Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 42 in total

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  1. Juvale IIA, Che Has AT
    Eur J Neurosci, 2021 03;53(6):1998-2026.
    PMID: 33306252 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15079
    Epilepsy is one of the oldest known neurological disorders and is characterized by recurrent seizure activity. It has a high incidence rate, affecting a broad demographic in both developed and developing countries. Comorbid conditions are frequent in patients with epilepsy and have detrimental effects on their quality of life. Current management options for epilepsy include the use of anti-epileptic drugs, surgery, or a ketogenic diet. However, more than 30% of patients diagnosed with epilepsy exhibit drug resistance to anti-epileptic drugs. Further, surgery and ketogenic diets do little to alleviate the symptoms of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms of pharmacoresistant epilepsy to design newer and more effective anti-epileptic drugs. Several theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy have been suggested over the years, the most common being the gene variant hypothesis, network hypothesis, multidrug transporter hypothesis, and target hypothesis. In our review, we discuss the main theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and highlight a possible interconnection between their mechanisms that could lead to the development of novel therapies for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
  2. Arulsamy A, Shaikh MF
    ACS Chem Neurosci, 2020 07 01;11(13):1900-1908.
    PMID: 32479057 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00301
    Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the detrimental outcomes of traumatic brain injury (TBI), resulting in recurrent seizures that impact daily life. However, the pathological relationship between PTE and TBI remains unclear, and commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AED) are ineffective against PTE. Fortunately, emerging research implicates neuroinflammation, particularly, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as the key mediator for PTE development. Thus, this review aims to examine the available literature regarding the role of TNF-α in PTE pathology and, subsequently, evaluate TNF-α as a possible target for its treatment. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on four databases including PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus. Articles with relevance in investigating TNF-α expression in PTE were considered in this review. Critical evaluation of four articles that met the inclusion criteria suggests a proportional relationship between TNF-α expression and seizure susceptibilit and that neutralization or suppression of TNF-α release results in reduced susceptibility to seizures. In conclusion, this review elucidates the importance of TNF-α expression in epileptogenesis postinjury and urges future research to focus more on clinical studies involving TNF-α, which may provide clearer insight into PTE prevention, therefore improving the lives of PTE patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
  3. Khoo CS, Zulkifli NH, Rahman SSA
    Clin Med (Lond), 2017 Oct;17(5):436-438.
    PMID: 28974594 DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.17-5-436
    We describe a case of a young lady with anti-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor encephalitis, who initially presented with status epilepticus. Her seizures and orofacial dyskinesia were refractory to four anticonvulsants. She received intravenous immunoglobulin and a left ovarian tumour (an associated feature) was resected. However, her outcome was poor because of delayed treatment, autonomic dysfunction and complications of prolonged hospitalisation. This case highlights the importance of an early recognition of this rare but increasingly recognised disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  4. Chen CK, Yang SY, Park SC, Jang OJ, Zhu X, Xiang YT, et al.
    Asian J Psychiatr, 2023 Jul;85:103613.
    PMID: 37163943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103613
    OBJECTIVE: Mood stabilizers are psychotropic drugs mainly used to treat bipolar disorder in the acute phase or for maintenance therapy to prevent relapse. In clinical practice, mood stabilizers are commonly prescribed for conditions other than bipolar disorder. This study investigated the distribution of mood stabilizer prescriptions for different psychiatric diagnoses and studied differences in the drugs, dosage, and plasma concentration in 10 Asian countries including Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia, China, Thailand, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Indonesia, and Myanmar.

    METHODS: Patients prescribed mood stabilizers (lithium, carbamazepine, valproic acid, or lamotrigine) for a psychiatric condition other than bipolar disorder (codes F31.0-F31.9 in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification) were recruited through convenience sampling. A website-based data entry system was used for data collection.

    RESULTS: In total, 1557 psychiatric patients were enrolled. Schizophrenia, schizotypal, delusional, and other non-mood psychotic disorders (F20-F29, 55.8 %) was the most common diagnosis, followed by non-bipolar mood disorders (F30, F31- F39, 25.3 %), organic mental disorder (F00-F09, 8.8 %), mental retardation (F70-F79, 5.8 %) and anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic mental disorders (F40-F48, 4.4 %). The most frequently targeted symptoms (>20 %) were irritability (48 %), impulsivity (32.4 %), aggression (29.2 %), anger (20.8 %), and psychosis (24.1 %). Valproic acid was the most frequently used medication.

    CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians typically prescribe mood stabilizers as empirically supported treatment to manage mood symptoms in patients with diagnoses other than bipolar disorders, though there is on official indication for these disorders. The costs and benefits of this add-on symptomatic treatment warrant further investigation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
  5. Mohd-Tahir NA, Li SC
    Epilepsy Res, 2018 01;139:113-122.
    PMID: 29220742 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.007
    AIM: This study conducted a systematic review evaluating the effectiveness of newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (namely, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, topiramate, vigabatrin, zonisamide, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, gabapentin, and stiripentol) as add-on for treatment of focal epilepsy in children.

    METHODS: Articles were retrieved from EMBASE, Medline and Cochrane Library from inception to January 2016. Treatment outcomes were analysed based on responder, seizure-free, withdrawal and adverse event rates. Quality of each study was also assessed.

    RESULTS: Twelve articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity and quality of the included studies were considered acceptable. Overall, newer AEDs as adjunct therapy in children with inadequate control of focal seizure showed a trend of better seizure outcomes. The pooled ORs for responder, seizure-free and withdrawal rates were 2.15 (95%CI:1.72, 2.69), 1.99 (95%CI:0.72, 5.48) and 0.69 (95%CI:1.13, 2.39) respectively. Adverse events of newer AEDs were comparatively higher than placebo (OR:1.64, 95%CI:1.13, 2.39).

    CONCLUSION: In our updated review, newer AEDs as adjunct therapy for focal epilepsy in children have trends of better effectiveness compared to placebo. Newer AEDs are associated with statistically more children with >50% seizure reduction, and a trend of better seizure freedom. Their tolerability would also be considered acceptable with the observed low withdrawal rate. However, the relative lack of well-conducted RCTs evaluating their effectiveness against other active AED treatment in children would not facilitate evidence-based practice. This highlights the knowledge gap and the need for more well-conducted RCTs against active treatments to ascertain the long term effectiveness and the role of newer AEDs in managing epilepsy in children.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  6. Amini E, Rezaei M, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Golpich M, Ghasemi R, Mohamed Z, et al.
    Mol Neurobiol, 2015 Aug;52(1):492-513.
    PMID: 25195699 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8876-5
    Epilepsy is the most common and chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. The key aim in treating patients with epilepsy is the suppression of seizures. An understanding of focal changes that are involved in epileptogenesis may therefore provide novel approaches for optimal treatment of the seizure. Although the actual pathogenesis of epilepsy is still uncertain, recently growing lines of evidence declare that microglia and astrocyte activation, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondria dysfunction, and damage of blood-brain barrier (BBB) are involved in its pathogenesis. Impaired GABAergic function in the brain is probably the most accepted hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Clinical neuroimaging of patients and experimental modeling have demonstrated that seizures may induce neuronal apoptosis. Apoptosis signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of several types of epilepsy such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The quality of life of patients is seriously affected by treatment-related problems and also by unpredictability of epileptic seizures. Moreover, the available antiepileptic drugs (AED) are not significantly effective to prevent epileptogenesis. Thus, novel therapies that are proficient to control seizure in people who are suffering from epilepsy are needed. The preconditioning method promises to serve as an alternative therapeutic approach because this strategy has demonstrated the capability to curtail epileptogenesis. For this reason, understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying brain tolerance induced by preconditioning is crucial to delineate new neuroprotective ways against seizure damage and epileptogenesis. In this review, we summarize the work to date on the pathogenesis of epilepsy and discuss recent therapeutic strategies in the treatment of epilepsy. We will highlight that novel therapy targeting such as preconditioning process holds great promise. In addition, we will also highlight the role of gene reprogramming and mitochondrial biogenesis in the preconditioning-mediated neuroprotective events.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
  7. Haerian BS, Lim KS, Tan HJ, Mohamed EH, Tan CT, Raymond AA, et al.
    Epileptic Disord, 2011 Mar;13(1):65-75.
    PMID: 21388909 DOI: 10.1684/epd.2011.0419
    Over-expression of P-glycoprotein, encoded by the ABCB1 gene, is proposed to be involved in resistance to antiepileptic drugs in about 30% of patients with epilepsy. Here, we investigated the possible association between ABCB1 polymorphisms and sodium valproate (VPA) treatment in Malaysian epilepsy patients. Genotypes were assessed in 249 drug-resistant and 256 drug-responsive Malaysian patients for C1236T, G2677T/A, and C 5T polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene. No genotypes, alleles, or haplotypes were associated with the response to VPA in either the overall group or Chinese, Indian, and Malay subgroups. Our data suggest that C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene do not contribute to the response to VPA in patients with epilepsy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  8. Haerian BS, Roslan H, Raymond AA, Tan CT, Lim KS, Zulkifli SZ, et al.
    Seizure, 2010 Jul;19(6):339-46.
    PMID: 20605481 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.05.004
    The C3435T, a major allelic variant of the ABCB1 gene, is proposed to play a crucial role in drug-resistance in epilepsy. The C/C genotype carriers reportedly are at higher risk of pharmacoresistance to AEDs, but only in some studies. The hypothesis of the C-variant associated risk and resistance to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has been hampered by conflicting results from inadequate power in case-control studies. To assess the role of C3435T polymorphism in drug-resistance in epilepsy, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  9. Hassan Y, Awaisu A, Aziz NA, Ismail O
    Pharm World Sci, 2005 Feb;27(1):16-9.
    PMID: 15861930
    Phenytoin has been reported to have major interactions with warfarin. Phenytoin induces warfarin's metabolism. However, there are many case reports which provide conflicting conclusions. Here, we report a case of a 65-year-old man with mechanical heart valve on chronic warfarin therapy who experienced persistent fluctuations of INR and bleeding secondary to probable warfarin-phenytoin interactions. The patient's anticoagulation clinic visits prior to hospitalization were thoroughly evaluated and we continued to follow-up the case for 3 months post-hospitalization. The reported interaction could be reasonably explained from the chronology of events and the pattern of INR fluctuations whenever phenytoin was either added or discontinued from his drug regimen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
  10. Chew NK, Tan CT, Goh KJ
    J Clin Neurosci, 2002 Sep;9(5):604-5.
    PMID: 12383430
    A 24-year-old woman presented with a 3.5-year history of paroxysmal dystonia that was precipitated by sudden movement, especially when she started to walk. It was characterised by shrugging of shoulders, flexion of the neck and thoracic spine, and stiffness of the right leg followed by falls. Each attack lasted for less than 5min. Inadequate sleep and stress were exacerbating factors. There was no similar family history. Physical examination and investigations were normal. The following manoeuvres that caused vestibular stimulation precipitated attacks: turning her head from side to side while standing still, sitting still on a rotating chair and an ice-water caloric test. She had partial responses to phenytoin and levodopa, and a good response to haloperidol. Vestibular stimulation as a precipitating factor in paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis has not been reported previously.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
  11. Vigneswari G, Sofiah A, Hussain IHMI
    Med J Malaysia, 2001 Sep;56(3):359-64.
    PMID: 11732083
    An observational study of all children with intractable epilepsy at the Paediatric Institute prescribed Lamotrigine as an add-on therapy between January 1994 and November 1998 was conducted. A total of 30 children were recruited. Three had adverse effects to the drug and it was withdrawn. Of the remaining 27, there were 20 boys and 7 girls, ranging from 2 to 17 years. Fifteen children had generalised epilepsy, 6 had partial epilepsy, 2 had West syndrome and 4 had Lennox Gastaut syndrome. Six children (20%) became seizure free, and 14 (54%) had a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency. However 7 children (23%) did not respond and 3 experienced a deterioration in seizure severity. Nine children were noted to have an improvement in alertness and behaviour. Our small series suggests that Lamotrigine is useful as add-on therapy in childhood intractable epilepsy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  12. Ling SG
    Ann Trop Paediatr, 2000 Sep;20(3):227-30.
    PMID: 11064777 DOI: 10.1080/02724936.2000.11748139
    A descriptive study using data from the medical records of 448 children with febrile convulsion was carried out to determine the seizure characteristics and use of anti-convulsant therapy for febrile convulsions in a Malaysian hospital. There was a higher incidence of multiple seizures and a lower incidence of focal seizures in the local population than in studies done among Western populations. The majority of initial seizures occurred within 24 h of fever onset. Transient neurological abnormalities following an acute seizure were common. A quarter of children referred by general practitioners had been given anti-convulsants prior to referral but up to 20% of general practitioners had used ineffective routes for administering diazepam. However, diazepam used in the hospital was found to be effective in controlling acute febrile seizures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  13. Farrukh MJ, Makmor-Bakry M, Hatah E, Jan TH
    BMC Complement Med Ther, 2021 Feb 04;21(1):50.
    PMID: 33541336 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03224-2
    BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and its impact on antiepileptic drug (AED) adherence among patients with epilepsy.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 epilepsy patients, aged 18 years or older that did not have any physical or psychiatric illness. A patient-administered questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge, attitude towards, practice, and perceived effectiveness (KAPP) of CAM. Established adherence assessment tools were used to determine patient medication adherence.

    RESULTS: The prevalence of CAM usage was found to be at 58%. CAM was used more frequently by males (n = 32, 60.4%) than by females (n = 26, 55.3%; p = 0.609). The most commonly used CAM included vitamins and minerals (36%), ginseng (16%), antioxidants (15%), and acupuncture (12%). A significant number of patients had low knowledge of (59%) and a positive attitude (54%) toward complementary and alternative medicine. Main reasons for using CAM were a lower price, better availability, and inadequate seizure control by AEDs. About 43% of the patients who used CAM informed their doctor. Prevalence of non-adherence to AED therapy was found to be 68%. A significant association was found between non-adherence and CAM usage (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  14. Khoo CS, Lee D, Park KM, In Lee B, Kim SE
    BMC Neurol, 2019 Dec 30;19(1):348.
    PMID: 31888520 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1575-0
    BACKGROUND: Chest pain as the primary manifestation of epilepsy is extremely rare and has only been reported once to date.

    CASE PRESENTATION: We herein describe a 47-year-old woman with recurrent chest pain for 3 years. The cause of her chest pain remained elusive despite extensive investigations including comprehensive cardiac work-up. She was referred to the neurology clinic for one episode of confusion. Video-electroencephalographic monitoring detected unequivocal ictal changes during her habitual chest pain events. She has remained chest pain (seizure) free with a single antiseizure drug.

    CONCLUSIONS: This case underlines the importance of epilepsy as a rare yet treatable cause of recurrent chest pain. Further studies are required to determine the pathophysiology of ictal chest pain.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
  15. Tsai JJ, Wu T, Leung H, Desudchit T, Tiamkao S, Lim KS, et al.
    Acta Neurol. Scand., 2018 Apr;137(4):378-391.
    PMID: 29214650 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12879
    Epileptic seizures are refractory to treatment in approximately one-third of patients despite the recent introduction of many newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Development of novel AEDs therefore remains a high priority. Perampanel is a first-in-class non-competitive selective AMPA receptor antagonist with a unique mechanism of action. Clinical efficacy and safety of perampanel as adjunctive treatment for focal seizures with/without secondary generalization (±SG) and primary generalized tonic-clonic (PGTC) seizures have been established in five phase 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and a long-term extension study, and perampanel is approved as monotherapy for focal seizures ±SG in the USA. In patients with focal seizures ±SG, add-on perampanel resulted in median percent reduction in seizure frequency 23.3%-34.5% and ≥50% responder rate 28.5%-37.6%; in PGTC seizures, these results were 76.5% and 64.2%, respectively. Efficacy among adolescents (reduction in seizure frequency 34.8%-35.6%; ≥50% responder rate 40.9%-45.0%) and elderly people (reduction in seizure frequency 12.5%-16.9%; ≥50% responder rate 22.2%-42.9%) is similar to those in adults, and results remain comparable between Asian (reduction in seizure frequency 17.3%-38.0%) and global populations. Perampanel has been extensively studied in real-world clinical practice, with similar efficacy and safety results to the RCTs (≥50% responder rate 12.8%-75.0%; adverse events of somnolence/sedation, dizziness, ataxia, and behavioral changes). Real-world observational studies suggest that perampanel tolerability can be improved by slow titration (2 mg every 2-4 weeks), and bedtime administration can mitigate somnolence and dizziness. Counseling about the potential for behavioral changes and close monitoring are recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  16. Lin Lin Lee V, Kar Meng Choo B, Chung YS, P Kundap U, Kumari Y, Shaikh MF
    Int J Mol Sci, 2018 Mar 15;19(3).
    PMID: 29543761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030871
    Metabolic epilepsy is a metabolic abnormality which is associated with an increased risk of epilepsy development in affected individuals. Commonly used antiepileptic drugs are typically ineffective against metabolic epilepsy as they do not address its root cause. Presently, there is no review available which summarizes all the treatment options for metabolic epilepsy. Thus, we systematically reviewed literature which reported on the treatment, therapy and management of metabolic epilepsy from four databases, namely PubMed, Springer, Scopus and ScienceDirect. After applying our inclusion and exclusion criteria as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we reviewed a total of 43 articles. Based on the reviewed articles, we summarized the methods used for the treatment, therapy and management of metabolic epilepsy. These methods were tailored to address the root causes of the metabolic disturbances rather than targeting the epilepsy phenotype alone. Diet modification and dietary supplementation, alone or in combination with antiepileptic drugs, are used in tackling the different types of metabolic epilepsy. Identification, treatment, therapy and management of the underlying metabolic derangements can improve behavior, cognitive function and reduce seizure frequency and/or severity in patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
  17. Lim KS, Wong KY, Chee YC, Fong SL, Yu X, Ng CG, et al.
    Epilepsy Behav, 2023 Nov;148:109455.
    PMID: 37774547 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109455
    OBJECTIVE: People with epilepsy (PWE) have a high prevalence of developing depression and anxiety. The objective is to determine the feasibility of brief screening tools to screen for depression and anxiety in epilepsy, and the predictive factors.

    METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study in the neurology clinic in a tertiary teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur. The screening tools used were the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) and the General Anxiety Disorder Form (GAD-7).

    RESULTS: Five hundred and eighty-five patients were recruited in this study, and 50.8% of them were male, predominantly Chinese (46.7%), with a mean age of seizure onset of 21.8 ± 16.1 years. The majority had focal seizures (75.0%), and 41.9% had seizure remission. There were 15.5% who scored ≥15 in the NDDI-E, and 17.0% had moderate or severe anxiety (scored ≥10 in the GAD-7). In a regression model to predict the NDDI-E score, the age of seizure onset recorded a higher beta value (β = -0.265, p =

    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use
  18. Sha'ari HM, Haerian BS, Baum L, Saruwatari J, Tan HJ, Rafia MH, et al.
    Pharmacogenomics, 2014 Mar;15(4):459-66.
    PMID: 24624913 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.239
    To examine the relevance of ABCC2 polymorphisms to drug responsiveness in epilepsy cohorts from the Asia Pacific region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  19. Subenthiran S, Abdullah NR, Muniandy PK, Joseph JP, Cheong KC, Ismail Z, et al.
    Genet. Mol. Res., 2013;12(4):5937-44.
    PMID: 24338387 DOI: 10.4238/2013.November.26.3
    Carbamazepine (CBZ) is used as the first line of treatment of complex partial seizures (CPS) in Malaysia. While this drug is known to be effective for the treatment of CPS, more than 30% of patients remain drug resistant to CBZ mono-therapy. We examined a possible relationship between patients' response to CBZ mono-therapy and the G2677T SNP of the ABCB1 gene. Three hundred and fourteen patients with CPS were recruited from the Neurology Department of the Kuala Lumpur Hospital, of whom 152 were responders and the other 162 were non-responders to CBZ mono-therapy. DNA was extracted from blood samples and real-time PCR was performed to detect the G2677T SNP of the ABCB1 gene. Results were described as genotype frequencies and compared by logistic regression analysis. Among the 152 responders, 74% had the GG genotype. However, among the 162 non-responders, 26.5% had the GT genotype and 39% had the TT genotype. There was a significant difference in genotype frequency (TT vs GG; odds ratio 4.70; 95% confidence interval, 2.70-8.20) between responders and non-responders. The presence of the T allele of the G2677T SNP appears to be a useful screening marker to determine if a patient is going to be resistant to CBZ as a single drug therapy in the treatment of CPS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
  20. Subenthiran S, Abdullah NR, Joseph JP, Muniandy PK, Mok BT, Kee CC, et al.
    PLoS One, 2013;8(5):e64827.
    PMID: 23717663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064827
    Carbamazepine (CBZ) is used as the first line of treatment of Complex Partial Seizures (CPS) in the Epilepsy Clinic, Neurology Department of Kuala Lumpur Hospital (KLH). More than 30% of the patients remain drug resistant to CBZ mono-therapy. CBZ is transported by the P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The P-gp encoded by the ABCB1 and ABCC2 genes are expressed in drug resistant patients with epilepsy. A few studies have shown significant association between CBZ resistant epilepsy and Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) with adjacent polymorphisms of these genes. Our study is aimed at determining the correlation between patients' response to CBZ mono-therapy to Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms G2677T and C3435T of the ABCB1 gene as well as G1249A and -24C>T of the ABCC2 gene.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use*
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