MyMedR

Inhumane death?

Kestel A

Science, 1999 May 7;284(5416):913.

PMID: 10357670

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

Assessment of Nipah virus transmission among pork sellers in Seremban, Malaysia

Premalatha GD, Lye MS, Ariokasamy J, Parashar UD, Rahmat R, Lee BY, et al.

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2000 Jun;31(2):307-9.

PMID: 11127331

Between September 1998 and May 1999, 265 cases of encephalitis were reported from among those involved in pig rearing. A few cases were also reported among abattoir workers. This raised questions of the risk of transmission among those who handled raw pork. A serosurvey was conducted among pork sellers in Seremban town, which is about 20 km from one of the pig rearing areas which had reported cases of encephalitis. It was found that out of the 28 pork sellers tested, only one tested positive for Nipah virus antibodies and that this pork seller also worked in an abattoir in the same district, removing the urinary bladders from slaughtered pigs. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the risk of transmission of the virus from handling raw pork appeared to be low.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*

Risk factors for Nipah virus transmission, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia: results from a hospital-based case-control study

Amal NM, Lye MS, Ksiazek TG, Kitsutani PD, Hanjeet KS, Kamaluddin MA, et al.

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2000 Jun;31(2):301-6.

PMID: 11127330

A hospital-based case-control study of viral encephalitis was carried out at Port Dickson Hospital, in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Between March and May 1999, 69 clinically diagnosed viral encephalitis cases and 31 controls were interviewed. Job histories on pig farming activities were assessed by a group of epidemiologists and veterinary surgeons. Results show that among clinical cases of viral encephalitis, 52 (75.4%) cases were diagnosed to have Nipah virus infection based on positive serology for antibodies to the cross-reacting Hendra virus antigen. The Nipah virus encephalitis was significantly associated with a history of working in pig farms (p < 0.001, OR = 196.0, 95% CI = 20.4-4741.6), history of contact with animals (p < 0.001, OR = 38.3, 95% CI = 8.2-209.0) and with history of direct contact with pigs (p = 0.002, OR = 34.4, 95% CI = 2.6-1,024.4). The Nipah virus infection was also significantly associated with history of feeding/cleaning pigs (p < 0.001, OR = 102, 95% CI = 11.9-2,271.5). These results provide evidence that involvement in pig farming activities is significantly associated with the risk of getting Nipah virus infection. They are potential risk factors for Nipah virus transmission in the major pig-producing area of Bukit Pelandok, Port Dickson Negeri Sembilan.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*

[Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia, 1999]

Okabe N, Morita K

Uirusu, 2000 Jun;50(1):27-33.

PMID: 10998976

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

Nipah virus

Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 2002 Sep 6;77(36):297-9.

PMID: 12238317

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*

Hendra virus: a highly lethal zoonotic agent

Westbury H

Vet J, 2000 Nov;160(3):165-6.

PMID: 11061952

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

Fulltext Genetic diversity, seasonality and transmission network of human metapneumovirus: identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and attachment genes

Chow WZ, Chan YF, Oong XY, Ng LJ, Nor'E SS, Ng KT, et al.

Sci Rep, 2016 06 09;6:27730.

PMID: 27279080 DOI: 10.1038/srep27730

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important viral respiratory pathogen worldwide. Current knowledge regarding the genetic diversity, seasonality and transmission dynamics of HMPV among adults and children living in tropical climate remains limited. HMPV prevailed at 2.2% (n = 86/3,935) among individuals presented with acute respiratory tract infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between 2012 and 2014. Seasonal peaks were observed during the northeast monsoon season (November-April) and correlated with higher relative humidity and number of rainy days (P

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*

Managing emerging diseases borne by fruit bats (flying foxes), with particular reference to henipaviruses and Australian bat lyssavirus

Mackenzie JS, Field HE, Guyatt KJ

J Appl Microbiol, 2003;94 Suppl:59S-69S.

PMID: 12675937

Since 1994, a number of novel viruses have been described from bats in Australia and Malaysia, particularly from fruit bats belonging to the genus Pteropus (flying foxes), and it is probable that related viruses will be found in other countries across the geographical range of other members of the genus. These viruses include Hendra and Nipah viruses, members of a new genus, Henipaviruses, within the family Paramyxoviridae; Menangle and Tioman viruses, new members of the Rubulavirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae; and Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), a member of the Lyssavirus genus in the family Rhabdoviridae. All but Tioman virus are known to be associated with human and/or livestock diseases. The isolation, disease associations and biological properties of the viruses are described, and are used as the basis for developing management strategies for disease prevention or control. These strategies are directed largely at disease minimization through good farm management practices, reducing the potential for exposure to flying foxes, and better disease recognition and diagnosis, and for ABLV specifically, the use of rabies vaccine for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. Finally, an intriguing and long-term strategy is that of wildlife immunization through plant-derived vaccination.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

Hendra virus disease in horses

Westbury HA

Rev. - Off. Int. Epizoot., 2000 Apr;19(1):151-9.

PMID: 11189712

The author provides an account of the discovery of a previously undescribed disease of horses and a description of the studies involved in determining the aetiology of the disease. The causative virus, now named Hendra virus (HeV), is the reference virus for a proposed new genus within the virus family Paramyxoviridae. The virus is a lethal zoonotic agent able to cause natural disease in humans and horses and experimentally induced disease in cats, guinea-pigs and mice. The virus also naturally infects species of the family Megachiroptera, mainly subclinically, and such animals are the natural host of HeV. The virus appears to transmit readily between species of Megachiroptera, but not readily between horses under natural and experimental conditions, or from horses to humans. The method of transmission from bats to horses is not known. Three incidents of HeV disease in horses have been recorded in Australia--two in 1994 which caused the death of two humans and fifteen horses and one in 1999 which involved the death of a single horse. Hendra virus is related to Nipah virus, the virus that caused disease and mortality in humans, pigs, dogs and cats in Malaysia during 1998 and 1999.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

Nipah virus--a potential agent of bioterrorism?

Lam SK

Antiviral Res, 2003 Jan;57(1-2):113-9.

PMID: 12615307

Nipah virus, a newly emerging deadly paramyxovirus isolated during a large outbreak of viral encephalitis in Malaysia, has many of the physical attributes to serve as a potential agent of bioterrorism. The outbreak caused widespread panic and fear because of its high mortality and the inability to control the disease initially. There were considerable social disruptions and tremendous economic loss to an important pig-rearing industry. This highly virulent virus, believed to be introduced into pig farms by fruit bats, spread easily among pigs and was transmitted to humans who came into close contact with infected animals. From pigs, the virus was also transmitted to other animals such as dogs, cats, and horses. The Nipah virus has the potential to be considered an agent of bioterrorism.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

Emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia

Uppal PK

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2000;916:354-7.

PMID: 11193645

A pig-borne virus causing viral encephalitis amongst human beings in Malaysia was detected in 1997 by the Ministry of Health. Initially, the disease was considered to be Japanese encephalitis. Subsequently, it was thought to be a Hendra-like viral encephalitis, but on 10th April, 1999 the Minister of Health announced this mysterious and deadly virus to be a new virus named Nipah virus. The virus was characterized at CDC, Atlanta, Georgia. The gene sequencing of the enveloped virus revealed that one of the genes had 21% difference in the nucleotide sequence with about 8% difference in the amino acid sequence from Hendra virus isolated from horses in Australia in 1994. The virus was named after the village Nipah. In all, the Ministry of Health declared 101 human casualties, and 900,000 pigs were culled by April, 1999. The worst affected area in Malaysia was Negri Sembilan. The symptoms, incubation period in human being and pigs, animal to human transmission, threat of disease to other livestock, and control program adopted in Malaysia is described.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

New virus fingered in Malaysian epidemic

Enserink M

Science, 1999 Apr 16;284(5413):407, 409-10.

PMID: 10232977 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5413.407

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

Malaysia culls pigs as Nipah virus strikes again

Ahmad K

Lancet, 2000 Jul 15;356(9225):230.

PMID: 10963210

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*

Serological evidence of possible human infection with Tioman virus, a newly described paramyxovirus of bat origin

Yaiw KC, Crameri G, Wang L, Chong HT, Chua KB, Tan CT, et al.

J Infect Dis, 2007 Sep 15;196(6):884-6.

PMID: 17703419

Tioman virus, a relatively new paramyxovirus, was isolated from fruit bats (Pteropus species) on Tioman Island, Malaysia, in 2001. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to T. virus in island inhabitants, by use of comparative ELISA and serum neutralization assays. Of the 169 human sera analyzed, 5 (approximately 3.0%) were positive for T. virus, by comparative ELISA. Of these 5 sera, 3 (1.8% of the total) had neutralizing antibodies against T. virus, suggesting previous infection of this study population by this virus or a similar virus.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

Emerging diseases. Malaysian researchers trace Nipah virus outbreak to bats

Enserink M

Science, 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):518-9.

PMID: 10939954 DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5479.518

Scientists are a step closer to unraveling a medical mystery that killed 105 people in Malaysia last year and destroyed the country's pig industry. The Nipah virus, which caused the disease, most likely originated in a native fruit bat species, Malaysian researchers reported here at a meeting last week. They say the findings will help Malaysian health authorities prevent future outbreaks of the Nipah virus. Others see the case as an argument for expanding research into infections that can leap the boundary between animals and humans.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*

Trailing a virus

Gibbs WW

Sci. Am., 1999 Aug;281(2):80-7.

PMID: 10443039

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

Nipah viral encephalitis or Japanese encephalitis? MR findings in a new zoonotic disease

Lim CC, Sitoh YY, Hui F, Lee KE, Ang BS, Lim E, et al.

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2000 Mar;21(3):455-61.

PMID: 10730635

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: An epidemic of suspected Japanese encephalitis occurred in Malaysia in 1998-1999 among pig farmers. In neighboring Singapore, an outbreak occurred among pig slaughterhouse workers. It was subsequently established that the causative agent in the outbreak was not the Japanese encephalitis virus but a previously unknown Hendra-like paramyxovirus named Nipah virus.

METHODS: The brain MR images of eight patients with Nipah virus infection were reviewed. All patients tested negative for acute Japanese encephalitis virus. Seven patients had contrast-enhanced studies and six had diffusion-weighted examinations.

RESULTS: All patients had multiple small bilateral foci of T2 prolongation within the subcortical and deep white matter. The periventricular region and corpus callosum were also involved. In addition to white matter disease, five patients had cortical lesions, three had brain stem involvement, and a single thalamic lesion was detected in one patient. All lesions were less than 1 cm in maximum diameter. In five patients, diffusion-weighted images showed increased signal. Four patients had leptomeningeal enhancement and four had enhancement of parenchymal lesions.

CONCLUSION: The brain MR findings in patients infected with the newly discovered Nipah paramyxovirus are different from those of patients with Japanese encephalitis. In a zoonotic epidemic, this striking difference in the appearance and distribution of lesions is useful in differentiating these diseases. Diffusion-weighted imaging was advantageous in increasing lesion conspicuity.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

A cohort study of health care workers to assess nosocomial transmissibility of Nipah virus, Malaysia, 1999

Mounts AW, Kaur H, Parashar UD, Ksiazek TG, Cannon D, Arokiasamy JT, et al.

J Infect Dis, 2001 Mar 1;183(5):810-3.

PMID: 11181159 DOI: 10.1086/318822

During 1998-1999, an outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis occurred in Malaysia. To assess the possibility of nosocomial transmission, 338 health care workers (HCWs) exposed and 288 HCWs unexposed to outbreak-related patients were surveyed, and their serum samples were tested for anti-Nipah virus antibody. Needlestick injuries were reported by 12 (3%) HCWs, mucosal surface exposure to body fluids by 39 (11%), and skin exposure to body fluids by 89 (25%). No encephalitis occurred in either group. Three exposed and no unexposed HCWs tested positive by EIA for IgG antibodies. It is likely that these 3 were false positives; no IgM response occurred, and the serum samples were negative for anti-Nipah virus neutralizing antibodies. The risk of nosocomial transmission of Nipah virus appears to be low; however, given the high case-fatality rate and the presence of virus in respiratory secretions and urine of some patients, standard and droplet infection-control practices should be maintained with these patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*

Fulltext Nipah virus among military personnel involved in pig culling during an outbreak of encephalitis in Malaysia, 1998-1999

Ali R, Mounts AW, Parashar UD, Sahani M, Lye MS, Isa MM, et al.

Emerg Infect Dis, 2001 Jul-Aug;7(4):759-61.

PMID: 11592256

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*

Fulltext Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus

Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt BH, Tamin A, Lam SK, et al.

Science, 2000 May 26;288(5470):1432-5.

PMID: 10827955

A paramyxovirus virus termed Nipah virus has been identified as the etiologic agent of an outbreak of severe encephalitis in people with close contact exposure to pigs in Malaysia and Singapore. The outbreak was first noted in late September 1998 and by mid-June 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in Malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in Singapore. Electron microscopic, serologic, and genetic studies indicate that this virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is most closely related to the recently discovered Hendra virus. We suggest that these two viruses are representative of a new genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Like Hendra virus, Nipah virus is unusual among the paramyxoviruses in its ability to infect and cause potentially fatal disease in a number of host species, including humans.

Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission

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