin/Raman fiber laser (MBRFL) with a tuning range of between 1490 to 1530 nm. The proposed MBRFL is designed around a 7.7 km long dispersion compensating fiber in a simple ring configuration, acting as a nonlinear medium for the generation of multiple wavelengths from stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and also as a nonlinear gain medium for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) amplification. A laser source with a maximum power of 12 dBm acts as the Brillouin pump (BP), while two 1420 nm laser diodes with a total power of 26 dBm act as the Raman pumps (RPs). The MBRFL can generate a multiwavelength comb consisting of even and odd Stokes at an average power of -12 dBm and -14 dBm respectively, and by separating the even and odd Stokes outputs, a 20 GHz channel spacing is obtained between two consecutive wavelengths. Due to the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect, anti-Stokes lines are also observed. The multiwavelength comb generated is not dependent on the BP, thus providing high stability and repeatability and making it a highly potential source for many real-world applications. This is the first time, to the knowledge of the authors, that a tunable MBRFL has been developed using SRS to obtain gain in the S-band region.
  11. Effects of different Raman pumping schemes on stimulated Brillouin scattering in a linear cavity
    Shirazi MR, Biglary M, Harun SW, Thambiratnam K, Ahmad H
    Appl Opt, 2008 Jun 10;47(17):3088-91.
    PMID: 18545279
    The effects of backward, forward, and bidirectional Raman pumping schemes on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is investigated in this study. By using a linear cavity, we utilize residual Brillouin pump (BP) and Raman pump (RP) power after each transmission through a 25 km single-mode fiber (SMF) used as a gain medium. The SBS threshold power is reduced in the forward, backward, and bidirectional Raman pumping schemes by 2.5, 1.75, and 2.75 dB, respectively when the 1480 nm RP power is fixed at 150 mW and the BP wavelength is 1580 nm. Surprisingly, it is revealed that the SBS threshold reduction depends strongly and solely on Raman gain and it is independent of the Raman pumping schemes. In addition, the effect of Raman amplification on SBS is more effective at the SBS threshold, especially in the bidirectional and forward schemes.
  12. ADAP is a possible negative regulator of glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana based on clustering and gene expression analyses
    Harun S, Rohani ER, Ohme-Takagi M, Goh HH, Mohamed-Hussein ZA
    J Plant Res, 2021 Mar;134(2):327-339.
    PMID: 33558947 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01257-9
    Glucosinolates (GSLs) are plant secondary metabolites consisting of sulfur and nitrogen, commonly found in Brassicaceae crops, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. These compounds are known for their roles in plant defense mechanisms against pests and pathogens. 'Guilt-by-association' (GBA) approach predicts genes encoding proteins with similar function tend to share gene expression pattern generated from high throughput sequencing data. Recent studies have successfully identified GSL genes using GBA approach, followed by targeted verification of gene expression and metabolite data. Therefore, a GSL co-expression network was constructed using known GSL genes obtained from our in-house database, SuCComBase. DPClusO was used to identify subnetworks of the GSL co-expression network followed by Fisher's exact test leading to the discovery of a potential gene that encodes the ARIA-interacting double AP2-domain protein (ADAP) transcription factor (TF). Further functional analysis was performed using an effective gene silencing system known as CRES-T. By applying CRES-T, ADAP TF gene was fused to a plant-specific EAR-motif repressor domain (SRDX), which suppresses the expression of ADAP target genes. In this study, ADAP was proposed as a negative regulator in aliphatic GSL biosynthesis due to the over-expression of downstream aliphatic GSL genes (UGT74C1 and IPMI1) in ADAP-SRDX line. The significant over-expression of ADAP gene in the ADAP-SRDX line also suggests the behavior of the TF that negatively affects the expression of UGT74C1 and IPMI1 via a feedback mechanism in A. thaliana.
  13. Fulltext Gender Differences on Methadone Maintenance Treatment Outcome among Patients with Opioid use Disorder: A Systematic Review
    Mohemmad Rizal MR, Hayat Khan A, Noor Harun S, Saleh Z
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 Nov;12(Suppl 2):S657-S662.
    PMID: 33828356 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_253_19
    Objectives: The objective of this study was to review the significant differences of MMT outcomes related to drug use behavior, health status, and social behavioral functioning between genders.

    Materials and Methods: A search of publication was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus database. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and keyword use for the search. Inclusion of studies was based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational studies that report the difference of opioid addiction treatment outcomes between genders. Any conflict between the two reviewers was resolved through discussion and consensus. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO with a registration number CRD42019116261.

    Results: A total of 25 studies were evaluated as part of qualitative synthesis. The review resulted in three main themes, which are (1) improving well-being and methadone-related outcome (five subthemes), (2) impact on social and behavioral (four subthemes), and (3) illicit drug use pattern-related behavior (four subthemes).

    Conclusion: This review will highlight how men and women differ in methadone treatment outcomes for further application and improvement in the clinical setting.

  14. Palm oil mill effluent as the pretreatment solvent of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber for fermentable sugars production
    Tang PL, Hong WL, Yue CS, Harun S
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 Oct;314:123723.
    PMID: 32599527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123723
    Pretreatment is an essential upstream process to deconstruct oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPEFBF) prior to sugars production. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of OPEFBF pretreatment using palm oil mill effluent (POME) as solvent. The effect of alkali catalyst (5%w/w NaOH and ammonia), temperature (90,120,135 °C) and time (60,120,180 min) on the efficiency of pretreatment (OPEFBF-to-solvent ratio of 1:25) was also investigated. The results indicated that POME-pretreatment (135 °C, 180 min) enhanced glucose yield by only ~56%. Glucose production was increased about 5.8-fold to 495.3 ± 5.9 mg g-1 OPEFBF when NaOH was added in POME-pretreatment (Na-P). The xylose production from OPEFBF was increased about 3.7-fold after ammonia-catalyzed POME-pretreatment. About 12.1 ± 0.2 g L-1 of ethanol was produced from Na-P-hydrolysate at molar conversion of 59.4 ± 1.4%. This research provides new insight into the use of POME as a cost-effective pretreatment solvent of OPEFBF to reduce upstream process cost by cutting down water usage.
  15. A Comprehensive Gene Inventory for Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana
    Harun S, Abdullah-Zawawi MR, Goh HH, Mohamed-Hussein ZA
    J Agric Food Chem, 2020 Jul 15;68(28):7281-7297.
    PMID: 32551569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01916
    Glucosinolates (GSLs) are plant secondary metabolites comprising sulfur and nitrogen mainly found in plants from the order of Brassicales, such as broccoli, cabbage, and Arabidopsis thaliana. The activated forms of GSL play important roles in fighting against pathogens and have health benefits to humans. The increasing amount of data on A. thaliana generated from various omics technologies can be investigated more deeply in search of new genes or compounds involved in GSL biosynthesis and metabolism. This review describes a comprehensive inventory of A. thaliana GSLs identified from published literature and databases such as KNApSAcK, KEGG, and AraCyc. A total of 113 GSL genes encoding for 23 transcription components, 85 enzymes, and five protein transporters were experimentally characterized in the past two decades. Continuous efforts are still on going to identify all molecules related to the production of GSLs. A manually curated database known as SuCCombase (http://plant-scc.org) was developed to serve as a comprehensive GSL inventory. Realizing lack of information on the regulation of GSL biosynthesis and degradation mechanisms, this review also includes relevant information and their connections with crosstalk among various factors, such as light, sulfur metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism, not only in A. thaliana but also in other crucifers.
  16. Fulltext Publisher Correction: Scale-up approach for supercritical fluid extraction with ethanol-water modified carbon dioxide on Phyllanthus niruri for safe enriched herbal extracts
    Hassim N, Markom M, Rosli MI, Harun S
    Sci Rep, 2021 Aug 20;11(1):17231.
    PMID: 34417534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96669-x
  17. Fulltext Scale-up approach for supercritical fluid extraction with ethanol-water modified carbon dioxide on Phyllanthus niruri for safe enriched herbal extracts
    Hassim N, Markom M, Rosli MI, Harun S
    Sci Rep, 2021 08 04;11(1):15818.
    PMID: 34349152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95222-0
    Scaling-up supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the extraction of bioactive compounds from herbal plants is challenging, especially with the presence of alcohol-water as co-solvent. Hence, the main objective of this study is to validate the scale-up criteria of SFE process for Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri), and analyse the extract safety and profitability process at the industrial scale. The study was performed by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) with ethanol-water co-solvent at two operating conditions (L1: 200 bar, 60 °C and L2: 262 bar, 80 °C). The solvent-to-feed ratio (S/F) scale-up validation experiments were conducted at both operating conditions with feed mass capacity of 0.5 kg. The extraction yields and overall extraction curves obtained were almost similar to the predicted ones, with error of 5.13% and 14.2%, respectively. The safety of scale-up extract was evaluated by using a toxicity test against zebrafish embryo (FETT). The extract exhibited a low toxic effect with the LD50 value of 505.71 µg/mL. The economic evaluation using a detailed profitability analysis showed that the SFE of P. niruri was an economically feasible process, as it disclosed the encouraging values of return on investment (ROI) and net present values (NPV) for all scale-up capacities.
  18. Fulltext Ultrafast fiber laser at 1570 nm based on organic material as saturable absorber
    Al-Hiti AS, Tiu ZC, Yasin M, Harun SW
    Sci Rep, 2022 Aug 02;12(1):13288.
    PMID: 35918510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17724-9
    In this work, we demonstrated Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) as a saturable absorber (SA) to produce mode-locking operation in different length of Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). The PEDOT: PSS was embedded into polyvinyl alcohol to form a thin film that acts as an absorber into the laser setup. The three different mode-locked EDFL were successfully demonstrated with different cavity length and output coupler ratio. The pulse repetition rate/width of 3.417 MHz/710 fs, 4.831 MHz/510 fs, and 6.049 MHz/460 fs were obtained by utilizing optical coupler/ cavity length of 20:80/60.7 m, 10:90/42.7 m, and 5:95/33.7 m, respectively. All experiments generated a stable and mode-locked operation at a central wavelength of 1570.76 nm, 1570.3 nm, and 1569.95 nm with 3 dB bandwidth of 4.8 nm, 5.6 nm, and 6.5 nm, respectively. The long-time stability of the ultrafast fiber lasers was investigated for each setup via 120 min. The proposed PEDOT: PSS has proven as a promising material to induce mode-locking operation in different fiber laser setup.
  19. Fulltext Performance of AFEX™ pretreated rice straw as source of fermentable sugars: the influence of particle size
    Harun S, Balan V, Takriff MS, Hassan O, Jahim J, Dale BE
    Biotechnol Biofuels, 2013;6:40.
    PMID: 23514037 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-40
    It is widely believed that reducing the lignocellulosic biomass particle size would improve the biomass digestibility by increasing the total surface area and eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during hydrolysis reactions. However, past studies demonstrate that particle size influences biomass digestibility to a limited extent. Thus, this paper studies the effect of particle size (milled: 2 mm, 5 mm, cut: 2 cm and 5 cm) on rice straw conversion. Two different Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pretreament conditions, AFEX C1 (low severity) and AFEX C2 (high severity) are used to pretreat the rice straw (named as AC1RS and AC2RS substrates respectively) at different particle size.
  20. Spreading profile of evaporative liquid drops in thin porous layer
    Chong WY, Lim KS, Lim WH, Harun SW, Adikan FR, Ahmad H
    Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, 2012 Jan;85(1 Pt 2):016314.
    PMID: 22400665
    Spreading of evaporative liquid drops in a thin porous layer has been studied. The entire spreading process can be divided into three distinct phases according to the change of the wetted porous region size. The first phase is characterized by the expansion of the wetted porous region and shrinking of the liquid drop. Contact line pinning is observed in the wetted porous region in the second phase even with the liquid drop totally absorbed into the porous layer. The third phase sees the shrinkage of the wetted porous region until it is not observable. Based on these observations, a model is devised to simulate the spreading of a liquid drop under the studied conditions. Partial differential equations are used to describe the relation between liquid drop volume and other important parameters of a fluid flow, including maximum wetted region diameter achieved, time taken to reach each spreading process phase, and evaporation rate. Calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
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