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Application of loglinear models in estimating wet category in monthly rainfall

Wahidah Sanusi, Kamarulzaman Ibrahim

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1345-1353.

Climate changes have become serious issues that have been widely discussed by researchers. One of the issues concerns with the study in changes of rainfall patterns. Changes in rainfall patterns affect the dryness and wetness conditions of a region. In this study, the three-dimensional loglinear model was used to fit the observed frequencies and to model the expected frequencies of wet class transition on eight rainfall stations in Peninsular Malaysia. The expected frequency values could be employed to determine the odds value of wet classes of each station. Further, the odds values were used to estimate the wet class of the following month if the wet class of the previous month and current month were identified. The wet classification based on SPI index (Standardized Precipitation Index). For station that was analyzed, there was no difference found were between estimated and observed wet classes. It was concluded that the loglinear models can be used to estimate the wetness classes through the estimates of odds values.
Fulltext Three phase grid connected neutral point clamped (NPC) multilevel inverter fed by two wind turbines

Sanusi Alabi Kamilu, Mekhilef, Saad

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2019;27(4):2173-2187.
MyJurnal

This paper presents two gear driven wind turbine generators (WTG) feeding a single three level grid connected NPC inverter. Each component of WTG is made up of wind turbine, 2-mass gear drive, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), AC-DC-AC power converter. A simple advanced hill climbs search (AHCS) maximum power point tracking algorithm that uses the mechanical power from the Wind turbine was developed to generate proper duty cycle for the control of single stage DC/DC boost converter. The DC link voltages are series interconnected and fed to a sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) controlled high power inverter. The complete model is simulated using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software under fixed and fluctuating wind speed conditions. Simulation results have shown that WECs exhibit variability in their output power as a result of changes in their prime movers (wind speed).
The role of traditional healers in the provision of health care and family planning services: Malay traditional and indigenous medicine

Raden Sanusi HR, Werner R

Malays J Reprod Health, 1985;3(1 Suppl):S82-9.
PMID: 12319996
Cutaneous Mastocytosis in a Pediatric Dental Patient: Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Management

Sanusi SY, Hallett KB

J Dent Child (Chic), 2021 Jan 15;88(1):62-65.
PMID: 33875055

Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease of bone marrow origin, characterized by local or diffuse increased growth and accumulation of clonal mast cells in the skin and/or in internal organs. The skin is the organ most frequently involved, but others may be affected as well. The purpose of this article is to present the oral management of a child with urticaria pigmentosa/maculopapulous cutaneous mastocytosis requiring dental treatment under general anesthesia. The multidisciplinary team approach involving the relevant medical specialists is discussed to emphasize the significance of coordinated patient management.
Anti-inflammatory effects of Labisia pumila (Blume) F. Vill-Naves. aqueous extract

Sanusi R, Ab Shukor N, Sulaiman M

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1511-1516.

This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of three concentrations of Labisia pumila (Blume) F. Vill-Naves aqueous leaf extract in rats. The effects of these extracts as anti-inflammatory agents were determined using two experiments namely formalin-induced paw licking and carrageenan-induced paw oedema test. The exposure of inflammation to various treatments resulted in significant differences between treatments in formalin-induced paw licking in rats experiment whereas in phase 2, 50 mg kg-1 of L. pumila extract showed the most significant inhibition of 82.12%, followed by 10 mg kg-1 with 76.00% and 25 mg kg-1 with 57.80%. Similarly, different treatments showed significant effects at p<0.05 in the carrageenan inducing paw oedema experiment. All treatments were able to suppress the oedema formation induced by carrageenan as compared with the control. It is evident that the anti-inflammtory effect of every concentration of L. pumila extract started as early as the first hour of carrageenan injection and showed the maximum inhibition during the fifth hour. Again, 50 mg kg-1 of L. pumila extract was found to be the best treatment that could reduce inflammation with highest inhibition of 64.59% followed by 25 mg kg-1 with 56.99% and 10 mg kg-1 with 5.55%. The result of this study has shown that these extracts of L. pumila can be effective for anti-inflammation purposes which supports and justifies traditional uses of this plant.
Fulltext Analysis on the OTTV of modern-style apartment facades in Bandar Sri Permaisuri, Kuala Lumpur

Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Muhammad Hafeez Abdul Nasir

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(104):215-226.
MyJurnal

The aim of this paper is to interrogate the principle of heat gain by the Overall Thermal Transfer Value
(OTTV) through residential building facades. This study proposes three façade configurations as case
studies to determine their capability of achieving the OTTV set by the current residential standards.
Utilising the OTTV formula provided by the Malaysian Standards, the OTTV of each case study was
calculated using parameters including Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), Shading Coefficient (SC), U-values
and solar absorption (α). Results showed that each of the façade generated OTTV exceeding the regulation
of 50 Wm-2. The study uncovered the increase in WWR leading to the increase in OTTV. The OTTV
increased alongside window areas due primarily to the high amount of heat gained through windows,
a constituent component of OTTV. Simultaneously, high Shading Coefficient (SC) and U-values were
found to cause the high amount of solar heat gained through windows. The result underpins the impacts
of high solar heat gain particularly from windows of a building envelope on OTTV. Recommendations
for improvement of OTTV of the residential façades are also discussed..
Temperature and Time of Steeping Affect the Antioxidant Properties of White, Green, and Black Tea Infusions

Hajiaghaalipour F, Sanusi J, Kanthimathi MS

J Food Sci, 2016 Jan;81(1):H246-54.
PMID: 26613545 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13149

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most highly consumed beverage in the world next to water. The common way of preparation is steeping in hot water which is varying for different type of tea. We investigated the antioxidant properties of 6 type of tea leaves under different time and temperatures of extraction method used. In general, all samples tested in this study demonstrated high levels of antioxidant capacity and antioxidant activity. The results indicate that the antioxidants activity is significantly affected by time and temperature of steeping and the highest was depending on the variety. White state values, green and black teas showed different levels of antioxidants under different extraction conditions. Overall, the highest activity for white tea was in prolonged hot and in some assays prolonged hot and cold extracts, whereas for green tea the highest activity observed in prolonged cold steeping while, for black tea was in short hot water infusion. The results of this study showed the antioxidant capacity of white and green tea was greater than black tea.
Improved spinal cord gray matter morphology induced by Spirulina platensis following spinal cord injury in rat models

Abdullahi D, Ahmad Annuar A, Sanusi J

Ultrastruct Pathol, 2020 Nov 20;44(4-6):359-371.
PMID: 32686973 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1792597

Despite intense preclinical research focusing on developing potential strategies of mitigating spinal cord injury (SCI), SCI still results in permanent, debilitating symptoms for which there are currently no effective pharmacological interventions to improve the recovery of the fine ultrastructure of the spinal cord. Spirulina platensis is thought to have potential neuroprotective effects. We have previously demonstrated its protective potential on the lesioned corticospinal tracts and behavioral recovery. In this study, spirulina, known for its neuroprotective properties was used to further explore its protective effects on spinal cord gray matter ultrastructural. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into sham group (laminectomy without SCI), control group (SCI without S. platensis), and S. platensis group (SCI + 180 mg/kg S. platensis). All animals were anesthetized via intramuscular injection. A partial crush injury was induced at the level of T12. The rats were humanely sacrificed for 28 days postinjury for ultrastructural study. There were significant mean differences with respect to pairwise comparisons between the ultrastructural grading score of neuronal perikarya of control and the S. platensis following injury at day 28, which correlates with the functional locomotor recovery at this timepoint in our previous study. The group supplemented with spirulina, thus, revealed a better improvement in the fine ultrastructure of the spinal cord gray matter when compared to the control group thereby suggesting neuroprotective potentials of spirulina in mitigating the effects of spinal cord injury and inducing functional recovery.
Fertilization, hatching, and embryogenesis of diploid and triploid eggs of Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)

Hassan A, Okomoda VT, Sanusi FAB

Zygote, 2018 Oct;26(5):343-349.
PMID: 30296962 DOI: 10.1017/S0967199418000187

SummaryThis study investigated the breeding parameters and embryogenic development of diploid and heat shock-induced triploid eggs of Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). To this effect, broodstocks of A. testudineus were induced to spawn using the Ovaprim® hormone. After fertilization, the eggs were divided into two groups and one portion heat shocked at 41°C (for 3 min), at approximately 4 min after fertilization. Results of fertilization, hatchability, as well as the sequence and timing of embryogenic development were collated from three breeding trials. Fertilization percentages were similar in both treatments (≈90%) while hatchability was higher in the diploid eggs (79.56%) than the triploid induced eggs (50.04%). Both treatments had the same sequence of embryogenetic stages; however, the timing of development was significantly delayed in the triploids (i.e. beyond the 2-cell stages) as compared with the observations in the control group (diploid eggs). Consequently, hatching time was 5 h faster in the diploid eggs [i.e. 18 hours post fertilization (hpf)] compared with the triploid induced eggs (23 hpf). The most critical stage of embryonic development in which mass mortality occurred in the different treatments was the somite stage. The status of triploid hatchlings was affirmed using erythrocyte morphology in 2-month-old fingerlings.
Neuroprotective potential of Spirulina platensis on lesioned spinal cord corticospinal tract under experimental conditions in rat models

Abdullahi D, Ahmad Annuar A, Sanusi J

Ultrastruct Pathol, 2019;43(6):273-289.
PMID: 31779507 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2019.1695693

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results from penetrating or compressive traumatic injury to the spine in humans or by the surgical compression of the spinal cord in experimental animals. In this study, the neuroprotective potential of Spirulina platensis was investigated on ultrastructural and functional recovery of the spinal cord following surgical-induced injury. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups; sham group, control (trauma) group, and experimental (S. platensis) group (180 mg/kg) of eight rats each. For each group, the rats were then subdivided into two groups to allow measurement at two different timepoints (day 14 and 28) for the microscopic analysis. Rats in the control and experimental S. platensis groups were subjected to partial crush injury at the level of T12 with Inox number 2 modified forceps by compressing on the spinal cord for 30 s. Pairwise comparisons of ultrastructural grading mean scores difference between the control and experimental S. platensis groups reveals that there were significant differences on the axonal ultrastructure, myelin sheath and BBB Score on Day 28; these correlate with the functional locomotor recovery at this timepoint. The results suggest that supplementation with S. platensis induces functional recovery and effective preservation of the spinal cord ultrastructure after SCI. These findings will open new potential avenue for further research into the mechanism of S. platensis-mediated spinal cord repair.
Fulltext Survey dataset of Malaysian perception on rising cost of living

Che Sulaiman NF, Sanusi NA, Muhamad S

Data Brief, 2020 Feb;28:104910.
PMID: 31890781 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104910

The introduction of good and services tax (GST) that has replaced the sales and services tax (SST) had contributed to the rising cost of living in Malaysia. The focus of this research was to present a data article on the response and perception of Malaysian households about the increasing cost of living. A descriptive research design was adopted in this study. Data were obtained from randomly selected 751 respondents of households across Malaysia. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using tables and percentages. The findings show the negative perceptions of Malaysian households on the increase in the cost of living. There are various causes of the rising cost of living and can be inferred based on the perspective of income changes, price changes and patterns household consumption expenditure.
Sequencing analysis of exons 5 and 6 in RUNX2 in non-syndromic patients with supernumerary tooth in Kelantan, Malaysia

Saharudin S, Sanusi SY, Ponnuraj KT

Clin Oral Investig, 2022 Feb;26(2):1261-1268.
PMID: 34453594 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04098-x

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to do a sequencing analysis of RUNX2 in non-syndromic patients with supernumerary tooth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-three patients with supernumerary tooth were identified retrospectively from 1,275 radiographic reviews who attended the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Dental Clinic. Informed consent was obtained from the patients prior to the study. Blood samples were collected from 41 patients and DNA extractions were performed out of which 10 samples were chosen randomly for PCR amplification using designated primers for RUNX2 followed by DNA sequencing analysis.
RESULTS: This study involved 28 male patients (68.3%) and 13 female patients (31.7%) with a gender ratio of 2.2:1 and mean age of 15.9 ± 6.2 years. DNA extraction yielded ~ 40 ng/μl of concentrated DNA, and each DNA sample had more than 1500 bp of DNA length. The purity ranged between 1.8 and 2.0. DNA sequencing analysis did not reveal any mutations in exons 5 and 6 of RUNX2.
CONCLUSION: This study did not reveal any mutations in exons 5 and 6 of RUNX2 in non-syndromic patients with supernumerary tooth.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analysis of mutations in RUNX2 is important to enhance the understanding of tooth development in humans.
Fulltext Pulp Therapy of Primary Dentition; its Relevance despite Insufficient Histological Evidence: A Review

Sanusi SY, Al-Bataynehb OB

Iran Endod J, 2023;18(1):15-40.
PMID: 36751408 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v18i1.34931

Pulp treatment in primary dentition is generally divided into vital and non-vital pulp therapies and assists in the preservation of pulpally involved primary teeth in the dental arch until the affected tooth naturally exfoliates. The success of pulp therapies depends on several factors; e.g. proper case selection, accurate diagnosis and good coronal seal. To date, studies on the success and failure rates of pulp treatments are based on clinical signs and symptoms, radiographic findings and histological analysis. However, the clinical and radiographic evidence may not completely portray the true status of the dental pulp. Histological evidence remains the gold standard in the assessment of pulp condition, whether it is in a healthy or adverse state. The aims of the current research were to summarise the treatment outcomes of pulp therapy in primary dentition based on clinical, radiographic and histological criteria, and to support its relevance in the presence of limited histological evidence to measure authentic treatment success. An electronic database search of dental literature from 1990 to 2022 was carried out using the MEDLINE, i.e. PubMed, database. Current dental literature showed that the success rates of primary tooth pulp therapy are high. The obtained results were based largely on clinical and radiographic studies with narrow histological investigations to assess the treatment outcome(s) of pulp therapy in primary dentition. Despite the scarcity of histological evidence, pulp therapies in primary teeth are still practical due to their statistically empirical success compared to their failure. Consequently, pulp therapy of primary dentition is still relevant, and should continue to be indicated as an important treatment option.
Fulltext An analysis of determination for life insurance premiums: the concept and practice of conventional and Islamic life insurance (Family Takaful)

Jumadil Saputra, Suhal Kusairi, Nur Azura Sanusi, Yusuf Abdullah

Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2018;1(2):41-51.
MyJurnal

This paper aims to analyze the distinction of premium setting rates by taking into account the risk
taken by conventional and Family Takaful. This study employed the Net Single and Annual Level
Premium formula, and the data were analyzed using a numerical simulation. We found that the
conventional and Takaful insurance systems utilize similar methods in the calculation of insurance
premium when considering pure risk faced by the participant or insured. However, both systems have
their own unique characteristics. The conventional and Family Takaful utilize historical data, such as
mortality rate, expected return rate, expected costs and expected amount of claims. The conventional
insurance is calculated to mitigate or minimize the risk of the insurance company against an amount of
claim faced in the future as long as the insurance is enforced until the contract ends. On the other
hand, the Family Takaful is intended to share fair value among participants in determining
benevolence through Tabarru premium. Every participant must pay for Tabarru premium to support
one another so that there is sufficient amount to cover unexpected claims among them and to uphold
mutual fund as evidence for the sense of mutual co-operation and brotherhood among participants.
Pemencilan dan pencirian populasi Eimeria Tenella daripada ayam hutan tempatan

Norjoanna Johan, Mohd. Sanusi Jangi, Wan KL

Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1123-1127.

Eimeria tenella merupakan salah satu daripada tujuh spesies Eimeria yang menjangkiti ayam. Jangkitan parasit ini menyebabkan penyakit koksidiosis yang mendatangkan kerugian ekonomi yang besar kepada industri penternakan ayam. Adalah dipercayai parasit yang terdapat di dalam ayam domestik berasal daripada dan/atau mempunyai kaitan rapat dengan strain yang wujud di dalam ayam hutan. Oleh yang demikian, pencirian spesies Eimeria ini yang dipencil daripada ayam hutan tempatan akan memberi pengetahuan baru bagi meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai biologi parasit ini. Dalam kajian yang dilaporkan di sini, populasi parasit Eimeria AH1 telah dipencil daripada saluran usus ayam hutan tempatan. Berasaskan kepada pasaj bersiri didapati penghasilan oosista populasi AH1 tersebut dalam ayam domestik bergantung kepada umur oosista dan dos jangkitan. Pencirian morfologi pula menunjukkan oosista populasi AH1 berbentuk ovoid dan kebanyakan oosista tersebut mempunyai granul kutub. Nilai dimensi purata bagi oosista populasi AH1 ialah 22.51 (± 0.17) × 17.30 (± 0.14) μm. Saiz oosista populasi AH1 didapati berbeza secara signifikan (p < 0.05) berbanding dengan saiz oosista strain rujukan, E. tenella strain Houghton. Amplifikasi tindak balas berantai polimerase multipleks populasi AH1 menghasilkan jalur bersaiz ~540 pb yang berkolerasi dengan saiz produk yang spesifik untuk E. tenella. Hasil kajian kami ini mengesahkan bahawa populasi Eimeria AH1 yang dipencilkan daripada ayam hutan tempatan, terdiri daripada parasit E. tenella.
Pengelompokan kabur dalam perantauan kecenderungan kemarau di Semenanjung Malaysia

Sanusi W, Abdul Aziz Jemain, Wan Zawiah Wan Zin

Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1791-1800.

Dalam kajian ini, pendekatan pengelompokan kabur Gustafson-Kessel (Gx) telah digunakan untuk mengelaskan 35 stesen hujan di Semenanjung Malaysia ke dalam rantau homogen. Pertama, algoritma pengelompokan kabur GK digunakan untuk mengenal pasti rantau awal. Kemudian, diuji keserasian dan kehomogenan rantau berkenaan. Akhir sekali, penyesuaian rantau dilakukan untuk mendapatkan rantau homogen. Hasil kajian mendapati 35 stesen hujan kajian boleh dibahagikan kepada enam rantau yang homogen. Rantau 1 meliputi bahagian barat laut dan utara Semenanjung Malaysia, rantau 2, 3 dan 4 meliputi bahagian barat, rantau 5 meliputi bahagian barat daya dan rantau 6 meliputi bahagian timur. Hasil kajian ini juga memperlihatkan bahawa berdasarkan nilai purata Indeks Kerpasan Piawai (sPi) skala masa satu bulan, rantau 2 lebih sering mengalami keadaan kemarau melampau. Walau bagaimanapun, berdasarkan sPi skala masa satu bulan, peristiwa kemarau terjadi secara rawak dalam semua rantau yang dianalisis , bahkan semua rantau tersebut pernah mengalami kejadian kemarau melampau dalam tempoh masa setahun. Hasil kajian ini turut menunjukkan bahawa pendekatan pengelompokan kabur Gustafson-Kessel boleh digunakan untuk membina rantau homogen.
Fulltext White tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibits proliferation of the colon cancer cell line, HT-29, activates caspases and protects DNA of normal cells against oxidative damage

Hajiaghaalipour F, Kanthimathi MS, Sanusi J, Rajarajeswaran J

Food Chem, 2015 Feb 15;169:401-10.
PMID: 25236244 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.005

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. White tea is made from the buds and young leaves of the tea plant which are steamed and dried, whilst undergoing minimal oxidation. The MTT assay was used to test the extract on the effect of the proliferation of the colorectal cancer cell line, HT-29. The extract inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells with an IC50 of 87μg/ml. The extract increased the levels of caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity in the cells. DNA damage in 3T3-L1 normal cells was detected by using the comet assay. The extract protected 3T3-L1 cells against H2O2-induced DNA damage. The results from this study show that white tea has antioxidant and antiproliferative effects against cancer cells, but protect normal cells against DNA damage. Regular intake of white tea can help to maintain good health and protect the body against disease.
Fulltext The effects of energy expenditure rate on work productivity performance at different levels of production standard time

Nur NM, Dawal SZ, Dahari M, Sanusi J

J Phys Ther Sci, 2015 Aug;27(8):2431-3.
PMID: 26357421 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2431

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of energy expenditure rate on work productivity performance at different levels of production standard time. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty industrial workers performed repetitive tasks at three different levels of production standard time, normal, hard, and very hard. Work productivity and energy expenditure rate were recorded during the experimental tasks. [Results] The work productivity target was not attainable for the hard and very hard production standard times. This was attributed to the energy expenditure rate, which increased as the level of production standard time became harder. The percentage change in energy expenditure rate for the very hard level (32.5%) relative to the normal level was twice that of the hard level (15.5%), indicating a higher risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders for the harder production standard time. The energy expenditure rate for the very hard production standard time (1.36 kcal/min) was found to exceed the maximum energy expenditure rate recommended for light repetitive tasks involving both arms (1.2 kcal/min). [Conclusion] The present study shows that working with an energy expenditure rate that is either equal to or above the maximum energy expenditure rate of the tasks results in decreased work productivity performance due to the onset of physical fatigue and a higher risks of work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
Fulltext Muscle activity, time to fatigue, and maximum task duration at different levels of production standard time

Nur NM, Dawal SZ, Dahari M, Sanusi J

J Phys Ther Sci, 2015 Jul;27(7):2323-6.
PMID: 26311974 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2323

[Purpose] This study investigated the variations in muscle fatigue, time to fatigue, and maximum task duration at different levels of production standard time. [Methods] Twenty subjects performed repetitive tasks at three different levels of production standard time corresponding to "normal", "hard" and "very hard". Surface electromyography was used to measure the muscle activity. [Results] The results showed that muscle activity was significantly affected by the production standard time level. Muscle activity increased twice in percentage as the production standard time shifted from hard to very hard (6.9% vs. 12.9%). The muscle activity increased over time, indicating muscle fatigue. The muscle fatigue rate increased for the harder production standard time (Hard: 0.105; Very hard: 0.115), which indicated the associated higher risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Muscle fatigue was also found to occur earlier for hard and very hard production standard times. [Conclusion] It is recommended that the maximum task duration should not exceed 5.6, 2.9, and 2.2 hours for normal, hard, and very hard production standard times, respectively, in order to maintain work performance and minimize the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
Fulltext Radiological hazard associated with amang processing industry in Peninsular Malaysia and its environmental impacts

Sanusi MSM, Ramli AT, Hashim S, Lee MH

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2021 Jan 15;208:111727.
PMID: 33396058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111727

Continuous depletion in tin productions has led to a newly emerging industry that is a tin by-product (amang) processing industry to harness mega tons of tin by-products produced in the past. Amang composed of profitable multi-heavy minerals and rare-earth elements. With poorly established safety and health practices in operating plant, amang poses extremely high radioactivity problem associated with high occupational ionizing radiation exposures to workers and continuously impacting the local environment with radioactive contamination from industrial effluent and solid waste into lithosphere and water bodies. The radioactivity level of 238U and 232Th series in the mineral varies from few hundreds up to ~200,000 and ~400,000 Bq kg-1 respectively and are potential to yield more than ~ 30,000 nGy h-1 of gamma (γ) radiation exposure to plant workers. The study found out that for 8 h of work time, a worker is estimated to receive an average effective dose of 0.1 mSv per day from external γ radiation source with a maximum up to 2 mSv per day for extreme exposure situation. Interferences of different exposure routes for examples inhalation of equivalent equilibrium concentration (ECC) of 222Rn and 220Rn progenies and airborne long-lived α particles from the dusty working environment could pose a higher total effective dose as much as 5 mSv per day and 115 mSv per year. The value is 5 times higher than the annual dose limit for designated radiation worker (20 mSv) in Peninsular Malaysia. The study found that 41% of the total received an effective dose received by a worker is contributed by 222Rn, 32% of airborne particulates and dust, 23% from external γ exposure and 4% from 220Rn. Based on radioecological risk assessment, the study found out that the aquatic environment is the highly exposed group to ionizing radiation from industrial effluent discharge and sand residues. With the impotent establishment of radiation protection in the industry, plus the country newly introduced long-term plan to revive tin mining as well as its accessory amang mineral, it is necessary for the government to harmonize current regulation to improve the worker safety and health as well as sustaining local environment.

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