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  1. Wen X, Cao J, Mi J, Huang J, Liang J, Wang Y, et al.
    J Hazard Mater, 2021 03 05;405:124215.
    PMID: 33109407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124215
    High concentrations of antibiotics may induce bacterial resistance mutations and further lead to fitness costs by reducing growth of resistant bacteria. However, antibiotic concentrations faced by bacteria are usually low in common environments, which leads to questions about how resistant bacteria with fitness costs regulate metabolism to coexist or compete with susceptible bacteria during sublethal challenge. Our study revealed that a low proportion (< 15%) of resistant bacteria coexisted with susceptible bacteria due to the fitness cost without doxycycline. However, the cost for the resistant strain decreased at a doxycycline concentration of 1 mg/L and even disappeared when the doxycycline concentration was 2 mg/L. Metabonomics analysis revealed that bypass carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were the primary metabolic pathways enriching various upregulated metabolites in resistant bacteria without doxycycline. Moreover, the alleviation of fitness cost for resistant bacteria competed with susceptible bacteria at 1 mg/L doxycycline was correlated with the downregulation of the biomarkers pyruvate and pilocarpine. Our study offered new insight into the metabolic mechanisms by which the fitness cost of resistant mutants was reduced at doxycycline concentrations as low as 1 mg/L and identified various potential metabolites to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  2. Lee CL, Ng HF, Ngeow YF, Thaw Z
    J Med Microbiol, 2021 Jul;70(7).
    PMID: 34236301 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001378
    Introduction. Tigecycline is currently acknowledged to be one of the most effective antibiotics against infections caused by Mycobacteroides abscessus.Gap statement. The genetic determinants of tigecycline resistance in M. abscessus are not well understood.Aim. In this study, we characterized a tigecycline-resistant M. abscessus mutant, designated CL7, to identify the potential resistance mechanism.Methodology. CL7 was characterized using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, PCR and RT-qPCR. For biological verification, gene overexpression assays were carried out.Results. Whole-genome sequencing and the subsequent gene overexpression assays showed that CL7 harboured a stop-gain mutation in MAB_3543 c, which may be responsible for the tigecycline resistance phenotype. This gene encodes an orthologue of SigH, which is involved in the positive regulation of physiological stress response and is negatively regulated by the RshA anti-sigma factor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We hypothesized that the MAB_3543 c mutation may disrupt the interaction between SigH and RshA (MAB_3542 c). RT-qPCR analyses revealed the upregulation of MAB_3543 c and other key stress response genes, which has previously been shown to be a hallmark of SigH-RshA bond disruption and tigecycline resistance.Conclusion. The MAB_3543c mutation may represent a novel determinant of tigecycline resistance in M. abscessus. The findings of this study will hopefully contribute to our knowledge of potential tigecycline resistance mechanisms in M. abscessus, which may lead to better diagnostics and treatment modalities in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  3. Angers-Loustau A, Petrillo M, Bengtsson-Palme J, Berendonk T, Blais B, Chan KG, et al.
    F1000Res, 2018;7.
    PMID: 30026930 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14509.2
    Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies are expected to play a crucial role in the surveillance of infectious diseases, with their unprecedented capabilities for the characterisation of genetic information underlying the virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) properties of microorganisms.  In the implementation of any novel technology for regulatory purposes, important considerations such as harmonisation, validation and quality assurance need to be addressed.  NGS technologies pose unique challenges in these regards, in part due to their reliance on bioinformatics for the processing and proper interpretation of the data produced.  Well-designed benchmark resources are thus needed to evaluate, validate and ensure continued quality control over the bioinformatics component of the process.  This concept was explored as part of a workshop on "Next-generation sequencing technologies and antimicrobial resistance" held October 4-5 2017.   Challenges involved in the development of such a benchmark resource, with a specific focus on identifying the molecular determinants of AMR, were identified. For each of the challenges, sets of unsolved questions that will need to be tackled for them to be properly addressed were compiled. These take into consideration the requirement for monitoring of AMR bacteria in humans, animals, food and the environment, which is aligned with the principles of a "One Health" approach.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  4. Ng HF, Ngeow YF
    Microb Drug Resist, 2023 Feb;29(2):41-46.
    PMID: 36802272 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0068
    Linezolid is one of the antibiotics used to treat the Mycobacteroides abscessus infection. However, linezolid-resistance mechanisms of this organism are not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify possible linezolid-resistance determinants in M. abscessus through characterization of step-wise mutants selected from a linezolid-susceptible strain, M61 (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]: 0.25 mg/L). Whole-genome sequencing and subsequent PCR verification of the resistant second-step mutant, A2a(1) (MIC: >256 mg/L), revealed three mutations in its genome, two of which were found in the 23S rDNA (g2244t and g2788t) and another one was found in a gene encoding the fatty-acid-CoA ligase FadD32 (c880t→H294Y). The 23S rRNA is the molecular target of linezolid and mutations in this gene are likely to contribute to resistance. Furthermore, PCR analysis revealed that the c880t mutation in the fadD32 gene first appeared in the first-step mutant, A2 (MIC: 1 mg/L). Complementation of the wild-type M61 with the pMV261 plasmid carrying the mutant fadD32 gene caused the previously sensitive M61 to develop a reduced susceptibility to linezolid (MIC: 1 mg/L). The findings of this study uncovered hitherto undescribed mechanisms of linezolid resistance in M. abscessus that may be useful for the development of novel anti-infective agents against this multidrug-resistant pathogen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  5. Brenciani A, Cinthi M, Coccitto SN, Massacci FR, Albini E, Cucco L, et al.
    J Antimicrob Chemother, 2024 Apr 02;79(4):846-850.
    PMID: 38366373 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae039
    OBJECTIVES: To investigate the global distribution of an optrA-harbouring linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ST476 clonal lineage.

    METHODS: Comprehensive searches of the NCBI database were performed to identify published peer-reviewed articles and genomes of E. faecalis ST476. Each genome was analysed for resistome, virulome, OptrA variant and optrA genetic contexts. A phylogenetic comparison of ST476 genomes with publicly available genomes of other STs was also performed.

    RESULTS: Sixty-six E. faecalis ST476 isolates from 15 countries (China, Japan, South Korea, Austria, Denmark, Spain, Czech Republic, Colombia, Tunisia, Italy, Malaysia, Belgium, Germany, United Arab Emirates and Switzerland) mainly of human and animal origin were identified. Thirty available ST476 genomes compared with genomes of 591 STs indicated a progressive radiation of E. faecalis STs starting from ST21. The closest ancestral node for ST476 was ST1238. Thirty E. faecalis ST476 genomes exhibited 3-916 SNP differences. Several antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were conserved among the ST476 genomes. The optrA genetic context exhibited a high degree of or complete identity to the chromosomal transposon Tn6674. Only three isolates displayed an optrA-carrying plasmid with complete or partial Tn6674. The WT OptrA protein was most widespread in the ST476 lineage.

    CONCLUSIONS: Linezolid-resistant optrA-carrying E. faecalis of the clonal lineage ST476 is globally distributed in human, animal and environmental settings. The presence of such an emerging clone can be of great concern for public health. Thus, a One Health approach is needed to counteract the spread and the evolution of this enterococcal clonal lineage.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  6. Dada AC, Ahmad A, Usup G, Heng LY
    Environ Monit Assess, 2013 Feb;185(2):1583-99.
    PMID: 22592782 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2653-6
    We report the first study on the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci in coastal bathing waters in Malaysia. One hundred and sixty-five enterococci isolates recovered from two popular recreational beaches in Malaysia were speciated and screened for antibiotic resistance to a total of eight antibiotics. Prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium was highest in both beaches. E. faecalis/E. faecium ratio was 0.384:1 and 0.375:1, respectively, for isolates from Port Dickson (PD) and Bagan Lalang (BL). Analysis of Fisher's exact test showed that association of prevalence of E. faecalis and E. faecium with considered locations was not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Chi-square test revealed significant differences (χ(2) = 82.630, df = 20, p < 0.001) in the frequency of occurrence of enterococci isolates from the considered sites. Resistance was highest to nalidixic acid (94.84 %) and least for chloramphenicol (8.38 %). One-way ANOVA using Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test showed that resistance to ampicillin was higher in PD beach isolates than BL isolates and the difference was extremely statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Frequency of occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) isolates were higher for PD beach water (64.29 %) as compared to BL beach water (13.51 %), while MAR indices ranged between 0.198 and 0.48. The results suggest that samples from Port Dickson may contain MAR bacteria and that this could be due to high-risk faecal contamination from sewage discharge pipes that drain into the sea water.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  7. Chong CE, Lim BS, Nathan S, Mohamed R
    In Silico Biol. (Gedrukt), 2006;6(4):341-6.
    PMID: 16922696
    Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have enabled elucidation of whole genome information from a plethora of organisms. In parallel with this technology, various bioinformatics tools have driven the comparative analysis of the genome sequences between species and within isolates. While drawing meaningful conclusions from a large amount of raw material, computer-aided identification of suitable targets for further experimental analysis and characterization, has also led to the prediction of non-human homologous essential genes in bacteria as promising candidates for novel drug discovery. Here, we present a comparative genomic analysis to identify essential genes in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Our in silico prediction has identified 312 essential genes which could also be potential drug candidates. These genes encode essential proteins to support the survival of B. pseudomallei including outer-inner membrane and surface structures, regulators, proteins involved in pathogenenicity, adaptation, chaperones as well as degradation of small and macromolecules, energy metabolism, information transfer, central/intermediate/miscellaneous metabolism pathways and some conserved hypothetical proteins of unknown function. Therefore, our in silico approach has enabled rapid screening and identification of potential drug targets for further characterization in the laboratory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  8. Karunakaran R, Tay ST, Rahim FF, Lim BB, Puthucheary SD
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2014;67(3):157-62.
    PMID: 24858603
    We investigated the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) with "reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin" (RS-Cip) (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], 0.12-1.0 μg/mL) as well as their resistance genes in 75 NTS isolates (53 from stool, 21 from blood, and 1 from urine) from patients at a tertiary care Malaysian hospital between January and December 2009. RS-Cip was detected in 24/75 (32.0%) isolates. Using the ciprofloxacin MIC interpretive criteria for Salmonella in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2013 guidelines, 51/75 (68.0%) isolates were found to be sensitive, 22/75 (29.3%) were intermediate, and 2/75 (2.7%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The 24 isolates that were intermediate or resistant to ciprofloxacin were the same isolates categorized as having RS-Cip. Among the 23 tested isolates with RS-Cip, the qnrS gene was detected in 17/23 (73.9%) and single gyrA mutations were detected in 6/23 (26.1%) (Asp87Tyr [n = 3], Asp87Asn [n = 2], and Ser83Phe [n = 1]). A parC (Thr57Ser) mutation was detected in 13/23 (56.5%) isolates, coexisting with either a qnrS gene or a gyrA mutation. The high incidence of the qnrS gene among isolates with RS-Cip needs to be monitored because qnr genes can spread via plasmids and aid in the emergence of increased resistance levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  9. Ahmad N, Zakaria WR, Abdullah SA, Mohamed R
    World J Gastroenterol, 2009 Jul 07;15(25):3161-5.
    PMID: 19575497
    AIM: To characterize the types of mutations present in the 23S rRNA genes of Malaysian isolates of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori (H pylori).

    METHODS: Clarithromycin susceptibility of H pylori isolates was determined by E test. Analyses for point mutations in the domain V of 23S rRNA genes in clarithromycin-resistant and -sensitive strains were performed by sequence analysis of amplified polymerase chain reaction products. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed using BsaI and MboII enzymes to detect restriction sites that correspond to the mutations in the clarithromycin-resistant strains.

    RESULTS: Of 187 isolates from 120 patients, four were resistant to clarithromycin, while 183 were sensitive. The MIC of the resistant strains ranged from 1.5 to 24 microg/mL. Two isolates had an A2142G mutation and another two had A2143G mutations. A T2182C mutation was detected in two out of four clarithromycin-resistant isolates and in 13 of 14 clarithromycin-sensitive isolates. Restriction enzyme analyses with BsaI and MboII were able to detect the mutations.

    CONCLUSION: Clarithromycin resistance is an uncommon occurrence among Malaysian isolates of H pylori strains and the mutations A2142G and A2143G detected were associated with low-level resistance.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  10. Lean SS, Yeo CC, Suhaili Z, Thong KL
    Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2015 Feb;45(2):178-82.
    PMID: 25481460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.10.015
    Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen owing to its increasing resistance to most, if not all, antibiotics in clinical use. We recently reported the occurrence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii isolates in a Malaysian tertiary hospital. The genome of one of these XDR isolates (A. baumannii AC12) was completely sequenced and comparative genome analyses were performed to elucidate the genetic basis of its antimicrobial resistance. The A. baumannii AC12 genome consists of a 3.8 Mbp circular chromosome and an 8731 bp cryptic plasmid, pAC12. It belongs to the ST195 lineage and is most closely related to A. baumannii BJAB0715 as well as other strains of the international clone III (IC-III) group. Two antibiotic resistance islands (RIs), designated AC12-RI1 and AC12-RI2, were found in the AC12 chromosome along with a 7 kb Tn1548::armA island conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and macrolides. The 22.8 kb AC12-RI1 interrupts the comM gene and harbours the carbapenem resistance gene blaOXA-23 flanked by ISAba1 within a Tn2006-like structure. AC12-RI1 also harbours resistance determinants for aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and sulphonamides. The 10.3 kb IS26-flanked AC12-RI2 is a derivative of AbGRI2-1, containing aphA1b and blaTEM genes (conferring aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance, respectively). The presence of numerous genes mediating resistance to various antibiotics in novel RI structures as well as other genes encoding drug transporters and efflux pumps in A. baumannii AC12 most likely contributed to its XDR characteristics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  11. Gunell M, Webber MA, Kotilainen P, Lilly AJ, Caddick JM, Jalava J, et al.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2009 Sep;53(9):3832-6.
    PMID: 19596880 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00121-09
    Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica strains with a nonclassical quinolone resistance phenotype were isolated from patients returning from Thailand or Malaysia to Finland. A total of 10 isolates of seven serovars were studied in detail, all of which had reduced susceptibility (MIC > or = 0.125 microg/ml) to ciprofloxacin but were either susceptible or showed only low-level resistance (MIC < or = 32 microg/ml) to nalidixic acid. Phenotypic characterization included susceptibility testing by the agar dilution method and investigation of efflux activity. Genotypic characterization included the screening of mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE by PCR and denaturing high-pressure liquid chromatography and the amplification of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrD, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA by PCR. PMQR was confirmed by plasmid analysis, Southern hybridization, and plasmid transfer. No mutations in the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC, or parE were detected with the exception of a Thr57-Ser substitution within ParC seen in all but the S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains. The qnrA and qnrS genes were the only PMQR determinants detected. Plasmids carrying qnr alleles were transferable in vitro, and the resistance phenotype was reproducible in Escherichia coli DH5alpha transformants. These data demonstrate the emergence of a highly mobile qnr genotype that, in the absence of mutation within topoisomerase genes, confers the nontypical quinolone resistance phenotype in S. enterica isolates. The qnr resistance mechanism enables bacteria to survive elevated quinolone concentrations, and therefore, strains carrying qnr alleles may be able to expand during fluoroquinolone treatment. This is of concern since nonclassical quinolone resistance is plasmid mediated and therefore mobilizable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  12. Lau HJ, Lim CH, Foo SC, Tan HS
    Curr Genet, 2021 Jun;67(3):421-429.
    PMID: 33585980 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01156-5
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a global health crisis due to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the lengthy development of new antimicrobials. In light of this, artificial intelligence in the form of machine learning has been viewed as a potential counter to delay the spread of AMR. With the aid of AI, there are possibilities to predict and identify AMR in bacteria efficiently. Furthermore, a combination of machine learning algorithms and lab testing can help to accelerate the process of discovering new antimicrobials. To date, many machine learning algorithms for antimicrobial-resistance discovery had been created and vigorously validated. Most of these algorithms produced accurate results and outperformed the traditional methods which relied on sequence comparison within a database. This mini-review will provide an updated overview of antimicrobial design workflow using the latest machine-learning antimicrobial discovery algorithms in the last 5 years. With this review, we hope to improve upon the current AMR identification and antimicrobial development techniques by introducing the use of AI into the mix, including how the algorithms could be made more effective.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  13. Lye YL, Bong CW, Lee CW, Zhang RJ, Zhang G, Suzuki S, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2019 Oct 20;688:1335-1347.
    PMID: 31726563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.304
    The environmental reservoirs of sulfonamide (SA) resistome are still poorly understood. We investigated the potential sources and reservoir of SA resistance (SR) in Larut River and Sangga Besar River by measuring the SA residues, sulfamethoxazole resistant (SMXr) in bacteria and their resistance genes (SRGs). The SA residues measured ranged from lower than quantification limits (LOQ) to 33.13 ng L-1 with sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and SMX as most detected. Hospital wastewater effluent was detected with the highest SA residues concentration followed by the slaughterhouse and zoo wastewater effluents. The wastewater effluents also harbored the highest abundance of SMXr-bacteria (107 CFU mL-1) and SRGs (10-1/16S copies mL-1). Pearson correlation showed only positive correlation between the PO4 and SMXr-bacteria. In conclusion, wastewater effluents from the zoo, hospital and slaughterhouse could serve as important sources of SA residues that could lead to the consequent emergence of SMXr-bacteria and SRGs in the river.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  14. Wen X, Mi J, Wang Y, Ma B, Zou Y, Liao X, et al.
    Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2019 May 30;173:96-102.
    PMID: 30769208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.023
    Livestock farms are commonly regarded as the main sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), emerging pollutants with potential implications for human health, in the environment. This study investigated the occurrence and contamination profiles of nine ARGs of three types from swine manure to receiving environments (soil and water) in Guangdong Province, southern China. All ARGs occurred in 100% of swine manure samples. Moreover, the absolute concentration of total ARGs varied from 3.01 × 108 to 7.18 × 1014 copies/g, which was significantly higher than that in wastewater and manured soil (p  0.05). However, the number of ARGs (ermB, qnrS, acc(6')-Ib, tetM, tetO and tetQ) decreased but were not eliminated by wastewater treatment components (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  15. Jindal HM, Ramanathan B, Le CF, Gudimella R, Razali R, Manikam R, et al.
    J Biomed Sci, 2018 Feb 15;25(1):15.
    PMID: 29448938 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0414-8
    BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae or pneumococcus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, specifically in relation to community-acquired pneumonia. Due to the overuse of antibiotics, S. pneumoniae has developed a high degree of resistance to a wide range of antibacterial drugs.

    METHODS: In this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed for 10 clinical strains of S. pneumoniae with different levels of sensitivity to standard antibiotics. The main objective was to investigate genetic changes associated with antibiotic resistance in S. pneumoniae.

    RESULTS: Our results showed that resistant isolates contain a higher number of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as compared to susceptible isolates. We were able to identify SNPs that alter a single amino acid in many genes involved in virulence and capsular polysaccharide synthesis. In addition, 90 SNPs were only presented in the resistant isolates, and 31 SNPs were unique and had not been previously reported, suggesting that these unique SNPs could play a key role in altering the level of resistance to different antibiotics.

    CONCLUSION: Whole genome sequencing is a powerful tool for comparing the full genome of multiple isolates, especially those closely related, and for analysing the variations found within antibiotic resistance genes that lead to differences in antibiotic sensitivity. We were able to identify specific mutations within virulence genes related to resistant isolates. These findings could provide insights into understanding the role of single nucleotide mutants in conferring drug resistance.

    Study site: University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  16. Yap PS, Cheng WH, Chang SK, Lim SE, Lai KS
    Cells, 2022 Sep 26;11(19).
    PMID: 36230959 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192995
    There has been a resurgence in the clinical use of polymyxin antibiotics such as colistin due to the limited treatment options for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). However, this last-resort antibiotic is currently confronted with challenges which include the emergence of chromosomal and plasmid-borne colistin resistance. Colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae is commonly caused by the mutations in the chromosomal gene mgrB. MgrB spans the inner membrane and negatively regulates PhoP phosphorylation, which is essential for bacterial outer membrane lipid biosynthesis. The present review intends to draw attention to the role of mgrB chromosomal mutations in membrane permeability in K. pneumoniae that confer colistin resistance. With growing concern regarding the global emergence of colistin resistance, deciphering physical changes of the resistant membrane mediated by mgrB inactivation may provide new insights for the discovery of novel antimicrobials that are highly effective at membrane penetration, in addition to finding out how this can help in alleviating the resistance situation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  17. Klayut W, Rudeeaneksin J, Srisungngam S, Bunchoo S, Bhakdeenuan P, Phetsuksiri B, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2022 Dec 01;39(4):483-488.
    PMID: 36602205 DOI: 10.47665/tb.39.4.001
    Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health problem in Thailand and many countries. Endemic TB and outbreaks of TB drug resistance in the borderlands are particularly important. The Thailand-Myanmar border has extensive cross-border travel that may accelerate TB's spread. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the frequency and factors associated with TB, and rifampicinresistant TB (RR-TB) among presumptive tuberculosis patients in Mae Sot Hospital. Sputum was processed by microscopic examination and Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Laboratory results and socio-demographic characteristics were collected and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association of the risk factors with TB and RR-TB. The significant variables at p-values < 0.05 in univariate analysis were selected for multivariate analysis. Of 365 presumptive patients enrolled, 244 (66.85%) were males and 199 (54.52%) were Burmese. Of these, 314 (86.03%) were registered as new cases and 183 (50.14%) worked as laborers. Sputum microscopy was positive in 132 (36.16%) cases. Based on Xpert MTB/RIF, the frequency of TB was 136 (37.26%) and RR-TB was 15 (11.03%). TB was more common in males than females. The majority of the cases belonged to the 26-50-year-old age group and migrant workers. In RR-TB detection, the rpoB mutations covered by probe E were the most frequently observed. Sequencing showed that the most highly mutated codon was codon 531 and Ser531Thr was the most common mutation. For risk factor analysis, working as laborers was significantly (p-value < 0.05) associated with TB (aOR 2.83; 95% CI 1.43-5.63) and previously treated cases were significantly associated with RR-TB (aOR 12.33; 95% CI 2.29-66.49). The high frequency of TB and RR-TB in migrants highlights the problem and factors associated with TB at the border and the need for efforts in TB control programs in this setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  18. Lemlem M, Aklilu E, Mohammed M, Kamaruzzaman F, Zakaria Z, Harun A, et al.
    PLoS One, 2023;18(5):e0285743.
    PMID: 37205716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285743
    Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major public health threats globally. This challenge has been aggravated with the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in food animals and humans. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from broiler chickens in Kelantan, Malaysia. A total of 320 cloacal swabs were collected from farms in different districts of Kelantan and were analyzed using routine bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility test, and molecular techniques for further identification and characterization of ESBL encoding genes. Based on PCR detection for the E. coli species-specific Pho gene, 30.3% (97/320) of isolates were confirmed as E. coli, and 84.5% (82/97) of the isolates were positive for at least one ESBL gene. Majority of the isolates, 62.9% (61/97) were harboring blaCTX-M followed by 45.4% (44/97) of blaTEM genes, while 16.5% (16/97) of the isolates were positive for both mcr-1 and ESBL genes. Overall, 93.8% (90/97) of the E. coli were resistant to three or more antimicrobials; indicating that the isolates were multi-drug resistance. 90.7% of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value greater than 0.2, would also suggest the isolates were from high-risk sources of contamination. The MLST result shows that the isolates are widely diverse. Our findings provide insight into the alarmingly high distribution of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, mainly ESBL producing E. coli in apparently healthy chickens indicating the role of food animals in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, and the potential public health threats it may pose.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  19. Shahimi S, Elias A, Abd Mutalib S, Salami M, Fauzi F, Mohd Zaini NA, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Aug;28(32):44002-44013.
    PMID: 33846919 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13665-4
    A total of 24 strains of Vibrio alginolyticus were isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa) and identified for VibA and gyrB genes. All V. alginolyticus isolates were then tested against nine different antibiotics. In this study, the highest percentage of antibiotic resistance was obtained against penicillin (37.50%), followed by ampicillin, vancomycin (12.50%) and erythromycin (8.33%). All of V. alginolyticus isolates were susceptible against streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has confirmed the presence of four antibiotic resistance genes of penicillin (pbp2a), ampicillin (blaOXA), erythromycin (ermB) and vancomycin (vanB). Out of 24 V. alginolyticus isolates, 2 isolates possessed the tdh-related hemolysin (trh) (strains VA15 and VA16) and none for the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene. Both strains of the tdh-related hemolysin (trh) were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging between 0.2 and 0.3 with 5 antibiograms (A1-A5) was observed. Combination of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) and antibiotic resistance indicated 18 genome types which showed genetic heterogeneity of those V. alginolyticus isolates. The results demonstrated the presence of V. alginolyticus strain found in cockles can be a potential risk to consumers and can contribute to the deterioration of human health in the study area. Thus, it is essential for local authority to provide the preventive measures in ensuring the cockles are safe for consumption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  20. Rameshkumar MR, Arunagirinathan N, Swathirajan CR, Vignesh R, Balakrishnan P, Solomon SS
    Indian J Med Res, 2018 09;148(3):341-344.
    PMID: 30425226 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_730_17
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
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