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  1. Fulltext Hungernomics: explaining food trade sustainability
    Lau, E., Hamzah, S.N.Z., Sallih, S.A., Arip, M.A.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(5):2887-2893.
    MyJurnal
    This study explores the relationship between the total exports and total imports of the food industry in Sarawak from 1961 through 2007. We examined the sample period of the pre-1997 crisis (1961-1996) and the full sample period (1961-2007) to investigate disparities for pre-crisis sample. Analysis was carried out using standard econometric procedure and Dynamic OLS estimation for the annual observations of the two sample period. This study’s major findings are: (1) long run relationships were detected in the full sample period whereas they were absent in the pre-crisis period; (2) imbalances in food were found to be weakly sustainable for the full sample; (3) for every ringgit increase in imports, exports rose by RM0.803 for the full sample, revealing that imports grew at a rate faster than exports. This finding suggests that reducing the size of imports may improve imbalances in Sarawak’s food industry.
  2. Extraction of phenanthrene and fluoranthene from contaminated sand using palm kernel and soybean oils
    Von Lau E, Gan S, Ng HK
    J Environ Manage, 2012 Sep 30;107:124-30.
    PMID: 22595079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.029
    Experimental extraction tests are conducted to investigate feasibility of saturated palm kernel oil (PKO) and unsaturated soybean oil (SO) to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated sand. The extraction rates and efficiencies for lowly contaminated (LC) and highly contaminated (HC) sands at temperatures of 30 °C and 70 °C are evaluated using empirical first order kinetic dissolution models. In LC sand, the extraction is dominated by the diffusion of PAHs adsorbed onto particle surfaces and the direct dissolution of PAH phase. In HC sand, a rapid diffusion of PAHs adsorbed onto particle surfaces and a direct dissolution of PAH phase occur followed by a slower diffusion of PAHs entrapped within the pores and micropores. Larger diffusion resistance during HC sand extractions results in an average 10.8% reduction in extraction efficiencies compared to LC sand. Increased temperature generally increases the mass transfer rates and extraction efficiencies. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of both oils and PAHs also determine the extent of PAH extraction into oil.
  3. Remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
    Gan S, Lau EV, Ng HK
    J Hazard Mater, 2009 Dec 30;172(2-3):532-49.
    PMID: 19700241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.118
    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic micropollutants which are resistant to environmental degradation due to their highly hydrophobic nature. Concerns over their adverse health effects have resulted in extensive studies on the remediation of soils contaminated with PAHs. This paper aims to provide a review of the remediation technologies specifically for PAH-contaminated soils. The technologies discussed here include solvent extraction, bioremediation, phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, photocatalytic degradation, electrokinetic remediation, thermal treatment and integrated remediation technologies. For each of these, the theories are discussed in conjunction with comparative evaluation of studies reported in the specialised literature.
  4. Fulltext Extraction techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils
    Lau EV, Gan S, Ng HK
    Int J Anal Chem, 2010;2010:398381.
    PMID: 20396670 DOI: 10.1155/2010/398381
    This paper aims to provide a review of the analytical extraction techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. The extraction technologies described here include Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic and mechanical agitation, accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, solid phase extraction and microextraction, thermal desorption and flash pyrolysis, as well as fluidised-bed extraction. The influencing factors in the extraction of PAHs from soil such as temperature, type of solvent, soil moisture, and other soil characteristics are also discussed. The paper concludes with a review of the models used to describe the kinetics of PAH desorption from soils during solvent extraction.
  5. Fulltext Acute gastroenteritis among indigenous paediatric patients – a descriptive study in a rural district hospital, Sarawak
    Cheah, W. L., Lee, P. Y., Kamarudin, K., Syed Alwi, S. A. R., Albela, H., Lau, E. H., et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2011;7(2):3-7.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the frequent causes of hospitalization in children under the age of five, particularly in a rural setting. This study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in indigenous children admitted to a rural district hospital in Sarawak. Methods: A retrospective review of indigenous paediatrics cases of acute gastroenteritis
    admitted to the ward of Serian District Hospital, a rural district hospital in Sarawak, between the years
    2006-2007. The data was collected from the patients’ case notes, obtained with permission from the
    hospital management. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: During the study period, 234 indigenous children with acute gastroenteritis were admitted with the highest prevalence in 2006 (53.4%). The findings showed higher prevalence was found in children aged 3 years and below (76.5%) and male (56.4%) The minimum duration of hospital stay is 1 day, and the maximum stay is 5 days. The clinical findings showed that the majority of the cases presented with vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth and tongue, sunken eye, with the majority (76%) reported having mild dehydration. The most common treatment used is oral rehydration solutions (85.4%), followed by intravenous bolus or drip (82.3%), paracetamol (79%) and antibiotic (36.2%). Peak incidence of admissions was between November to January. About 38.5% of the AGE cases admitted were found to be underweight (weight for- age below -2SD). Conclusion: The findings indicated children aged 3 years and below are the most vulnerable to AGE and malnutrition could be one of the predisposing factors. The peak incidence during the raining season at the end of the year indicated a possible relationship between AGE and seasonal type of virus infection. Prevention in the form of proper hygiene at the household level probably will prove to be useful.
  6. The role of carbon chain length in the attachment between microbubbles and aqueous solutions of ionic liquid
    Chew EK, Lee KY, Lau EV
    J Colloid Interface Sci, 2017 Nov 15;506:452-459.
    PMID: 28755640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.078
    HYPOTHESIS: The effects of varying carbon chain lengths (CCLs) and concentrations of aqueous solutions of imidazolium based ionic liquids on bubble particle attachment (BPA) will provide a better understanding in catering for the varying degrees of surface activities in the application of the flotation technology. The general trends of this study should also be applicable to homologous series of other cationic surfactants and ionic liquids.

    EXPERIMENTS: Zeta potentials of small air bubbles and bunker oil drops dispersed in aqueous solutions of n-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids (n=0, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12) of concentrations ranging from 1000PPM to 8000PPM, as were interfacial tensions of these solutions with bunker oil (180cst) and contact angles made by air bubbles at interfaces between these solutions and thin layers of bunker oil on flat solid surfaces were investigated. Finally, interparticle forces analysis using the Derjaguin-Landau, Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory is also included.

    FINDINGS: Analysis using the DLVO theory showed attractive forces between the oil particles and micro-bubbles are significantly more prevalent in short CCLs solutions of imidazolium-based ILs in low concentrations, namely [C0mim][Cl] and [C2mim][Cl] at a maximum zeta potential difference of 75.3mV. The results from CA measurements follows similarly whereby low concentrations of ILs with short CCLs were in favor for the bubble-particle attachment process with angles ranging between 93.95° for [C0mim][Cl] and 97.28° for [C2mim][Cl]. IFT which is important in reducing coalescence for the preferential BPA process to occur in flotation decreases with an increase of CCL and concentration of IL.

  7. Bathroom greywater recycling using polyelectrolyte-complex bilayer membrane: Advanced study of membrane structure and treatment efficiency
    Oh KS, Poh PE, Chong MN, Chan ES, Lau EV, Saint CP
    Carbohydr Polym, 2016 Sep 05;148:161-70.
    PMID: 27185127 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.039
    Polyelectrolyte-complex bilayer membrane (PCBM) was fabricated using biodegradable chitosan and alginate polymers for subsequent application in the treatment of bathroom greywater. In this study, the properties of PCBMs were studied and it was found that the formation of polyelectrolyte network reduced the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) from 242kDa in chitosan membrane to 2.71kDa in PCBM. The decrease in MWCO of PCBM results in better greywater treatment efficiency, subsequently demonstrated in a greywater filtration study where treated greywater effluent met the household reclaimed water standard of <2 NTU turbidity and <30ppm total suspended solids (TSS). In addition, a further 20% improvement in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was achieved as compared to a single layer chitosan membrane. Results from this study show that the biodegradable PCBM is a potential membrane material in producing clean treated greywater for non-potable applications.
  8. Fulltext Risk factors for hip fracture in Asian men and women: the Asian osteoporosis study
    Lau EM, Suriwongpaisal P, Lee JK, Das De S, Festin MR, Saw SM, et al.
    J. Bone Miner. Res., 2001 Mar;16(3):572-80.
    PMID: 11277276 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.3.572
    The objectives of the Asian Osteoporosis Study (AOS) were to determine risk factors for hip fracture in men and women in four Asian countries, that is, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. A total of 451 men and 725 women (aged 50 years and over) with hip fractures were compared with an equal number of community controls. A standardized questionnaire was administered by interview. The following relative risks (RRs) were found in women and men by multiple logistic regression: dietary calcium intake < 498 mg/day, 2.0 for women (95% CI, 1.5-2.8) and 1.5 for men (95% CI, 1.0-2.2); no load bearing activity in the immediate past, 2.0 for women (95% CI, 1.4-2.7) and 3.4 for men (95% CI, 2.3-5.1); no vigorous sport activities in young adulthood, 7.2 for women (95% CI, 4.0-13.0) and 2.4 for men (95% CI, 1.6-3.6); cigarette smoking, 1.5 for men (95% CI, 1.0-2.1); alcohol consumption 7 days a week, 2.9 for women (95% CI, 1.0-8.6) and 1.9 for men (95% CI, 1.1-3.2); fell twice or more in the last 12 months, 3.0 for women (95% CI, 1.8-4.8) and 3.4 for men (95% CI, 1.8-6.6); a history of fractures after 50 years of age, 1.8 for women (95% CI, 1.1-2.9) and 3.0 for men (95% CI, 1.6-5.6); a history of stroke, 3.8 for women (95% CI, 2.0-7.1) and 3.6 for men (95% CI, 1.8-7.1); use of sedatives, 2.5 for women (95% CI, 1.0-6.3) and 3.0 for men (95% CI, 1.0-9.7); and use of thyroid drugs, 7.1 for women (95% CI, 2.0-25.9) and 11.8 for men (95% CI, 1.3-106.0). Women who were 1.56 m or taller had an RR of 2.0 (95% CI, 1.3-3.0) for hip fracture and men who were 1.69 m or taller had an RR of 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2-3.1) for hip fracture. Based on these findings, primary preventive programs for hip fracture could be planned in Asia.
  9. The incidence of hip fracture in four Asian countries: the Asian Osteoporosis Study (AOS)
    Lau EM, Lee JK, Suriwongpaisal P, Saw SM, Das De S, Khir A, et al.
    Osteoporos Int, 2001;12(3):239-43.
    PMID: 11315243 DOI: 10.1007/s001980170135
    The Asian Osteoporosis Study (AOS) is the first multicenter study to document and compare the incidence of hip fracture in four Asian countries. Hosital discharge data for the year 1997 were obtained for the Hong Kong SAR, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand (Chiang Mai). The number of patients who were 50 years of age and older and who were discharged with a diagnosis of hip fracture (ICD9 820) was enumerated. The age-specific incidence rates were deduced and were directly adjusted to the US white population in 1989. The age-adjusted rates for men and women (per 100,000) are as follows: Hong Kong, 180 and 459; Singapore, 164 and 442; Malaysia, 88 and 218; Thailand, 114 and 289; compared with US White rates of 187 in men and 535 in women, published in 1989. We conclude that there is moderate variation in the incidence of hip fracture among Asian countries. The rates were highest in urbanized countries. With rapid economic development in Asia, hip fracture will prove to be a major public health challenge.
  10. Synthesis of tapioca starch/palm oil encapsulated urea-impregnated biochar derived from peppercorn waste as a sustainable controlled-release fertilizer
    Sim DHH, Tan IAW, Lim LLP, Lau ET, Hameed BH
    Waste Manag, 2024 Jan 01;173:51-61.
    PMID: 37977096 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.006
    Nutrient leaching and volatilization cause environmental pollution, thus the pursuit of developing controlled-release fertilizer formulation is necessary. Biochar-based fertilizer exhibits slow-release characteristic, however the nutrient release mechanism needs to be improved. To overcome this limitation, the approach of applying encapsulation technology with biochar-based fertilizer has been implemented in this study. Black peppercorn waste was used to synthesize urea-impregnated biochar (UIB). Central composite design was used to investigate the effects of pyrolysis temperature, residence time and urea:biochar ratio on nitrogen content of UIB. The optimum condition to synthesize UIB was at 400 °C pyrolysis temperature, 120 min residence time and 0.6:1 urea:biochar ratio, which resulted in 16.07% nitrogen content. The tapioca starch/palm oil (PO) biofilm formulated using 8 g of tapioca starch and 0.12 µL of PO was coated on the UIB to produce encapsulated urea-impregnated biochar (EUIB). The UIB and EUIB pellets achieved complete release of nitrogen in water after 90 min and 330 min, respectively. The nutrient release mechanism of UIB and EUIB was best described by the Higuchi model and Korsmeyer-Peppas model, respectively. The improvement of water retention ratio of UIB and EUIB pellets was more significant in sandy-textural soil as compared to clayey-textural soil. The EUIB derived from peppercorn waste has the potential to be utilized as a sustainable controlled-release fertilizer for agriculture.
  11. A comparison of teriparatide and calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal Asian women with osteoporosis: a 6-month study
    Kung AW, Pasion EG, Sofiyan M, Lau EM, Tay BK, Lam KS, et al.
    Curr Med Res Opin, 2006 May;22(5):929-37.
    PMID: 16709314 DOI: 10.1185/030079906X104768
    OBJECTIVE: The number of hip fractures is expected to double in the next 20 years, with current estimates that Asia will account for 37% of these cases. As bone mineral density (BMD) may be used as a measure of fracture risk, we sought to compare the effects of teriparatide with salmon calcitonin treatment on changes in BMD, biochemical bone markers, and safety in postmenopausal Asian women with osteoporosis.
    METHODOLOGY: A total of 104 patients (n = 47 teriparatide [20 g/day subcutaneously] and n = 57 calcitonin [100 IU/day subcutaneously]) were enrolled in Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand. Calcium (> or = 500 mg/day) and vitamin D (200-400 IU/day) supplements were taken throughout the 6-month controlled, randomized study.
    RESULTS: Teriparatide was associated with a 5.03 +/- 4.77% increase in lumbar spine BMD (p < 0.0001, mean +/- SD change from baseline), whereas changes in lumbar spine BMD for patients on calcitonin were not statistically significant (mean change of 0.36 +/- 4.12%, p = 0.16). Comparison of the two groups indicated that teriparatide treatment improved lumbar spine BMD statistically significantly more than calcitonin (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant changes were observed for total hip or femoral neck BMD. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) increased by 55.9% (median change from baseline, p < 0.0001) in the teriparatide group, and remained stable with calcitonin (5.0% change, p = 0.24); osteocalcin increased by 156.15% (median change from baseline, p < 0.0001) with teriparatide, and decreased with calcitonin (-15.25%, p = 0.03). Similar rates of adverse events were observed, with nausea and dizziness the most commonly reported for both groups (teriparatide versus calcitonin, 13.0% versus 23.2% p = 0.21, 10.9% versus 21.4% p = 0.19, respectively). There were no clinically relevant changes observed in laboratory parameters.
    CONCLUSIONS: Both treatments were similarly tolerated, however teriparatide was associated with greater increases in lumbar spine BMD and bone formation markers, demonstrating the unique mechanism of action and safety of this treatment for osteoporosis in these Asian women.
  12. Impact of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography on diagnosis and antimicrobial utilization in patients with high-risk febrile neutropenia
    Koh KC, Slavin MA, Thursky KA, Lau E, Hicks RJ, Drummond E, et al.
    Leuk Lymphoma, 2012 Oct;53(10):1889-95.
    PMID: 22448920 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.677533
    Early and targeted antimicrobial therapy improves outcomes in patients with febrile neutropenia (FN). We evaluated the impact of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) on antimicrobial utilization in the management of FN. A cohort of patients with FN and hematological malignancy was identified. Cases (in whom FDG-PET was performed, n = 37) were compared with controls (in whom conventional investigations excluding FDG-PET were performed, n = 76). An underlying cause for FN was determined in 94.6% of cases, compared to 69.7% of controls. FDG-PET had a significant impact on antimicrobial utilization compared to conventional imaging (35.1% vs. 11.8%; p = 0.003), and was associated with shorter duration of liposomal amphotericin-B therapy for systemic fungal infection (median 4.0 days cases vs. 10.0 days controls; p = 0.001). Cases had a longer length of hospitalization (p = 0.016). In the management of patients with high-risk FN, FDG-PET improves diagnostic yield and allows rationalization of antifungal therapy. The impact upon healthcare costs associated with antimicrobial therapy for FN requires further evaluation.
  13. Fulltext Real-world evidence on health-related quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using sulphonylureas: An analysis of the Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) Register
    Lim LL, S H Lau E, Pheng Chan S, Ji L, Lim S, Sirinvaravong S, et al.
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2023 Sep;203:110855.
    PMID: 37517776 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110855
    AIMS: To describe health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and identify associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with oral glucose-lowering drugs (OGLDs).

    METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional analysis included adults with T2DM from 11 Asian countries/regions prospectively enrolled in the Joint Asian Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) Register (2007-2019) with available EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D-3L) data.

    RESULTS: Of 47,895 included patients, 42,813 were treated with OGLDs + lifestyle modifications (LSM) and 5,082 with LSM only. Among those treated with OGLDs, 60% received sulphonylureas (SUs), of whom 47% received gliclazide. The OGLD + LSM group had a lower mean EQ-5D-3L index score than the LSM-only group (p 

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