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Possible causes of variation in acrylamide concentration in French fries prepared in food service establishments: an observational study

Sanny M, Jinap S, Bakker EJ, van Boekel MA, Luning PA

Food Chem, 2012 May 1;132(1):134-43.
PMID: 26434272 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.044

Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen, and its presence in a range of fried and oven-cooked foods has raised considerable health concern world-wide. Dietary intake studies observed significant variations in acrylamide concentrations, which complicate risk assessment and the establishment of effective control measures. The objective of this study was to obtain an insight into the actual variation in acrylamide concentrations in French fries prepared under typical conditions in a food service establishment (FSE). Besides acrylamide, frying time, frying temperature, and reducing sugars were measured and the actual practices at receiving, thawing and frying during French fries preparation were observed and recorded. The variation in the actual frying temperature contributed most to the variation in acrylamide concentrations, followed by the variation in actual frying time; no obvious effect of reducing sugars was found. The lack of standardised control of frying temperature and frying time (due to inadequate frying equipment) and the variable practices of food handlers seem to contribute most to the large variation and high acrylamide concentrations in French fries prepared in a restaurant type of FSE as compared to chain fast-food services, and institutional caterers. The obtained insights in this study can be used to develop dedicated control measures in FSE, which may contribute to a sustainable reduction in the acrylamide intake.

Matched MeSH terms: Acrylamide/chemistry*
Effect of amino acids and frequency of reuse frying oils at different temperature on acrylamide formation in palm olein and soy bean oils via modeling system

Daniali G, Jinap S, Sanny M, Tan CP

Food Chem, 2018 Apr 15;245:1-6.
PMID: 29287315 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.070

This work investigated the underlying formation of acrylamide from amino acids in frying oils during high temperatures and at different times via modeling systems. Eighteen amino acids were used in order to determine which one was more effective on acrylamide production. Significantly the highest amount of acrylamide was produced from asparagine (5987.5µg/kg) and the lowest from phenylalanine (9.25µg/kg). A constant amount of asparagine and glutamine in palm olein and soy bean oils was heated up in modelling system at different temperatures (160, 180 and 200°C) and times (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5min). The highest amount of acrylamide was found at 200°C for 7.5min (9317 and 8511µg/kg) and lowest at 160°C for 1.5min (156 and 254µg/kg) in both frying oils and both amino acids. Direct correlations have been found between time (R2=0.884), temperature (R2=0.951) and amount of acrylamide formation, both at p<0.05.

Matched MeSH terms: Acrylamide/chemistry*
Fulltext Reduction of saltiness and acrylamide levels in palm sugar-like flavouring through buffer modification and the addition of calcium chloride

Tan PY, Tan CP, Abas F, Ho CW, Mustapha WA

Molecules, 2013 Jun 10;18(6):6792-803.
PMID: 23752466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066792

Palm sugar-like flavouring (PSLF) is a type of flavour product that is formed by heating amino acids and sugar under specific heating conditions. Unfortunately, PSLF has a salty taste and contains high amounts of acrylamide. Hence, the objective of this research was to reduce saltiness and acrylamide without negatively affecting the aroma properties of PSLF. A decrease in the sodium phosphate (NaHPO₄) buffer concentration from 0.20 to 0.02 M was found to reduce sodium to approximately 15% of the level found in original PSLF. A further decrease (~25%) in the sodium content was achieved by removing monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄) from the buffer system. Meanwhile, the addition of CaCl₂ at 20-40 mg/L reduced the acrylamide content in PSLF by as much as 58%. A CaCl₂ concentration of 20 mg/mL was most favourable as it most efficiently suppressed acrylamide formation while providing an acceptably high flavour yield in PSLF. In view of the high acrylamide content in PSLF, additional work is necessary to further reduce the amount of acrylamide by controlling the asparagine concentration in the precursor mixture.

Matched MeSH terms: Acrylamide/chemistry*
Isolation and characterization of an acrylamide-degrading Antarctic bacterium

Shukor MY, Gusmanizar N, Ramli J, Shamaan NA, MacCormack WP, Syed MA

J Environ Biol, 2009 Jan;30(1):107-12.
PMID: 20112871

The presence of acrylamide in the environment poses a threat due to its well known neurotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic properties. Human activities in various geographical areas are the main anthropogenic source of acrylamide pollution. In this work, an acrylamide-degrading bacterium was isolated from Antarctic soil. The physiological characteristics and optimum growth conditions of the acrylamide-degrading bacteria were investigated. The isolate was tentatively identified as Pseudomonas sp. strain DRYJ7 based on carbon utilization profiles using Biolog GN plates and partial 16S rDNA molecular phylogeny. The results showed that the best carbon sources for growth was glucose and sucrose with no significant difference in terms of cellular growth between the two carbon sources (p>0.05). This was followed by fructose and maltose with fructose giving significantly higher cellular growth compared to maltose (p<0.05). Lactose and citric acid did not support growth. The optimum acrylamide concentration as a nitrogen source for cellular growth was at 500 mgl(-1). At this concentration, bacterial growth showed a 2-day lag phase before degradation took place concomitant with an increase in cellular growth. The isolate exhibited optimum growth in between pH 7.5 and 8.5. The effect of incubation temperature on the growth of this isolate showed an optimum growth at 15 degrees C. The characteristics of this isolate suggest that it would be useful in the bioremediation of acrylamide.

Matched MeSH terms: Acrylamide/chemistry
Bacterial cellulose/acrylamide pH-sensitive smart hydrogel: development, characterization, and toxicity studies in ICR mice model

Pandey M, Mohamad N, Amin MC

Mol Pharm, 2014 Oct 6;11(10):3596-608.
PMID: 25157890 DOI: 10.1021/mp500337r

The objective of this study is to synthesize and evaluate acute toxicity of the bacterial cellulose (BC)/acrylamide (Am) hydrogels as noncytotoxic and biocompatible oral drug delivery vehicles. A novel series of solubilized BC/Am hydrogels were synthesized using a microwave irradiation method. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), swelling ratio, porosity, drug release, and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility experiments. FTIR spectra revealed that the BC crystallinity and gel fraction decreased as the NaOH concentration increased from 2% to 10% w/v, whereas the optical transparency, pH sensitivity, and porosity were enhanced with increasing alkali concentration. Theophylline was used as a model drug for drug loading and release studies. The percentage of drug released was higher at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.5. In vitro cytotoxicity and hemolytic tests indicated that the BC/Am hydrogel is noncytotoxic and hemocompatible. Results of acute oral toxicity tests on ICR mice suggested that the hydrogels are nontoxic up to 2000 mg/kg when administered orally, as no toxic response or histopathological changes were observed in comparison to control mice. The results of this study demonstrated that the pH-sensitive smart hydrogel makes it a possible safe carrier for oral drug delivery.

Matched MeSH terms: Acrylamide/chemistry*
Preparation of letrozole dispersed pHEMA/AAm-g-LDPE drug release system: In-vitro release kinetics for the treatment of endometriosis

Siddiqa AJ, Shrivastava NK, Ali Mohsin ME, Abidi MH, Shaikh TA, El-Meligy MA

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2019 Jul 01;179:445-452.
PMID: 31005739 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.014

This paper focuses on the development of a drug delivery system for systemically controlled release of a poorly soluble drug, letrozole. The work meticulously describes the preparation and characterizations of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) polymerization onto hydrophilic acrylamide grafted low-density polyethylene (AAm-g-LDPE) surface for targeted drug release system. The surface morphology and thickness measurement of coated pHEMA layer were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling study was done in deionized (DI) water and simulated uterine fluid (SUF, pH = 7.6). In vitro release of letrozole from the system was performed in SUF. Further, the release kinetics of letrozole from the system was studied using different mathematical models. The results, suggest that the rate of drug release can be altered by varying the concentrations of cross-linker in pHEMA. The optimized sample released 72% drug at the end of 72 h of measurement.

Matched MeSH terms: Acrylamide/chemistry*
From formulation of acrylamide-based hydrogels to their optimization for drug release using response surface methodology

Sabbagh F, Muhamad II, Nazari Z, Mobini P, Taraghdari SB

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2018 Nov 01;92:20-25.
PMID: 30184743 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.022

This study conducted on the structure of modified acrylamide-based hydrogel by synthesizing the nano composites. The hydrogels employed in this study were provided through a combination of acrylamide monomers, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles by crosslinking polymerization. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine and ammonium persulfate as the initiator was applied in the structure of the polymer. Findings of the study considered the nano composites consisting of MgO have the highest swelling ratio compared to pure Aam hydrogels. Thus, MgO is an appropriate nanoparticle to be used in the nano composites. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD Design) was applied to optimize the preparation variables of a hydrogel consisted of MgO, NaCMC. With the swelling ratio for acrylamide-based hydrogel as the response, the effects of two variables, i.e. MgO and NaCMC were investigated. The effects of pH, temperature, MgO, and NaCMC on the drug release were investigated using the CCD design. The predicted appropriate drug release conditions for the hydrogel at the highest rate of temperature (37.50 °C) and pH: 4.10, is at its highest value, while the lower drug release is at temperature 38 °C and pH 3.50. With the desired value of MgO (0.01 g) and amount of NaCMC (0.1 g).

Matched MeSH terms: Acrylamide/chemistry
Isolation and characterization of an acrylamide-degrading Bacillus cereus

Shukor MY, Gusmanizar N, Azmi NA, Hamid M, Ramli J, Shamaan NA, et al.

J Environ Biol, 2009 Jan;30(1):57-64.
PMID: 20112864

Several local acrylamide-degrading bacteria have been isolated. One of the isolate that exhibited the highest growth on acrylamide as a nitrogen source was then further characterized. The isolate was tentatively identified as Bacillus cereus strain DRY135 based on carbon utilization profiles using Biolog GP plates and partial 16S rDNA molecular phylogeny. The isolate grew optimally in between the temperatures of 25 and 30 degrees C and within the pH range of 6.8 to 7.0. Glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, citric acid and sucrose supported growth with glucose being the best carbon source. Different concentrations of acrylamide ranging from 100 to 4000 mg l(-1) incorporated into the growth media shows that the highest growth was obtained at acrylamide concentrations of between 500 to 1500 mg l(-1). At 1000 mg l(-1) of acrylamide, degradation was 90% completed after ten days of incubation with concomitant cell growth. The metabolite acrylic acid was detected in the media during degradation. Other amides such as methacrylamide, nicotinamide, acetamide, propionamide and urea supported growth with the highest growth supported by acetamide, propionamide and urea. Strain DRY135, however was not able to assimilate 2-chloroacetamide. The characteristics of this isolate suggest that it would be useful in the bioremediation of acrylamide.

Matched MeSH terms: Acrylamide/chemistry
Fulltext Acrylamide and Glycidamide Hemoglobin Adducts and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study in Nonsmoking Postmenopausal Women from the EPIC Cohort

Obón-Santacana M, Lujan-Barroso L, Travis RC, Freisling H, Ferrari P, Severi G, et al.

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2016 Jan;25(1):127-34.
PMID: 26598536 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0822

BACKGROUND: Acrylamide was classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans (group 2A)" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fourth cause of cancer mortality in women. Five epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between EOC risk and dietary acrylamide intake assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and one nested case-control study evaluated hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide (HbAA) and its metabolite glycidamide (HbGA) and EOC risk; the results of these studies were inconsistent.
METHODS: A nested case-control study in nonsmoking postmenopausal women (334 cases, 417 controls) was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between HbAA, HbGA, HbAA+HbGA, and HbGA/HbAA and EOC and invasive serous EOC risk.
RESULTS: No overall associations were observed between biomarkers of acrylamide exposure analyzed in quintiles and EOC risk; however, positive associations were observed between some middle quintiles of HbGA and HbAA+HbGA. Elevated but nonstatistically significant ORs for serous EOC were observed for HbGA and HbAA+HbGA (ORQ5vsQ1, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.96-3.81 and ORQ5vsQ1, 1.90; 95% CI, 0.94-3.83, respectively); however, no linear dose-response trends were observed.
CONCLUSION: This EPIC nested case-control study failed to observe a clear association between biomarkers of acrylamide exposure and the risk of EOC or invasive serous EOC.
IMPACT: It is unlikely that dietary acrylamide exposure increases ovarian cancer risk; however, additional studies with larger sample size should be performed to exclude any possible association with EOC risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Acrylamide/chemistry