Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 64 in total

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  1. Basa JE, Clemens R, Clemens SAC, Nicholson M
    Vaccine, 2024 Apr 02;42(9):2326-2336.
    PMID: 38448324 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.047
    This study examined the performance and structures of national immunization program in five middle-income Southeast Asian countries - Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Viet Nam, and Myanmar, and analyzed how the different structures relate to the difference in program performance to identify effective strategies in the study countries that facilitated good immunization performance. Data were derived from published literature, and WHO/UNICEF/Gavi databases, with 2010 as the baseline year. UMICs Malaysia and Thailand maintained ≥90 % coverage from 2010 to 2020 and even during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. LMICs Viet Nam and donor-supported Myanmar also achieved 80-90 % coverage for most routine vaccines in 2020. The Philippines have not reached ≥90 % coverage since 2010, with the maximum only 72 % (MCV1 and Polio3) in 2020. All study countries prioritize immunization and increased government financing since 2010 by minimum 91 % in Malaysia and 1897 % in Myanmar. However, Myanmar still largely depended on donor support with government financing only 32 % of immunization costs in 2021. The Philippines funds 100 % of immunization costs and ensures sustainable financing for the NIP through earmarked "sin tax" revenues from alcohol and tobacco. Donor support influenced new vaccine introductions among the study countries, with Gavi countries Myanmar and Viet Nam introducing more new vaccines, compared to Gavi-ineligible Malaysia and Thailand. The Philippines reported vaccine stock-outs every year amounting to 28 stock-outs events from 2010 to 2019, compared to only 1-4 stockouts in the other study countries. Donor support, innovative financing, and domestic vaccine manufacturing all play an important role in the efficient delivery of immunization services as demonstrated by the several new vaccine introductions and high immunization rates in Myanmar though Gavi and UNICEF support, additional annual $1.2 billion budget for health and immunization from "sin taxes" in the Philippines, and lack of stockouts for vaccines sourced at affordable prices from domestic manufacturers in Viet Nam.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs*
  2. Taychakhoonavudh S, Chumchujan W, Hutubessy R, Chaiyakunapruk N
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020 07 02;16(7):1728-1737.
    PMID: 32574124 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1769388
    Over the past few years, many innovative vaccines became available that offer protection for diseases which have never been prevented before. While there are several factors that could have an impact on access, the use of health technology assessment (HTA) undoubtedly is also one of the contributing factors. Objectives: To explore the landscape of vaccine access and the role of HTA in new vaccine adoption in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. Results: A great deal of progress has been made in terms of access to new and innovation vaccine in the region. Variation in access to these vaccines comparing between countries, however, is still observed. The use of HTA in supporting new vaccine adoption is still in an early stage especially in Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance-eligible countries. Conclusions: Improving the use of HTA evidences to support decision making could accelerate the efficient adoption of new vaccine in ASEAN region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs*
  3. Narimah A
    Med J Malaysia, 2005 Aug;60(3):267-8.
    PMID: 16379177
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs/trends*
  4. Pang T, Thiam DGY, Tantawichien T, Ismail Z, Yoksan S
    Lancet, 2015 May 02;385(9979):1725-1726.
    PMID: 25943934 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60888-1
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs*
  5. Linn K, Bravo L, Goh DYT, Nelson EAS
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020 07 02;16(7):1476-1484.
    PMID: 31765270 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1695460
    The 7th Asian Vaccine Conference (ASVAC 2019) was held in Yangon, Myanmar from 13 to 15, September 2019. It brought together stakeholders in the field of vaccination to address challenges and issues relevant to clinical practice and immunization programs in the region. The conference themed "Immunization: sustaining health security in Asia", included pre-conference workshops, a Vaccinology Masterclass, plenary lectures, symposia, and poster presentations. There were over 700 participants ~ 400 local and 300 international from 31 countries ~ and 55 international and local speakers from 19 countries. An Asian EPI managers' meeting was also held on 11-12 September in Naypyidaw, the new capital of Myanmar, and was hosted by the Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar with support from World Health Organization, UNICEF and other partners. This inter-regional meeting aimed to strengthen the cooperation and collaboration of EPI Managers and others involved in implementing immunization programs in the region. The conference was organized by the Immunization Partners in Asia Pacific (IPAP) and hosted by Myanmar Pediatric Society and the Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar. Other partners included the Confederation of Meningitis Organization, Philippine Foundation of Vaccination, Pediatric Infection Disease Society of the Philippines, Asia Pacific Alliance for the Control of Influenza, PATH, ROTA Council, International Society of Tropical Pediatrics, Asian Society for Pediatric Infection Diseases and other partners. Previous conferences have been held in Siem Reap (2009), Manila (2010), Jakarta (2011), Cebu (2013), Hanoi (2015) and Singapore (2017). The 8th Asian Vaccine Conference will be held in Penang, Malaysia in 2021 to further IPAP's vision of a world where no one suffers from a vaccine-preventable disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs*
  6. Phongsamart W, Lou PJ, Sukarom I, Wu YH, Zaidi O, Du F, et al.
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2024 Dec 31;20(1):2362449.
    PMID: 38925146 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2362449
    There is limited literature on current human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in the Asia-Pacific region. This integrative literature review was conducted to describe HPV vaccination programs in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Program descriptions, recommendations, f unding, and coverage data were extracted. Twenty-five citations were included. As of 2022, eight of the 10 areas of interest include HPV in their national immunization program (NIP) for school-aged girls; full implementation in Indonesia is expected in 2023 whereas Vietnam's NIP does not include HPV. Singapore also includes HPV vaccination for women (18-26 years). None of the HPV vaccination programs include males. In most areas (n = 7), programs include only one vaccine option. While female HPV NIPs are present in the Asia-Pacific region, opportunities remain to strengthen NIPs in broader populations (e.g., males, catch-up cohorts) to expand public health impact and provide gender equity in HPV vaccination.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs*
  7. Khoo YSK, Ghani AA, Navamukundan AA, Jahis R, Gamil A
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020 03 03;16(3):530-538.
    PMID: 31652090 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1667206
    This review aims to present the unique considerations for manufacturing and the regulation of new vaccines in Muslim-populated countries such as Malaysia. Our specific objectives are to highlight vaccine production and the ingredients of concern, summarize the current mechanism for ruling and recommendations on new vaccines, outline the different steps in decision-making on incorporating a new vaccine into the National Immunization Program, describe its issues and challenges, and explore the commercial viability and challenges of producing local permissible (halal) vaccines. Through this review, we hope readers understand that alternatives are present to replace ingredients of concern in vaccines. Halal certification and introduction of a new vaccine into a program are strictly conducted and health-care providers must be prepared to educate the public on this. At the same time, it is hoped that the production of halal vaccine in Malaysia will promote self-reliance in Muslim-populated countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  8. Jafar A, Mapa MT, Sakke N, Dollah R, Joko EP, Atang C, et al.
    Geospat Health, 2022 01 14;17(s1).
    PMID: 35147010 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2022.1037
    The Malaysian government has introduced the National COVID-19 Immunisation Programme (PICK) as a new mechanism to address the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Unfortunately, the number of PICK registrations is still unsatisfactory and is now even lower. The low level of participation of the Sabah (East Malaysia) population significantly impacts the PICK registrations. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors that cause vaccine hesitancy among the people of Sabah. This study seeks to identify these trends based on zone and district boundaries. A total of 1024 respondents were sampled in this study. Raw data collected through the survey method were analysed using K-means clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and spatial analysis. The study discovered that factors including confidence, authority, mainstream media, complacency, social media, and convenience are the top causes of vaccine hesitancy among respondents. This study also revealed that the Sabah population's key variables causing vaccine hesitancy to vary by region (zones and districts). The conclusion is significant as a source of supporting data for stakeholders seeking to identify the Sabah population's constraints in each region and therefore, it would help improve PICK management's performance in Sabah.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  9. Al-Haroni H, Muthanna A, Nasir Mohd Desa M, Azzani M
    Aust J Gen Pract, 2023 Oct;52(10):712-719.
    PMID: 37788693 DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-01-23-6676
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The displacement of populations due to humanitarian emergencies has an adverse impact on the global elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, the level of immunisation coverage among Rohingya refugee children remains unknown. Therefore, this study investigated immunisation coverage and its determinants among Rohingya refugee children in Malaysia.

    METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2020 among the guardians of 243 Rohingya refugee children studying under the sponsorship of the King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Center, Malaysia.

    RESULTS: Among the 243 children, 90 (37%) were unimmunised, 147 (60.5%) were partially immunised and only 6 (2.5%) were fully immunised. The country of child's birth, the child's age and access to healthcare services were significantly associated with unimmunisation (all P<0.05).

    DISCUSSION: This study found low immunisation coverage among Rohingya refugee children in Malaysia. Given the low level of coverage, a public health intervention, such as a vaccination program, for this refugee population is necessary.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  10. Wong YJ, Lee SWH
    J Glob Health, 2021 Jan 30;11:03005.
    PMID: 33643615 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.03005
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs/trends*
  11. Kim YE
    BMJ Open, 2021 04 14;11(4):e045070.
    PMID: 33853801 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045070
    OBJECTIVES: Childhood vaccination coverage in Nagaland has lagged almost all states in India for more than two decades. This study aims to find drivers and barriers of childhood vaccination in Nagaland from the perspective of demand, supply and local health governance.

    DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was designed using a survey conducted by the Directorate of Health and Family in 2015.

    SETTING: Households, community-based health centres and health committees were surveyed.

    PARTICIPANTS: 285 children aged under 2 years with vaccination cards and data on households, health centres and health committees were included.

    OUTCOMES: Variables indicating whether a child received each of bacillus calmette-guérin (BCG), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3), oral polio (OPV3) and measles vaccination and all of them were outcome variables. Associated factors were identified using multilevel logistic regressions.

    RESULTS: Antenatal care at least three times was significantly associated with BCG, DTP3, OPV3 and full vaccination with adjusted ORs ranging from 2.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 5.1) to 3.3 (1.1 to 9.9). The availability of bus to health centre was slightly significant for BCG and OPV3 with the adjusted ORs of 2.0 (0.9 to 4.5) and 2.1 (0.9 to 4.8), respectively. Health committees' budget provision to health centres was significant for OPV3 and full vaccination with the respective adjusted ORs of 15.7 (1.0 to 234.1) and 15.9 (1.2 to 214.7), the wide 95% CIs of which were driven by a small sample size. Health committees' review of expenditure of health centres was significant for measles and full vaccination with the adjusted ORs of 4.0 (1.4 to 11.4) and 5.2 (1.4 to 19.4), respectively.

    CONCLUSION: This study suggests that enhancing the utilisation of antenatal care and providing reliable transportation between villages and health centres are required to improve childhood vaccination coverage. Also, the significant association of budget administration of health committees suggests that supporting local health committees for effective financial management is important.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs*
  12. Sah R, Khatiwada AP, Shrestha S, Bhuvan KC, Tiwari R, Mohapatra RK, et al.
    Travel Med Infect Dis, 2021;41:102037.
    PMID: 33781945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102037
    With the emergence of the new variants of concern (VOC) of the SARS-CoV-2, the efficacy of certain vaccines against them requires further research and considerations for future scenarios of COVID-19 vaccination. The vaccines' lack of efficacy against VOC will pose at risk to the vaccinated population and is a public health threat. In this commentary, we discuss Nepal's recent experiences and expectations regarding the confirmation of VOC B.1.1.7 from the United Kingdom in the country.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs/methods*
  13. Kumar SS, Hartner AM, Chandran A, Gaythorpe KAM, Li X
    BMC Public Health, 2023 Nov 28;23(1):2351.
    PMID: 38017415 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17082-9
    BACKGROUND: Malaysia introduced the two dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 2004 as part of its measles elimination strategy. However, despite high historical coverage of MCV1 and MCV2, Malaysia continues to report high measles incidence. This study suggests a novel indicator for investigating population immunity against measles in the Malaysian population.

    METHODS: We define effective vaccine coverage (EVC) of measles as the proportion of a population vaccinated with measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and effectively protected against measles infection. A quantitative evaluation of EVC throughout the life course of Malaysian birth cohorts was conducted accounting for both vaccine efficacy (VE) and between-dose correlation (BdC). Measles vaccination coverage was sourced from WHO-UNICEF estimates of Malaysia's routine immunisation coverage and supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs). United Nations World population estimates and projections (UNWPP) provided birth cohort sizes stratified by age and year. A step wise joint Bernoulli distribution was used to proportionate the Malaysian population born between 1982, the first year of Malaysia's measles vaccination programme, and 2021, into individuals who received zero dose, one dose and multiple doses of MCV. VE estimates by age and doses received are then adopted to derive EVC. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using 1000 random combinations of BdC and VE parameters.

    RESULTS: This study suggests that no birth cohort in the Malaysian population has achieved > 95% population immunity (EVC) conferred through measles vaccination since the measles immunisation programme began in Malaysia.

    CONCLUSION: The persistence of measles in Malaysia is due to pockets of insufficient vaccination coverage against measles in the population. Monitoring BdC through immunisation surveillance systems may allow for the identification of susceptible subpopulations (primarily zero-dose MCV individuals) and increase the coverage of individuals who are vaccinated with multiple doses of MCV. This study provides a tool for assessment of national-level population immunity of measles conferred through vaccination and does not consider subnational heterogeneity or vaccine waning. This tool can be readily applied to other regions and vaccine-preventable diseases.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  14. Wong LP, Han L, Li H, Zhao J, Zhao Q, Zimet GD
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2019;15(7-8):1533-1540.
    PMID: 31017500 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1611157
    The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in China aims to prevent HPV infection in all women. The issues that China might face include high cost of vaccines made in other countries, shortage in HPV vaccine supply, negative events attributed to vaccination (whether justified or not) that jeopardizes the general public's confidence in the HPV vaccine, cultural and literacy barriers, and sensitivity to receiving a vaccine for a sexually transmitted disease. Ensuring the effective delivery of the HPV vaccine in China, a country with vast economic, geographical, and cultural complexities, will require a commitment of significant resources. In light of the high price of imported vaccines, the availability of locally manufactured HPV vaccines would greatly facilitate the national HPV vaccination program. New evidence supporting the efficacy of a two-dose regime in younger adolescents would also be advantageous in terms of affordability and logistical simplicity of vaccine administration. Furthermore, it would potentially enhance the compliance and uptake, especially for hard to reach women in remote regions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs/economics; Immunization Programs/organization & administration*
  15. Ng SS, Hutubessy R, Chaiyakunapruk N
    Vaccine, 2018 05 03;36(19):2529-2544.
    PMID: 29625764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.024
    BACKGROUND: The success of human papillomavirus (HPV) national immunization program depends on effective strategies in optimizing the uptake of HPV vaccine. Given the increasing number of economic evaluations, this review was conducted to update the economic evidence on HPV vaccination, by focusing on: (i) 9-valent vaccine compared to bi- or quadrivalent vaccine; (ii) gender-neutral vaccination compared to female only vaccination; and (iii) multiple age cohort immunization compared to single age cohort immunization.

    METHODS: Searches were performed until June 2016 using 4 databases: PubMed; Embase; Cochrane Library; and LILACS. The combined WHO, Drummond and CHEERS checklist were used to evaluate the quality of included studies.

    RESULTS: Thirty-four studies were included in the review and most of them were conducted in high-income countries. The inclusion of adolescent boys in vaccination program was found to be cost-effective if vaccine price and coverage was low. When coverage for female was above 75%, gender-neutral vaccination was less cost-effective than when targeting only girls aged 9-18 years. Current evidence does not show conclusive proof of greater cost-effectiveness of 9-valent vaccine compared to the older HPV vaccines as the price for 9-valent vaccine was still uncertain. Multicohort immunization strategy was cost-effective in the age range 9-14 years but the upper age limit at which vaccination was no longer cost-effective needs to be further investigated. Key influential parameters identified were duration of vaccine protection, vaccine price, coverage, and discounting rates.

    CONCLUSIONS: These findings are expected to support policy-makers in making recommendations for HPV immunization programs on either switching to the 9-valent vaccine or inclusion of adolescent boys' vaccination or extending the age of vaccination.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs/economics*; Immunization Programs/organization & administration
  16. Wan Taib W.R., Tengku M.A., Aryati A., Yusoff N.A.M.
    MyJurnal
    Immunization has been introduced for decades to eradicate fatal infectious diseases by inoculating attenuated, killed or toxoid of microorganisms such as bacteria and virus. The triggering action to the immune system would not harm the host; despite can boost the immune responses to any infection. However, several cases of the eradicated infectious disease have re-emerged due to the existence of vaccine hesitancy group. Vaccine hesitancy has been observed emerging worldwide due to rejection in receiving vaccine. The main obstacle in vaccination program was identified according to the misconception that they received from internet or any mass media without boundaries. Various actions from the government have met the needs to enforce and educate the public especially the hesitant group towards better disease prevention with vaccination. The strategy would cover any interaction activities or programs with the public in transferring the information about the vaccination and its benefit to the health of herd community.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  17. Woo YL
    Journal of virus eradication, 2019 Mar 04;5(Suppl 1):10-11.
    PMID: 30997147
    Malaysia's approach to reducing the burden of HPV-related disease has centred on adolescent vaccination and cervical screening with Pap smears. While the vaccination programme has been broadly successful, Pap smear screening has been less successful. In an effort to improve screening uptake, the ROSE 1.0 pilot aimed to create more efficient screening, with improved quality and lower total cost.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  18. Hussain Imam Muhammad Ismail
    MyJurnal
    The last confirmed case of poliomyelitis in West Malaysia was in 1986', and over the past few years, we have condescendingly associated polio with other developing countries. Recently, 2 children with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) were confirmed as cases of poliomyelitis due to a wild strain of the virus. This implies a failure of the immunisation programme to contain the spread of the wild virus (Hall). However, if we look at the WHO standard case definition of polio virus infection (appendix 1) it is possible that we could have missed a few cases over the last 6 years. At this juncture a brief clinical summary of the 2 cases and a discussion of the differential diagnosis may be useful. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  19. Lim KK, Chan YY, Noor Ani A, Rohani J, Siti Norfadhilah ZA, Santhi MR
    Public Health, 2017 Dec;153:52-57.
    PMID: 28915402 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.08.001
    OBJECTIVES: The success of the Expanded Program on Immunization among children will greatly reduce the burden of illness and disability from vaccine preventable diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the complete immunization coverage and its determinants among children aged 12-23 months in Malaysia.
    STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
    METHODS: Data on immunization were extracted from the 2016 National Health and Morbidity Survey. Complete immunization coverage was classified as received all recommended primary vaccine doses by the age of 12 months and verified by vaccination cards, and incompletely immunized if they received partially recommended vaccine dose or not received any recommended vaccine dose or had no vaccination card. The multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with complete immunization coverage.
    RESULTS: The overall complete immunization coverage among children (verified by cards) was 86.4% (n = 8920, 95% confidence interval: 85.4-87.4). Multivariable logistic regression analyses model revealed that factors significantly associated with complete immunization coverage were ethnicity, occupation of the mother, head of household's education level, and head of household's occupation. While sex, citizenship, household income, mother's age, and marital status were not significantly associated with complete immunization coverage.
    CONCLUSIONS: According to the World Health Organization criteria, the present study demonstrated that the immunization coverage of 86.4% is still unsatisfactory. Thus, the current intervention program should be enhanced in order to achieve the 95% coverage for all antigens in the national vaccination program.
    Study name: National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-2016)
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  20. Van Rostenberghe H
    Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Feb;28(1):122-124.
    PMID: 33679230 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.1.17
    The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is severe and has not shown any signs of warning up to today. Biotech companies around the world have raced to come up with an acceptable vaccine and recently two mRNA vaccines have received emergency usage authorisation from regulatory bodies in several countries. mRNA vaccines, which consist of a new and revolutionary technology have not been previously tested widely on humans. Medium- and long-term safety data are not available. While many experts seem to support the start of a mass vaccination campaign, others feel there are too many unknowns to embark on a mass vaccination campaign. Concerns include uncertainties about the long-term effects of foreign mRNA on human cellular physiology and the possibility of vaccine-enhanced disease severity, which may not be unlikely with the current disease presentation of COVID-19.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
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