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The positive impact of Streptococcus mutans on the growth of Candida albicans within mixed-species biofilms and implications to dental health

Wang X, Yap SF, Ngeow YF

Malays J Pathol, 2024 Aug;46(2):295-298.
PMID: 39207006

INTRODUCTION: Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans co-exist in biofilms in the oral cavity. In this study, the impact of S. mutans on the growth of C. albicans within a mixed-species biofilm was examined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single species C. albicans biofilms and mixed species biofilms containing C. albicans and S. mutans at 1:3 and 1:10 ratios were constructed in 6-well microtiter plates. After 24 hours of incubation, the density of resuspended biofilm cells was determined as CFU/ml and used to compare the growth of C. albicans in single species and mixed species biofilms.
RESULTS: The CFU/ml of C. albicans in mixed-species biofilms was found to be higher than that in single-species biofilms.
CONCLUSION: S. mutans promotes the growth of C. albicans in a co-inhabited biofilm.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology
Association of oral microbiota with obesity in children: insight from dental physicians

Vedam V, Ganapathy S

Hong Kong Med J, 2020 08;26(4):354.
PMID: 32807744 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj208479
Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Fulltext StreptoBase: An Oral Streptococcus mitis Group Genomic Resource and Analysis Platform

Zheng W, Tan TK, Paterson IC, Mutha NV, Siow CC, Tan SY, et al.

PLoS One, 2016;11(5):e0151908.
PMID: 27138013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151908

The oral streptococci are spherical Gram-positive bacteria categorized under the phylum Firmicutes which are among the most common causative agents of bacterial infective endocarditis (IE) and are also important agents in septicaemia in neutropenic patients. The Streptococcus mitis group is comprised of 13 species including some of the most common human oral colonizers such as S. mitis, S. oralis, S. sanguinis and S. gordonii as well as species such as S. tigurinus, S. oligofermentans and S. australis that have only recently been classified and are poorly understood at present. We present StreptoBase, which provides a specialized free resource focusing on the genomic analyses of oral species from the mitis group. It currently hosts 104 S. mitis group genomes including 27 novel mitis group strains that we sequenced using the high throughput Illumina HiSeq technology platform, and provides a comprehensive set of genome sequences for analyses, particularly comparative analyses and visualization of both cross-species and cross-strain characteristics of S. mitis group bacteria. StreptoBase incorporates sophisticated in-house designed bioinformatics web tools such as Pairwise Genome Comparison (PGC) tool and Pathogenomic Profiling Tool (PathoProT), which facilitate comparative pathogenomics analysis of Streptococcus strains. Examples are provided to demonstrate how StreptoBase can be employed to compare genome structure of different S. mitis group bacteria and putative virulence genes profile across multiple streptococcal strains. In conclusion, StreptoBase offers access to a range of streptococci genomic resources as well as analysis tools and will be an invaluable platform to accelerate research in streptococci. Database URL: http://streptococcus.um.edu.my.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Pathogenic microbes of the oral environment

Park AW, Yaacob HB

J Nihon Univ Sch Dent, 1994 Mar;36(1):1-33.
PMID: 8207501
Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Fulltext Global genome comparative analysis reveals insights of resistome and life-style adaptation of Pseudomonas putida strain T2-2 in oral cavity

Chan XY, Chua KO, How KY, Yin WF, Chan KG

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:930727.
PMID: 25436236 DOI: 10.1155/2014/930727

Most Pseudomonas putida strains are environmental microorganisms exhibiting a wide range of metabolic capability but certain strains have been reported as rare opportunistic pathogens and some emerged as multidrug resistant P. putida. This study aimed to assess the drug resistance profile of, via whole genome analysis, P. putida strain T2-2 isolated from oral cavity. At the same time, we also compared the nonenvironmental strain with environmentally isolated P. putida. In silico comparative genome analysis with available reference strains of P. putida shows that T2-2 has lesser gene counts on carbohydrate and aromatic compounds metabolisms, which suggested its little versatility. The detection of its edd gene also suggested T2-2's catabolism of glucose via ED pathway instead of EMP pathway. On the other hand, its drug resistance profile was observed via in silico gene prediction and most of the genes found were in agreement with drug-susceptibility testing in laboratory by automated VITEK 2. In addition, the finding of putative genes of multidrug resistance efflux pump and ATP-binding cassette transporters in this strain suggests a multidrug resistant phenotype. In summary, it is believed that multiple metabolic characteristics and drug resistance in P. putida strain T2-2 helped in its survival in human oral cavity.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Oral candidal species among smokers and non-smokers

Rasool S, Siar CH, Ng KP

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2005 Nov;15(11):679-82.
PMID: 16300700

To determine the various oral Candidal species among healthy Malaysian adults.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka-chewers and non-chewers

Javed F, Tenenbaum HC, Nogueira-Filho G, Nooh N, Taiyeb Ali TB, Samaranayake LP, et al.

Int Wound J, 2014 Feb;11(1):79-84.
PMID: 22883719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2012.01070.x

Oral Candida colonisation is higher in tobacco smokers as compared to non-smokers; however, it remains unknown whether smokeless tobacco chewers are susceptible to increased oral Candida colonisation. The aim was to determine the oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka-chewers and non-chewers in a cohort from Karachi, Pakistan. Forty-five gutka-chewers and 45 non-chewers were included. Information regarding age, sex, duration of gutka-chewing habit, daily frequency of gutka consumption, duration of holding gutka in the mouth, daily frequency of tooth-brushing and tongue brushing was collected using a questionnaire. Oral yeast samples were collected by scraping the dorsum of the tongue and bilateral buccal mucosa with a sterile cotton swab. Identification of yeast species was performed using standard techniques. Tongue lesions were identified and recorded. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) was also measured. There was no significant difference in the mean age, UWSFR and oral Candida carriage among gutka-chewers and non-chewers. Individuals were chewing gutka since 4·4 years and were consuming five gutka sachets daily. Candida albicans (C. albicans) was the most common yeast species isolated from 57·8% gutka-chewers and 64.4% non-chewers. In 24.4% gutka-chewers and 22·2% non-chewers, two candidal strains (C. albicans and Candida tropicalis) were isolated. In conclusion, the present results indicated no significant difference in oral Candida carriage in habitual gutka-chewers and non-chewers.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
The oral microbiome community variations associated with normal, potentially malignant disorders and malignant lesions of the oral cavity

Mok SF, Karuthan C, Cheah YK, Ngeow WC, Rosnah Z, Yap SF, et al.

Malays J Pathol, 2017 Apr;39(1):1-15.
PMID: 28413200 MyJurnal

The human oral microbiome has been known to show strong association with various oral diseases including oral cancer. This study attempts to characterize the community variations between normal, oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and cancer associated microbiota using 16S rDNA sequencing. Swab samples were collected from three groups (normal, OPMD and oral cancer) with nine subjects from each group. Bacteria genomic DNA was isolated in which full length 16S rDNA were amplified and used for cloned library sequencing. 16S rDNA sequences were processed and analysed with MOTHUR. A core oral microbiome was identified consisting of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria at the phylum level while Streptococcus, Veillonella, Gemella, Granulicatella, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Lachnoanaerobaculum were detected at the genus level. Firmicutes and Streptococcus were the predominant phylum and genus respectively. Potential oral microbiome memberships unique to normal, OPMD and oral cancer oral cavities were also identified. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed a significant difference between the normal and the cancer associated oral microbiota but not between the OPMD and the other two groups. However, 2D NMDS showed an overlapping of the OPMD associated oral microbiome between the normal and cancer groups. These findings indicated that oral microbes could be potential biomarkers to distinguish between normal, OPMD and cancer subjects.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Fulltext Mechanisms of Oral Bacterial Virulence Factors in Pancreatic Cancer

Sun Z, Xiong C, Teh SW, Lim JCW, Kumar S, Thilakavathy K

Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2019;9:412.
PMID: 31867287 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00412

Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease, and most patients remain asymptomatic until the disease enters advanced stages. There is lack of knowledge in the pathogenesis, effective prevention and early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Recently, bacteria were found in pancreatic tissue that has been considered sterile before. The distribution of flora in pancreatic cancer tissue was reported to be different from normal pancreatic tissue. These abnormally distributed bacteria may be the risk factors for inducing pancreatic cancer. Therefore, studies on combined effect of multi-bacterial and multi-virulence factors may add to the knowledge of pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and aid in designing new preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we outlined three oral bacteria associated with pancreatic cancer and their virulence factors linked with cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Oxidizing Effect of Ozonated-Water on Microbial Balance in the Oral Ecosystem

Razak FA, Musa MY, Abusin HAM, Salleh NM

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2019 Apr;29(4):387-389.
PMID: 30925969 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.04.387

Application of ozone is recommended for sterilisation in dental procedures. This study explored the antimicrobial effect of 0.1 ppm ozonated-water on selected common oral commensals. Based on deviation of their growth curves pattern upon ozone treatment, the inhibitory effect of ozone was determined. SEM examination of the ozone-treated microbes recorded its possible morphological effect. Findings suggested a bacteriostatic action of ozone when microbes were treated at the early phase, while, it was bactericidal when treated during the active phase of the growth cycle. Hence, suggesting rinsing the oral cavity with ozonated-water at 0.1 ppm immediately after tooth brushing may suppress microbial growth and slow biofilm formation. While, rinsing on already developed biofilm may result in microbial cell lysis that halted microbial growth and reduce microbial population in the biofilm. Both justify the great potential of ozone (0.1 ppm) for use as antimicrobial agent for the control of biofilm development in the oral cavity.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Fulltext A Revolutionizing Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the Microbiome

Johnson D, Letchumanan V, Thurairajasingam S, Lee LH

Nutrients, 2020 Jul 03;12(7).
PMID: 32635373 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071983

The study of human microbiota and health has emerged as one of the ubiquitous research pursuits in recent decades which certainly warrants the attention of both researchers and clinicians. Many health conditions have been linked to the gut microbiota which is the largest reservoir of microbes in the human body. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders which has been extensively explored in relation to gut microbiome. The utilization of microbial knowledge promises a more integrative perspective in understanding this disorder, albeit being an emerging field in research. More interestingly, oral and vaginal microbiomes, indicating possible maternal influence, have equally drawn the attention of researchers to study their potential roles in the etiopathology of ASD. Therefore, this review attempts to integrate the knowledge of microbiome and its significance in relation to ASD including the hypothetical aetiology of ASD and its commonly associated comorbidities. The microbiota-based interventions including diet, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, and faecal microbial transplant (FMT) have also been explored in relation to ASD. Of these, diet and probiotics are seemingly promising breakthrough interventions in the context of ASD for lesser known side effects, feasibility and easier administration, although more studies are needed to ascertain the actual clinical efficacy of these interventions. The existing knowledge and research gaps call for a more expanded and resolute research efforts in establishing the relationship between autism and microbiomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology
The effect of selected plant extracts on the development of single-species dental biofilms

Abdul Rahim ZH, Shaikh S, Hasnor Wan Ismail WN, Wan Harun WH, Razak FA

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2014 Nov;24(11):796-801.
PMID: 25404435 DOI: 11.2014/JCPSP.796801

To determine the effect of a mixture of plant extracts on the adherence and retention of bacteria in dental biofilm.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology
Fulltext Antifungal susceptibility and growth inhibitory response of oral Candida species to Brucea javanica Linn. extract

Nordin MA, Wan Harun WH, Abdul Razak F

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2013 Dec 04;13:342.
PMID: 24305010 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-342

BACKGROUND: Candida species have been associated with the emergence of resistant strains towards selected antifungal agents. Plant products have been used traditionally as alternative medicine to ease candidal infections. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antifungal susceptibility patterns and growth inhibiting effect of Brucea javanica seeds extract against Candida species.
METHODS: A total of seven Candida strains that includes Candida albicans ATCC14053, Candida dubliniensis ATCCMYA-2975, Candida glabrata ATCC90030, Candida krusei ATCC14243, Candida lusitaniae ATCC64125, Candida parapsilosis ATCC22019 and Candida tropicalis ATCC13803 were used in this study. The antifungal activity, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of B. javanica extract were evaluated. Each strain was cultured in Yeast Peptone Dextrose broth under four different growth environments; (i) in the absence and presence of B. javanica extract at respective concentrations of (ii) 1 mg/ml (iii) 3 mg/ml and (iv) 6 mg/ml. The growth inhibitory responses of the candidal cells were determined based on changes in the specific-growth rates (μ) and doubling time (g). The values in the presence of extract were computed as percentage in the optical density relative to that of the total cells suspension in the absence of extract.
RESULTS: B. javanica seeds extract exhibited antifungal properties. C. tropicalis showed the highest growth rate; 0.319 ± 0.002 h(-1), while others were in the range of 0.141 ± 0.001 to 0.265 ± 0.005 h(-1). In the presence of extract, the lag and log phases were extended and deviated the μ- and g-values. B. javanica extract had significantly reduced the μ-values of C. dubliniensis, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis at more than 80% (ρ

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Extemporaneously Prepared Herbal Mouthwashes

Dua K, Sheshala R, Al-Waeli HA, Gupta G, Chellappan DK

Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul, 2015;9(3):257-61.
PMID: 26051152

Natural products like plants and its components have been in use for treatment and cure of diseases all around the globe from ancient times much before the discovery of the current modern drugs. These substances from the nature are well known to contain components which have therapeutic properties and can also behave as precursors for the synthesis of potential drugs. The beneficial results from herbal drugs are well reported where their popularity in usage has increased across the globe. Subsequently developing countries are now recognizing the many positive advantages from their use which has engaged the expansion of R & D from herbal research. The flow on effect from this expansion has increased the awareness to develop new herbal products and the processes, throughout the entire world. Mouth washes and mouth rinses which have plant oils, plant components or extracts have generated particular attention. High prevalence of gingival inflammation and periodontal diseases, suggests majority of the patients practice inadequate plaque control. Of the currently available mouthwashes in the market, Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) has been investigated on a larger scale with much detail. CHX is associated with side effects like staining of teeth when used daily as well as the bitter taste of the mouthwash which leads to patient incompliance. The present research encompasses the antibacterial activity of extemporaneously prepared herbal mouthwash using natural herbs and therefore allows for the potential commercialization with in the herbal and pharmaceutical industries. Also, the present research article reviewed details of various existing patents of herbal mouthwashes which shows the trend of existing market and significance of emerging mouthwashes in both pharmaceutical and herbal industries. The antimicrobial activity of prepared mouthwashes was found to be effective against various strains of bacteria. It also suggests that the prepared herbal mouthwashes may provide an alternative to those containing chemical entities, with enhanced antimicrobial properties and better patient compliance.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Fulltext Growth inhibitory response and ultrastructural modification of oral-associated candidal reference strains (ATCC) by Piper betle L. extract

Nordin MA, Wan Harun WH, Abdul Razak F, Musa MY

Int J Oral Sci, 2014 Mar;6(1):15-21.
PMID: 24406634 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2013.97

Candida species have been associated with the emergence of strains resistant to selected antifungal agents. Plant products have been used traditionally as alternative medicine to ease mucosal fungal infections. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Piper betle extract on the growth profile and the ultrastructure of commonly isolated oral candidal cells. The major component of P. betle was identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS). Seven ATCC control strains of Candida species were cultured in yeast peptone dextrose broth under four different growth environments: (i) in the absence of P. betle extract; and in the presence of P. betle extract at respective concentrations of (ii) 1 mg⋅mL(-1); (iii) 3 mg⋅mL(-1); and (iv) 6 mg⋅mL(-1). The growth inhibitory responses of the candidal cells were determined based on changes in the specific growth rates (µ). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe any ultrastructural alterations in the candida colonies. LC-MS/MS was performed to validate the presence of bioactive compounds in the extract. Following treatment, it was observed that the µ-values of the treated cells were significantly different than those of the untreated cells (P<0.05), indicating the fungistatic properties of the P. betle extract. The candidal population was also reduced from an average of 13.44×10(6) to 1.78×10(6) viable cell counts (CFU)⋅mL(-1). SEM examination exhibited physical damage and considerable morphological alterations of the treated cells. The compound profile from LC-MS/MS indicated the presence of hydroxybenzoic acid, chavibetol and hydroxychavicol in P. betle extract. The effects of P. betle on candida cells could potentiate its antifungal activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*
Fulltext A quaternary ammonium silane antimicrobial triggers bacterial membrane and biofilm destruction

Daood U, Matinlinna JP, Pichika MR, Mak KK, Nagendrababu V, Fawzy AS

Sci Rep, 2020 07 03;10(1):10970.
PMID: 32620785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67616-z

To study the antimicrobial effects of quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) exposure on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacterial biofilms at different concentrations. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus biofilms were cultured on dentine disks, and incubated for bacterial adhesion for 3-days. Disks were treated with disinfectant (experimental QAS or control) and returned to culture for four days. Small-molecule drug discovery-suite was used to analyze QAS/Sortase-A active site. Cleavage of a synthetic fluorescent peptide substrate, was used to analyze inhibition of Sortase-A. Raman spectroscopy was performed and biofilms stained for confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Dentine disks that contained treated dual-species biofilms were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis of DAPI within biofilms was performed using CLSM. Fatty acids in bacterial membranes were assessed with succinic-dehydrogenase assay along with time-kill assay. Sortase-A protein underwent conformational change due to QAS molecule during simulation, showing fluctuating alpha and beta strands. Spectroscopy revealed low carbohydrate intensities in 1% and 2% QAS. SEM images demonstrated absence of bacterial colonies after treatment. DAPI staining decreased with 1% QAS (p

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology
Fulltext The upper respiratory tract microbiome of indigenous Orang Asli in north-eastern Peninsular Malaysia

Cleary DW, Morris DE, Anderson RA, Jones J, Alattraqchi AG, A Rahman NI, et al.

NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 2021 01 05;7(1):1.
PMID: 33402693 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00173-5

Much microbiome research has focused on populations that are predominantly of European descent, and from narrow demographics that do not capture the socio-economic and lifestyle differences which impact human health. Here we examined the airway microbiomes of the Orang Asli, the indigenous peoples of Malaysia. A total of 130 participants were recruited from two sites in the north-eastern state of Terengganu in Peninsular Malaysia. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, the nasal microbiome was significantly more diverse in those aged 5-17 years compared to 50+ years (p = 0.023) and clustered by age (PERMANOVA analysis of the Bray-Curtis distance, p = 0.001). Hierarchical clustering of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity scores revealed six microbiome clusters. The largest cluster (n = 28; 35.4%) had a marked abundance of Corynebacterium. In the oral microbiomes Streptococcus, Neisseria and Haemophilus were dominant. Using conventional microbiology, high levels of Staphylococcus aureus carriage were observed, particularly in the 18-65 age group (n = 17/36; 47.2% 95% CI: 30.9-63.5). The highest carriage of pneumococci was in the <5 and 5 to 17 year olds, with 57.1% (4/7) and 49.2% (30/61), respectively. Sixteen pneumococcal serotypes were identified, the most common being the nonvaccine-type 23A (14.6%) and the vaccine-type 6B (9.8%). The prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes covered by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines support introduction into a Malaysian national immunisation schedule. In addition, the dominance of Corynebacterium in the airway microbiomes is intriguing given their role as a potentially protective commensal with respect to acute infection and respiratory health.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology
Fulltext Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth and Ficus deltoidea Jack against Pathogenic Oral Bacteria

Azizan N, Mohd Said S, Zainal Abidin Z, Jantan I

Molecules, 2017 Dec 05;22(12).
PMID: 29206142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122135

In this study, the essential oils of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth and Ficus deltoidea Jack were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against invasive oral pathogens, namely Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Chemical composition of the oils was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity of the oils and their major constituents were investigated using the broth microdilution method (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)). Susceptibility test, anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm, checkerboard and time-kill assays were also carried out. Physiological changes of the bacterial cells after exposure to the oils were observed under the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). O. stamineus and F. deltoidea oils mainly consisted of sesquiterpenoids (44.6% and 60.9%, respectively), and β-caryophyllene was the most abundant compound in both oils (26.3% and 36.3%, respectively). Other compounds present in O. stamineus were α-humulene (5.1%) and eugenol (8.1%), while α-humulene (5.5%) and germacrene D (7.7%) were dominant in F. deltoidea. The oils of both plants showed moderate to strong inhibition against all tested bacteria with MIC and MBC values ranging 0.63-2.5 mg/mL. However, none showed any inhibition on monospecies biofilms. The time-kill assay showed that combination of both oils with amoxicillin at concentrations of 1× and 2× MIC values demonstrated additive antibacterial effect. The FESEM study showed that both oils produced significant alterations on the cells of Gram-negative bacteria as they became pleomorphic and lysed. In conclusion, the study indicated that the oils of O. stamineus and F. deltoidea possessed moderate to strong antibacterial properties against the seven strains pathogenic oral bacteria and may have caused disturbances of membrane structure or cell wall of the bacteria.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth/microbiology*

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