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  1. Fulltext Supplementation with natural forms of vitamin E augments antigen-specific TH1-type immune response to tetanus toxoid
    Radhakrishnan AK, Mahalingam D, Selvaduray KR, Nesaretnam K
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:782067.
    PMID: 23936847 DOI: 10.1155/2013/782067
    This study compared the ability of three forms of vitamin E [tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), alpha-tocopherol (α-T), and delta-tocotrienol (δ-T3)] to enhance immune response to tetanus toxoid (TT) immunisation in a mouse model. Twenty BALB/c mice were divided into four groups of five mice each. The mice were fed with the different forms of vitamin E (1 mg) or vehicle daily for two weeks before they were given the TT vaccine [4 Lf] intramuscularly (i.m.). Booster vaccinations were given on days 28 and 42. Serum was collected (days 0, 28, and 56) to quantify anti-TT levels. At autopsy, splenocytes harvested were cultured with TT or mitogens. The production of anti-TT antibodies was augmented (P < 0.05) in mice that were fed with δ-T3 or TRF compared to controls. The production of IFN-γ and IL-4 by splenocytes from the vitamin E treated mice was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that from controls. The IFN-γ production was the highest in animals supplemented with δ-T3 followed by TRF and finally α-T. Production of TNF-α was suppressed in the vitamin E treated group compared to vehicle-supplemented controls. Supplementation with δ-T3 or TRF can enhance immune response to TT immunisation and production of cytokines that promote cell-mediated (TH1) immune response.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/drug effects; Th1 Cells/immunology
  2. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of immune cells in Oral Mucosal Lichen Planus (OMLP)
    Sinon S, Rich A, Firth N, Seymour G
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:65-71.
    Cell mediated immunity is currently thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal lichen planus (OMLP). However, literature reveals there is no large scale data of immunohistochemistry (IHC) study on these immune cell populations. The aim of this study was to assess and compare immune cell surface identification markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD83 between the OMLP (n=40) and non-specific inflammatory lesions (as control group) (n=10) qualitatively and quantitatively. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests have been used to make comparison between the test and control group, p values of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. T cell surface markers (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), B cells (CD19+) and mature dendritic cells (CD83+) showed intense immunostaining in OMLP tissues with a significantly higher expression of positive cells than in the control group (p<0.05). CD3, CD4 and CD8+ve T cells were the predominant inflammatory cell type in OMLP rather than CD19+ B cells, supporting the role of Th1 cells in the pathogenesis of OMLP. CD83+ mature dendritic cells were present in the least number and were mostly localized to areas where there were aggregates of lymphocyte. There was a positive correlation and direct relationship between T and B lymphocyte subsets whereby as one subset increased, the other follows.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells
  3. Fulltext Immunostimulatory effects of the standardized extract of Tinospora crispa on innate immune responses in Wistar Kyoto rats
    Ahmad W, Jantan I, Kumolosasi E, Bukhari SN
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015;9:2961-73.
    PMID: 26089645 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S85405
    Tinospora crispa (TC) has been used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of various diseases and has been reported for several pharmacological activities. However, the effects of TC extract on the immune system are largely unknown. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of a standardized 80% ethanol extract of the stem of TC on innate immune responses. Male Wistar Kyoto rats were treated daily at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg doses of the extract for 21 days by oral gavage. The immunomodulatory potential of TC was evaluated by determining its effect on chemotaxis and phagocytic activity of neutrophils isolated from the blood of rats. To further elucidate the mechanism of action, its effects on the proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes subsets (CD4+ and CD8+) and on the secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines were also monitored. The main components of the extracts, syringin and magnoflorine, were identified and quantitatively analyzed in the extracts by using a validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. It was observed that the chemotactic activity of neutrophils obtained from extract-treated rats increased as compared to controls. A dose-dependent increase in the number of migrated cells and phagocytosis activity of neutrophils was observed. Dose-dependent increase was also observed in the T- and B-lymphocytes proliferation stimulated with concanavalin A (5 μg/mL) and lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/mL), and was statistically significant at 400 mg/kg (P>0.01). Apart from cell-mediated immune response, the concentrations of Th1 (TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines were significantly increased in sera of rats treated with different doses as compared with the control group. From these findings, it can be concluded that TC possesses immunostimulatory activity and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of immune diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/drug effects; Th1 Cells/metabolism
  4. Fulltext Changing survival, memory cell compartment, and T-helper balance of lymphocytes between severe and mild asthma
    Abdulamir AS, Hafidh RR, Abubakar F, Abbas KA
    BMC Immunol, 2008;9:73.
    PMID: 19087256 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-73
    BACKGROUND: Asthma is a complicated network of inflammatory reactions. It is classified into mild, moderate, and severe persistent asthma. The success of asthma therapy relies much on understanding the underlying mechanisms of inflammation at each stage of asthma severity. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in apoptotic potential, CD4/CD8 ratio, memory compartment, and T- helper (Th) 1 and 2 profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in patients with mild intermittent asthma and severe persistent asthma during exacerbation periods.
    RESULTS: Four research lines were investigated and compared among mild asthmatics, severe asthmatics, and healthy groups by applying immunocytochemical staining of PBL. Antiapoptotic and proapoptotic proteins with Bcl-2/Bax ratio, CD4, CD8 markers with CD4+/CD8+ ratio, CD45RO+, CD45RA+ markers with memory/naive ratio (CD45RO+/CD45RA+). Th2/Th1 cytokines balance represented by IL-4/IFN-gamma ratio was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for in vitro PBL cytokine synthesis. It was found that Bcl-2/Bax ratio was higher in severe than in mild asthmatics which in turn was higher than in healthy group. And memory/naive ratio of PBL was higher in severe than in mild asthmatics. Moreover, memory cells, CD45RO+ and CD45RO+/CD45RA+ ratio were correlated directly with Bcl-2/Bax, in severe and mild asthma patients. In contrast, CD4+/CD8+ ratio was not changed significantly among healthy group, mild and severe asthmatics. However, CD8+ cells were correlated directly with memory cells, CD45RO+, in severe asthmatics only. Interestingly, the dominant profile of cytokines appeared to change from T helper 2 (Th2) in mild asthmatics to T helper 1 (Th1) in severe asthmatics where the lowest in vitro IL-4/IFN-gamma ratio and highest IFN-gamma were found.
    CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the underlying mechanisms of inflammation might vary greatly with asthma stage of severity. Mild intermittent asthma is mainly Th2 allergen-oriented reaction during exacerbations with good level of apoptosis making the inflammation as self-limiting, while in severe persistent asthma, the inflammatory reaction mediated mainly by Th1 cytokines with progressive loss of apoptosis leading to longer exacerbations, largely expanded memory cells, CD45RO+, leading to persistent baseline inflammation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/immunology; Th1 Cells/metabolism*; Th1 Cells/pathology
  5. The dichotomy of the systemic and local cytokine responses of mucosal leishmaniasis patients in Sudan: A pilot study
    Abdelhaleem AA, Elamin EM, Elhassan AM, Nail AM, Abdullah NE, Mukhtar MM
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Dec 01;37(4):877-883.
    PMID: 33612741 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.4.877
    Sudanese mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is a rare clinical form of leishmaniasis and characterized by persistent ulcer of the oral and/or the nasal mucous membranes caused by Leishmania donovani. No data is available about the systemic and local immune responses in mucosal leishmaniasis. This study aimed to measure the systemic and the local cytokines responses of Sudanese ML patients compared to cured cutaneous leishmaniasis patients (Leishmanin skin test positive, LST+ve) and unexposed healthy controls (Leishmanin skin test negative, LST-ve). Six parasitological confirmed ML patients, 7 LST+ve, and 6 LST-ve were enrolled. Systemic Th-1 (IFN-γ and TNF-α), Th-2 (IL-10 and IL-13), Treg (TGF-β1), and inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 concentration were measured in the supernatant of whole blood samples following stimulation with live L. donovani promastigotes using ELISA. Local intralesion IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-13 expression was measured using Real Time PCR. A significant high concentrations of IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-10, TGFβ, IL-6, and IL-8 were detected in the supernatant of stimulated whole blood samples of ML patients compared with the LST+ve and LST-ve controls. Using Real Time-PCR and primers for various cytokines, a significant high expression of TH2 cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 mRNA was detected in contrast to a low TH1 cytokine IFN-γ mRNA in the mucosal lesion. There is a clear dichotomy in the cytokine response during Mucosal leishmaniasis. A significantly high TH1, inflammatory and Treg cytokines response is produced systemically, in contrast to a significant high TH2 cytokines response in the mucosal lesion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells
  6. Fulltext IL-4 enhances IL-10 production in Th1 cells: implications for Th1 and Th2 regulation
    Mitchell RE, Hassan M, Burton BR, Britton G, Hill EV, Verhagen J, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2017 Sep 12;7(1):11315.
    PMID: 28900244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11803-y
    IL-10 is an immunomodulatory cytokine with a critical role in limiting inflammation in immune-mediated pathologies. The mechanisms leading to IL-10 expression by CD4(+) T cells are being elucidated, with several cytokines implicated. We explored the effect of IL-4 on the natural phenomenon of IL-10 production by a chronically stimulated antigen-specific population of differentiated Th1 cells. In vitro, IL-4 blockade inhibited while addition of exogenous IL-4 to Th1 cultures enhanced IL-10 production. In the in vivo setting of peptide immunotherapy leading to a chronically stimulated Th1 phenotype, lack of IL-4Rα inhibited the induction of IL-10. Exploring the interplay of Th1 and Th2 cells through co-culture, Th2-derived IL-4 promoted IL-10 expression by Th1 cultures, reducing their pathogenicity in vivo. Co-culture led to upregulated c-Maf expression with no decrease in the proportion of T-bet(+) cells in these cultures. Addition of IL-4 also reduced the encephalitogenic capacity of Th1 cultures. These data demonstrate that IL-4 contributes to IL-10 production and that Th2 cells modulate Th1 cultures towards a self-regulatory phenotype, contributing to the cross-regulation of Th1 and Th2 cells. These findings are important in the context of Th1 driven diseases since they reveal how the Th1 phenotype and function can be modulated by IL-4.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells
  7. Fulltext Differential polarization and the expression of efferocytosis receptor MerTK on M1 and M2 macrophages isolated from coronary artery disease patients
    Mohd Idrus FN, Ahmad NS, Hoe CH, Azlan M, Norfuad FA, Yusof Z, et al.
    BMC Immunol, 2021 03 24;22(1):21.
    PMID: 33761885 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00410-2
    BACKGROUND: Differential polarization of macrophage into M1 and M2 mediates atherosclerotic plaque clearance through efferocytosis. Higher expression of Mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MerTK) on M2 macrophage helps in maintaining macrophage efferocytic efficiency. In healthy individuals, macrophage polarization into M1 and M2 occurs in tissues in concomitance with the acquisition of functional phenotypes depending on specific microenvironment stimuli. However, whether the macrophage differential polarization and MerTK expression vary in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients remain unknown.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to elucidate the polarization of M1 and M2 macrophage from CAD patients as well as to investigate the expression of MerTK in these macrophage phenotypes.

    METHODS: A total of 14 (n) CAD patients were recruited and subsequently grouped into "no apparent CAD", "non-obstructive CAD" and "obstructive CAD" according to the degree of stenosis. Thirty ml of venous blood was withdrawn to obtain monocyte from the patients. The M1 macrophage was generated by treating the monocyte with GMCSF, LPS and IFN-γ while MCSF, IL-4 and IL-13 were employed to differentiate monocyte into M2 macrophage. After 7 days of polarization, analysis of cell surface differentiation markers (CD86+/CD80+ for M1 and CD206+/CD200R+ for M2) and measurement of MerTK expression were performed using flow cytometry.

    RESULTS: Both M1 and M2 macrophage expressed similar level of CD86, CD80 and CD206 in all groups of CAD patients. MerTK expression in no apparent CAD patients was significantly higher in M2 macrophage compared to M1 macrophage [12.58 ± 4.40 vs. 6.58 ± 1.37, p = 0.040].

    CONCLUSION: Differential polarization of macrophage into M1 and M2 was highly dynamic and can be varied due to the microenvironment stimuli in atherosclerotic plaque. Besides, higher expression of MerTK in patients with the least coronary obstructive suggest its vital involvement in efferocytosis.

    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/immunology
  8. Development of two salmonella-based oral vaccines against human respiratory syncytial virus
    Azizi Jalilian F, Yusoff K, Suhaimi S, Amini R, Sekawi Z, Jahanshiri F
    J Biol Regul Homeost Agents, 2015 Jan-Mar;29(1):7-18.
    PMID: 25864737
    Human respiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and other respiratory infections in infants and the elderly worldwide. We have developed two new oral vaccines using Salmonella typhi TY21a to carry and express the immunogenic epitopes of RSV fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins on its surface, separately. To evaluate the efficacy of the designed vaccines, BALB/c mice were orally immunized and then infected with RSV. Immune response analyses showed that cellmediated, mucosal and humoral immunity in the vaccinated mice were significantly enhanced compared to the control group. Both vaccines generated a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response which is crucial for efficiency of vaccines against RSV. Furthermore, histopathological examination proved that these vaccines were safe as they did not cause any Th2-associated adverse effects in the lungs of RSV-infected mice. The findings of this research suggest that Salmonella-F and Salmonella-G vaccine candidates may have strong potential to prevent RSV infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/drug effects; Th1 Cells/immunology
  9. Ablation of IL-33 gene exacerbate myocardial remodeling in mice with heart failure induced by mechanical stress
    Veeraveedu PT, Sanada S, Okuda K, Fu HY, Matsuzaki T, Araki R, et al.
    Biochem Pharmacol, 2017 Aug 15;138:73-80.
    PMID: 28450225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.022
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: ST2 is one of the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor family members comprising of membrane-bound (ST2L) and soluble (sST2) isoforms. Clinical trials have revealed that serum sST2 levels predict outcome in patient with myocardial infarction or chronic heart failure (HF). Meanwhile, we and others have reported that ablation of ST2 caused exaggerated cardiac remodeling in both ischemic and non-ischemic HF. Here, we tested whether IL-33, the ligand for ST2, protects myocardium against HF induced by mechanical overload using ligand specific knockout (IL-33(-/-)) mice.

    METHODS AND RESULTS: Transverse aortic constriction (TAC)/sham surgery were carried out in both IL-33 and WT-littermates. Echocardiographic measurements were performed at frequent interval during the study period. Heart was harvested for RNA and histological measurements. Following mechanical overload by TAC, myocardial mRNA expressions of Th1 cytokines, such as TNF-α were enhanced in IL-33(-/-) mice than in WT mice. After 8-weeks, IL-33(-/-) mice exhibited exacerbated left ventricular hypertrophy, increased chamber dilation, reduced fractional shortening, aggravated fibrosis, inflammation, and impaired survival compared with WT littermates. Accordingly, myocardial mRNA expressions of hypertrophic (c-Myc/BNP) molecular markers were also significantly enhanced in IL-33(-/-) mice than those in WT mice.

    CONCLUSIONS: We report for the first time that ablation of IL-33 directly and significantly leads to exacerbate cardiac remodeling with impaired cardiac function and survival upon mechanical stress. These data highlight the cardioprotective role of IL-33/ST2 system in the stressed myocardium and reveal a potential therapeutic role for IL-33 in non-ischemic HF.

    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/immunology; Th1 Cells/metabolism
  10. Phytosterols isolated from Clinacanthus nutans induce immunosuppressive activity in murine cells
    Le CF, Kailaivasan TH, Chow SC, Abdullah Z, Ling SK, Fang CM
    Int Immunopharmacol, 2017 Mar;44:203-210.
    PMID: 28119186 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.013
    Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau is a traditional medicinal plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family. Its therapeutic potentials have been increasingly documented particularly the antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. However, majority of these studies used crude or fractionated extracts and not much is known about individual compounds from these extracts and their biological activities. In the present study, we have isolated four compounds (CN1, CN2, CN3 and CN4) from the hexane fractions of C. nutans leaves. Using NMR spectroscopic analysis, these compounds were identified to be shaftoside (CN1), stigmasterol (CN2), β-sitosterol (CN3) and a triterpenoid lupeol (CN4). To determine the immunosuppressive potential of these compounds, their effects on mitogens induced T and B lymphocyte proliferation and the secretion of helper T cell cytokines were examined. Among the four compounds, stigmasterol (CN2) and β-sitosterol (CN3) were shown to readily inhibit T cell proliferation mediated by Concanavalin A (ConA). However, only β-sitosterol (CN3) and not stigmasterol (CN2) blocks the secretion of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Both compounds have no effect on the secretion of Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ), suggesting that β-sitosterol treatment selectively suppresses Th2 activity and promotes a Th1 bias. CN3 was also found to significantly reduce the proliferation of both T helper cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8(+)CD25(+)) following T cell activation induced by ConA. These results suggested that phytosterols isolated from C. nutans possess immunomodulatory effects with potential development as immunotherapeutics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/drug effects*; Th1 Cells/immunology
  11. Increase of Plasma TNF-α Is Associated with Decreased Levels of Blood Platelets in Clinical Dengue Infection
    Meena AA, Murugesan A, Sopnajothi S, Yong YK, Ganesh PS, Vimali IJ, et al.
    Viral Immunol, 2019 09 18;33(1):54-60.
    PMID: 31532346 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0100
    Dengue virus (DENV) infection has become an increasingly common concern in tropical and subtropical regions. It has protean manifestations ranging from febrile phase to severe life-threatening illness. In this study, we estimated Th1 and Th2 cytokines and correlated the levels with dengue severity along with certain hematological and biochemical parameters. We also studied the seroprevalence of dengue between October and December 2017 at the Government Theni Medical College, India. Individuals with dengue fever (DF) were positive for either IgM or IgG, or both. The biochemical and hematological parameters along with plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-13, IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-5, IL-4, and IL-2 cytokines were estimated. The prevalence of DF was 42.9% during the study period. IL-2, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/immunology
  12. Differential expression of immune-related genes in the bursa of Fabricius of two inbred chicken lines following infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus
    Mohd Isa F, Ahmed Al-Haj N, Mat Isa N, Ideris A, Powers C, Oladapo O, et al.
    Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 2020 Feb;68:101399.
    PMID: 31837598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101399
    Among different inbred chickens' lines, we previously showed that lines P and N of Institute for Animal Health, Compton, UK are the most susceptible and the least affected lines, respectively, following infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV). In this study, the differential expressions of 29 different immune-related genes were characterized. Although, birds from both lines succumbed to infection, line P showed greater bursal lesion scores and higher viral copy numbers compared to line N. Interestingly, line N showed greater down-regulation of B cell related genes (BLNK, TNFSF13B and CD72) compared to line P. While up-regulation of T-cell related genes (CD86 and CTLA4) and Th1 associated cytokines (IFNG, IL2, IL12A and IL15) were documented in both lines, the expression levels of these genes were different in the two lines. Meanwhile, the expression of IFN-related genes IFNB, STAT1, and IRF10, but not IRF5, were up-regulated in both lines. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1B, IL6, IL18, and IL17) and chemokines (CXCLi2, CCL4, CCL5 and CCR5) were up-regulated in both lines with greater increase documented in line P compared to line N. Strikingly, the expression of IL12B was detected only in line P whilst the expression of IL15RA was detected only in line N. In conclusion, the bursal immunopathology of IBDV correlates more with expression of proinflammatory response related genes and does not related to expression of B-cell related genes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/immunology
  13. Staphylococcal infections and infertility: mechanisms and management
    Dutta S, Sengupta P, Izuka E, Menuba I, Jegasothy R, Nwagha U
    Mol Cell Biochem, 2020 Nov;474(1-2):57-72.
    PMID: 32691256 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03833-4
    Infertility is a subject of worldwide concern as it affects approximately 15% of couples. Among the prime contributors of infertility, urogenital bacterial infections have lately gained much clinical importance. Staphylococcal species are commensal bacteria and major human pathogens mediating an array of reproductive tract infections. Emerging evidences are 'bit by bit' revealing the mechanisms by which Staphylococci strategically disrupt normal reproductive functions. Staphylococcal species can directly or through hematogenous routes can invade the reproductive tissues. In the testicular cells, epididymis as well as in various compartments of female reproductive tracts, the pathogen recognition receptors, toll-like receptors (TLRs), can recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the Staphylococci and thereby activate inflammatory signalling pathways. These elicit pro-inflammatory mediators trigger other immune cells to infiltrate and release further inflammatory agents and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adaptive immune responses may intensify the inflammation-induced reproductive tissue damage, particularly via activation of T-helper (Th) cells, Th1 and Th17 by the innate components or by staphylococcal exotoxins. Staphylococcal surface factors binding with sperm membrane proteins can directly impair sperm functions. Although Staphylococci, being one of the most virulent bacterial species, are major contributors in infection-induced infertility in both males and females, the mechanisms of their operations remain under-discussed. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive perception of the possible mechanisms of staphylococcal infection-induced male and female infertility and aid potential interventions to address the lack of competent therapeutic measures for staphylococcal infection-induced infertility.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells
  14. Effect of L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine, an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on murine immune response induced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide
    Sosroseno W, Musa M, Ravichandran M, Fikri Ibrahim M, Bird PS, Seymour GJ
    J Periodontal Res, 2007 Apr;42(2):124-30.
    PMID: 17305870
    Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity is known to regulate the immune response. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL), an iNOS inhibitor, on the induction of immune response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide in mice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/immunology
  15. Novel drug delivery approaches in treating pulmonary fibrosis
    Dua K, Awasthi R, Madan JR, Chellappan DK, Nalluri BN, Gupta G, et al.
    Panminerva Med, 2018 Dec;60(4):238-240.
    PMID: 29480673 DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.18.03428-6
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells
  16. Fulltext Efficient immuno-modulation of TH1/TH2 biomarkers in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis: nanocarrier-mediated transcutaneous co-delivery of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs
    Hussain Z, Katas H, Mohd Amin MC, Kumolosasi E
    PLoS One, 2014;9(11):e113143.
    PMID: 25396426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113143
    The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate the immuno-modulatory and histological stabilization effects of nanocarrier-based transcutaneous co-delivery of hydrocortisone (HC) and hydroxytyrosol (HT). In this investigation, the clinical and pharmacological efficacies of nanoparticle (NP)-based formulation to alleviate 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) was explored by using an NC/Nga mouse model. Ex vivo visual examination of AD induction in experimental mice indicated remarkable control of NP-based formulations in reducing pathological severity of AD-like skin lesions. Therapeutic effectiveness of NP-based formulations was also evaluated by comparing skin thickness of AD-induced NP-treated mice (456±27 µm) with that of atopic mice (916±37 µm). Analysis of the immuno-spectrum of AD also revealed the dominance of NP-based formulations in restraining immunoglobulin-E (IgE), histamine, prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), vascular endothelial growth factor-α (VEGF-α), and T-helper cells (TH1/TH2) producing cytokines in serum and skin biopsies of tested mice. These anti-AD data were further supported by histological findings that revealed alleviated pathological features, including collagen fiber deposition, fibroblasts infiltration, and fragmentation of elastic fibers in experimental mice. Thus, NP-mediated transcutaneous co-delivery of HC and HT can be considered as a promising therapy for managing immunological and histological spectra associated with AD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/immunology; Th1 Cells/metabolism*
  17. Effect of exogenous nitric oxide on murine immune response induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide
    Sosroseno W, Bird PS, Seymour GJ
    J Periodontal Res, 2009 Aug;44(4):529-36.
    PMID: 18973550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01157.x
    Elevated nitric oxide (NO) has been associated with destructive periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that exogenous NO may inhibit a protective immune response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a murine model.
    Matched MeSH terms: Th1 Cells/immunology
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