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Effect of tocotrienol supplementation on hormones and catecholamines in the brain of rats exposed to stress

Nur Azlina Mohd Fahami Mail, Naddiah Syafiqah Ramli Mail, Elda Surhaida Latif Mail

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2411-2419.

Stres merupakan sebarang gangguan, cabaran atau ancaman kepada seseorang individu yang merangsang perubahan
respon fizikal, mental dan emosi. Hormon stres dan katekolamin dirembeskan di dalam otak sebagai respon terhadap
stres. Kajian ini mengenal pasti kesan tokotrienol tulen dan vitamin E sawit ke atas perubahan hormon stres dan
katekolamin pada tikus yang diaruhkan stres imobilisasi rendaman air. Sebanyak 32 ekor tikus Wistar jantan telah
dibahagikan secara rawak kepada empat kumpulan kajian. Dua kumpulan kawalan; kumpulan tanpa stres (NS) dan
kumpulan tanpa stres (CS) serta dua kumpulan rawatan yang diberikan tokotrienol (TTS) atau vitamin E sawit (TFS)
secara oral paksaan pada dos 60 mg/kg berat badan selama 28 hari. Setelah tamat tempoh rawatan, tikus daripada
kumpulan CS, TTS dan TFS telah didedahkan kepada stres imobilisasi rendaman air selama tiga setengan jam. Kemudian,
otak tikus diambil untuk pengukuran hormon pelepasan kotikotrofin (CRH), hormon adenokortikotropik (ACTH),
norepinefrin, dopamin dan serotonin. Keputusan kajian mendapati peningkatan kandungan CRH, ACTH, norepinefrin
dan dopamine di dalam otak tikus yang diaruh stres berbanding kumpulan kawalan tanpa stres. Kandungan serotonin
pula menurun akibat stres. Walau bagaimanapun, tikus yang diberi suplementasi tokotrienol dan vitamin E sawit
menunjukkan penurunan signifikan kandungan CRH, ACTH, norepinefrin dan dopamin serta peningkatan kandungan
dan serotonin sehingga hampir ke aras normal. Tiada perbezaan antara pemberian tokotrienol dan vitamin E sawit.
Sebagai kesimpulan, tokotrienol dan vitamin E sawit berkesan dalam mengawal perubahan hormon stres serta
katekolamin pada otak tikus yang teraruh stres.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Fulltext Ectopic ACTH syndrome - Experience with Etomidate

Tong CV, Hussein Z

J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc, 2017;32(1):54-56.
PMID: 33442086 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.032.01.10

For ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome (EAS), when surgery is not feasible, or in cases of severe biochemical disturbances, immunosuppression or mental instability, medical therapy with agents such as etomidate is indicated. We present our experience in using etomidate for a 41-year old female with EAS secondary to a malignant mediastinal paraganglioma. We were able to demonstrate that etomidate can be used effectively to control severe hypercortisolism in a lower dose than previously described.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Fulltext Relative adrenal insufficiency amongst hospitalized mild to moderate acute ischemic stroke patients

Wahab NA, Razak NZ, Sukor N, Zainudin S, Razali AM, Mustafa N, et al.

Arch Iran Med, 2015 Feb;18(2):89-93.
PMID: 25644796 DOI: 015182/AIM.006

Acute ischemic stroke is a stressful condition where there is marked increase in the production of cortisol. In the past, adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients had been shown to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To date, there have been no studies performed to determine its prevalence among patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood*
Presence of pro-opiomelanocortin peptides and corticotropin-releasing factor in human placenta

Ng ML, Healy DL, Rajna A, Fullerton M, O'Grady C, Funder JW

Malays J Pathol, 1996 Jun;18(1):59-63.
PMID: 10879226

Immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), beta-endorphin (BEP) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) were detected in human term placenta obtained from elective Caesarian surgery. The concentrations of ACTH, BEP and CRF in placenta detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) were 2.83 +/- 0.36, 0.52 +/- 0.05 and 0.56 +/- 0.15 ng/g wet weight of tissue respectively. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides were also detected in the amnion and chorion membranes and in the decidua. The concentrations of ACTH were 1.72 +/- 0.20, 4.43 +/- 0.39 and 5.80 +/- 0.17 ng/g and the levels of BEP were 0.42 +/- 0.18, 0.65 +/- 0.20 and 3.66 +/- 1.10 ng/g in the amnion, chorion and decidua respectively. In contrast to placenta, immunoreactive CRF was not detected in the amnion, chorion and decidua. Immunoreactive N-acetylated BEP was also not detected in all the placental subfractions. Comparison of the amounts of both ACTH and BEP in the various placental components indicated the following distribution: decidua > chorion > placenta > amnion. In decidua, POMC peptides were present in an equi-molar ratio but in the other three placental fractions, ACTH levels were three to five-fold higher than BEP. In immunohistochemical studies, only a positive staining for ACTH was obtained for decidua. Our results confirm the presence of POMC peptides and CRF in placenta and their physiological roles in pregnancy and parturition.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
Fulltext Petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: preliminary experience in University of Malaya Medical Centre

Norlisah R, Abdullah BJJ, Hew FL, Chan SP

Med J Malaysia, 2003 Jun;58(2):180-6.
PMID: 14569737 MyJurnal

Differentiating between Cushing's disease of pituitary origin and ectopic ACTH syndrome of extra-pituitary origin remains a major challenge to the clinician because of limitations in the diagnostic accuracy of the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test. Routine use of inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) is therefore advocated by some authors for these patients. We present our preliminary experience of IPSS in 7 consecutive patients with Cushing's disease and discuss how the results impacted on the patients' management.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
Evaluation of ACTH reserve in pituitary-hypothalamic disease

De Witt GF, Abdullah F, Eravelly J, Selby R

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):276-80.
PMID: 4288690
Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
Endogenous Cushing syndrome from an ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone production as a rare cause of ocular hypertension

Khaw KW, Jalaludin MY, Suhaimi H, Harun F, Subrayan V

J AAPOS, 2010 Aug;14(4):356-7.
PMID: 20637667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2010.04.009

Ocular hypertension caused by endogenous Cushing syndrome from an ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing tumor is rare. We report an 11-year-old boy who presented with intraocular pressures (IOPs) of 50 mm Hg in both eyes. Surgical resection of the tumor was performed with subsequent normalization of serum cortisol and IOP levels.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/secretion*
Acute social defeat stress upregulates gonadotrophin inhibitory hormone and its receptor but not corticotropin-releasing hormone and ACTH in the Male Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Thomas FSK, Higuchi Y, Ogawa S, Soga T, Parhar IS

Peptides, 2021 04;138:170504.
PMID: 33539873 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170504

Stress impairs the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, probably through its influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (= interrenals in the teleost, HPI) axis leading to reproductive failures. In this study, we investigated the response of hypothalamic neuropeptides, gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), a component of the HPG axis, and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) a component of the HPI axis, to acute social defeat stress in the socially hierarchical male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Localization of GnIH cell bodies, GnIH neuronal processes, and numbers of GnIH cells in the brain during acute social defeat stress was studied using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, mRNA levels of GnIH and CRH in the brain together with GnIH receptor, gpr147, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the pituitary were quantified in control and socially defeated fish. Our results show, the number of GnIH-immunoreactive cell bodies and GnIH mRNA levels in the brain and the levels of gpr147 mRNA in the pituitary significantly increased in socially defeated fish. However, CRH and ACTH mRNA levels did not change during social defeat stress. Further, we found glucocorticoid type 2b receptor mRNA in laser captured immunostained GnIH cells. These results show that acute social defeat stress activates GnIH biosynthesis through glucocorticoid receptors type 2b signalling but does not change the CRH and ACTH mRNA expression in the tilapia, which could lead to temporary reproductive dysfunction.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/biosynthesis; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/physiology
Adrenal insufficiency in a child with MELAS syndrome

Afroze B, Amjad N, Ibrahim SH, Humayun KN, Yakob Y

Brain Dev, 2014 Nov;36(10):924-7.
PMID: 24508408 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.12.009

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) are established subgroups of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. m.3243A>G a common point mutation is detected in tRNA in majority of patients with MELAS phenotype whereas m.8344A>G point mutation in tRNA is observed, in MERRF phenotype. Adrenal insufficiency has not been reported in mitochondrial disease, except in Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS), which is a mitochondrial deletion syndrome. We report an unusual presentation in a five year old boy who presented with clinical phenotype of MELAS and was found to have m.8344A>G mutation in tRNA. Addison disease was identified due to hyperpigmentation of lips and gums present from early childhood. This is the first report describing adrenal insufficiency in a child with MELAS phenotype.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
Fulltext Mood and memory function in ovariectomised rats exposed to social instability stress

Al-Rahbi B, Zakaria R, Othman Z, Hassan A, Muthuraju S, Wan Mohammad WM

Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:493643.
PMID: 23841073 DOI: 10.1155/2013/493643

This study aims to compare the effects of social instability stress on memory and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour between sham-operated controls and ovariectomised (OVX) rats. Forty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups, (n = 10 per group). These were non-stressed sham-operated control rats, stressed sham-operated control rats, non-stressed OVX rats, and stressed OVX rats. The rats were subjected to social instability stress procedure for 15 days. Novel object recognition, open field, and forced swim tests were conducted after the stress procedure. Serum estradiol, ACTH and corticosterone levels were measured using commercially available ELISA kits. Lower serum estradiol level and uterine weight with higher weight gain were observed in OVX rats compared to sham-operated controls. Serum ACTH, and corticosterone levels were higher in stressed compared to non-stressed groups. Memory deficit and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour were significantly increased in stressed compared to non-stressed OVX rats but these changes were not seen in sham-operated controls. These results suggest that the high circulating corticosterone acts synergistically with low circulating estradiol to exert negative effects on mood and memory function.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
In vivo effects of stress, ACTH and corticosterone on testicular 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase oxidative activity in rats and the possible mechanism of actions

Nwe KH, Norhazlina AW, Hamid A, Morat PB, Khalid BA

Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 2000;108(5):369-77.
PMID: 10989957

The effects of stress and corticosterone on testicular 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) oxidative activity have been controversial, whilst that of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) have not been investigated before. Hence, the aim of the present study was to determine the in vivo effects of stress due to injection and sham operation, ACTH and corticosterone on testicular and hepatic 11beta-HSD oxidative activity and plasma testosterone levels in normal and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats and their possible mechanism of actions. Adrenalectomy reduced both testicular 11beta-HSD oxidative activity and plasma testosterone levels. The effects of injection and sham operation significantly increased plasma corticosterone levels with decreased testicular 11beta-HSD oxidative activity and plasma testosterone levels in normal but not in ADX rats. Likewise. ACTH or corticosterone treatment for 7 days decreased both testicular 11beta-HSD oxidative activity in a dose dependent manner and plasma testosterone levels in normal rats; but the values in ADX rats remained unchanged. However, none of the above values were significantly lower than that of the ADX levels. Corticosterone seems to maintain testicular 11beta-HSD oxidative activity within the range between normal and ADX rats. These changes are not attributable to diurnal rhythms, as the time of sacrifice has been fixed between 8:30 and 10:30 am. In the liver, no significant change in 11beta-HSD oxidative activity was observed with sham operation, ACTH or corticosterone treatment; but adrenalectomy significantly decreased it. In conclusion, in the intact normal rats, stress, ACTH or corticosterone modulates testicular (but not hepatic) 11beta-HSD oxidative activity indirectly through the adrenal glands and the physiological level of corticosterone is ideal for normal reproductive functions.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology*
Fulltext Effectiveness of breathing exercises, foot reflexology and back massage (BRM) on labour pain, anxiety, duration, satisfaction, stress hormones and newborn outcomes among primigravidae during the first stage of labour in Saudi Arabia: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Baljon KJ, Romli MH, Ismail AH, Khuan L, Chew BH

BMJ Open, 2020 06 15;10(6):e033844.
PMID: 32540887 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033844

INTRODUCTION: Labour pain is among the severest pains primigravidae may experience during pregnancy. Failure to address labour pain and anxiety may lead to abnormal labour. Despite the many complementary non-pharmacological approaches to coping with labour pain, the quality of evidence is low and best approaches are not established. This study protocol describes a proposed investigation of the effects of a combination of breathing exercises, foot reflexology and back massage (BRM) on the labour experiences of primigravidae.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This randomised controlled trial will involve an intervention group receiving BRM and standard labour care, and a control group receiving only standard labour care. Primigravidae of 26-34 weeks of gestation without chronic diseases or pregnancy-related complications will be recruited from antenatal clinics. Eligible and consenting patients will be randomly allocated to the intervention or the control group stratified by intramuscular pethidine use. The BRM intervention will be delivered by a trained massage therapist. The primary outcomes of labour pain and anxiety will be measured during and after uterine contractions at baseline (cervical dilatation 6 cm) and post BRM hourly for 2 hours. The secondary outcomes include maternal stress hormone (adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and oxytocin) levels, maternal vital signs (V/S), fetal heart rate, labour duration, Apgar scores and maternal satisfaction. The sample size is estimated based on the between-group difference of 0.6 in anxiety scores, 95% power and 5% α error, which yields a required sample size of 154 (77 in each group) accounting for a 20% attrition rate. The between-group and within-group outcome measures will be examined with mixed-effect regression models, time series analyses and paired t-test or equivalent non-parametric tests, respectively.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects of the Ministry of Health in the Saudi Arabia (H-02-K-076-0319-109) on 14 April 2019, and from the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects (JKEUPM) Universiti Putra Malaysia on 23 October 2019, reference number: JKEUPM-2019-169. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Results from this trial will be presented at regional, national and international conferences and published in indexed journals.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN87414969, registered 3 May 2019.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
Fulltext Adrenal insufficiency in acute coronary syndrome

Norasyikin AW, Norlela S, Rozita M, Masliza M, Shamsul AS, Nor Azmi K

Singapore Med J, 2009 Oct;50(10):962-6.
PMID: 19907885

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is an acute stressful condition which stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis that regulates neurovascular and hormonal responses. Functional hypoadrenalism has been shown to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the critically-ill patient, but there is to date no known study done to determine its prevalence in patients with ACS.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
Fulltext Enhancement of BDNF concentration and restoration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis accompany reduced depressive-like behaviour in stressed ovariectomised rats treated with either Tualang honey or estrogen

Al-Rahbi B, Zakaria R, Othman Z, Hassan A, Ahmad AH

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:310821.
PMID: 24550703 DOI: 10.1155/2014/310821

A possible interaction between glucocorticoids and estrogen-induced increases in brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in enhancing depressive-like behaviour has been documented. Here we evaluated the effects of Tualang honey, a phytoestrogen, and 17 β -estradiol (E2) on the depressive-like behaviour, stress hormones, and BDNF concentration in stressed ovariectomised (OVX) rats. The animals were divided into six groups: (i) nonstressed sham-operated control, (ii) stressed sham-operated control, (iii) nonstressed OVX, (iv) stressed OVX, (v) stressed OVX treated with E2 (20 μg daily, sc), and (vi) stressed OVX treated with Tualang honey (0.2 g/kg body weight daily, orally). Two months after surgery, the animals were subjected to social instability stress procedure followed by forced swimming test. Struggling time, immobility time, and swimming time were scored. Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels, and the BDNF concentration were determined using commercially available ELISA kits. Stressed OVX rats displayed increased depressive-like behaviour with significantly increased serum ACTH and corticosterone levels, while the BDNF concentration was significantly decreased compared to other experimental groups. These changes were notably reversed by both E2 and Tualang honey. In conclusion, both Tualang honey and E2 mediate antidepressive-like effects in stressed OVX rats, possibly acting via restoration of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and enhancement of the BDNF concentration.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
Immunohistochemical characteristics of the hypophysis in normal conditions and chronic stress

Kapitonova MY, Kuznetsov SL, Khlebnikov VV, Zagrebin VL, Morozova ZCh, Degtyar YV

Neurosci. Behav. Physiol., 2010 Jan;40(1):97-102.
PMID: 20012496 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-009-9217-4

Quantitative immunohistochemical methods were used to assess activation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system at the level of its central component - the adenohypophysis - in the growing body during chronic exposure to psychoemotional stressors of different strengths. Sprague-Dawley rats aged 30 days were subjected to "mild" or "severe" immobilization stress for 5 h per day for seven days. Animals were decapitated at the end of the last stress session and the endocrine glands (hypophysis, adrenals) were harvested, weighed, and embedded in paraffin; sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and also immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) following by automated image analysis. These studies showed that stress-associated hyperplasia of corticotropocytes in rats of pubertal age was due more to the differentiation of existing immature precursor cells than to cell proliferation.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism*
Cyproterone acetate and reversal of the impaired endometrial decidualization in streptozotocin-diabetic pseudopregnant rats

Zakaria R, Ismail Z, Chatterjee A

Pharmacol Res, 2000 Aug;42(2):183-6.
PMID: 10887050

Reproductive dysfunction in the female diabetic rat is associated with impaired hypothalamic-hypophyseal system, anovulation, insufficiency of ovarian steroidogenesis and spontaneous failure of pregnancy. Formation of decidua, the highly modified endometrium of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy could only be achieved when the uterus was sensitized by a sequence of oestrogen and progesterone. In this study, we examined whether the impaired expression of endometrial decidualization in the pseudopregnant rat is linked with diabetes-associated hypersecretion of testosterone. Rats were made pseudopregnant by sterile mating. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin on day 1 p.c. Deciduogenic stimulus was given on day 5 p.c. Treatment of cyproterone acetate (10 mg kg(-1)) was scheduled from day 5 through day 9 p.c. Animals were killed on day 10 p.c, and the degree of endometrial decidual growth, plasma levels of oestradiol, progesterone, ACTH and testosterone were determined. Results showed that compared to controls there was a concomitant drop in endometrial decidual growth concurrently with impaired levels of oestradiol and progesterone in diabetic pseudopregnant rats. ACTH and testosterone levels were, however, profoundly elevated. Cyproterone acetate treatment in the diabetic pseudopregnant rat resulted in a simultaneous elevation of oestradiol and progesterone, which eventually helped the endometrial differentiation to decidua in the diabetic pseudopregnant rat parallel to controls. Present experimental data suggest that diabetes-associated impaired endometrial decidualization in the pseudopregnant rat is possibly caused by testosterone-induced oestrogen deficiency.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
Effect of steroid hormones on muscarinic receptors of bronchial smooth muscle

Nabishah BM, Morat PB, Kadir BA, Khalid BA

Gen. Pharmacol., 1991;22(2):389-92.
PMID: 1647349

1. Glucocorticosteroid may relieve bronchospasm by mediating changes in the muscarinic receptor concentration and/or its affinity. 2. Cholinergic muscarinic receptors were determined by using Scatchard's plots from radioligand binding assays of 0.13-3.2 nM [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate binding to the membrane fraction of bronchial smooth muscle (BSM). 3. The concentration of muscarinic receptor in BSM of normal rat was 57 +/- 3 fmol mg protein and the dissociation constant was 0.07 +/- 0.02 nM. Dexamethasone and corticosterone reduced muscarinic receptor concentration to 50-60% of basal with no changes in receptor affinity. No changes were found in rat treated with deoxycorticosterone. 4. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids but not mineralocorticoid relieve bronchospasm at least partly by reducing the cholinergic hypersensitivity.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology
Fulltext Tualang honey exerts antioxidant and antidepressant-like effects in stress-exposed rats

Khairunnuur Fairuz Azman, Rahimah Zakaria, Che Badariah Abdul Aziz, Zahiruddin Othman

Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2019;4(1):15-25.
MyJurnal

Recent evidence has exhibited dietary influence on the manifestation of depressive-like behaviour induced by stressor tasks. The present study examined the effects of Tualang honey supplement administered with the goal of preventing or attenuating the occurrence of depressive-like behaviour in male rats subjected to noise stress. Forty-eight adult male rats were randomly divided into the following groups: i) nonstressed with placebo, ii) nonstressed with honey, iii) stressed with placebo, and iv) stressed with honey. Tualang honey (200 mg/kg body weight) was administered for 28 days. Stressed rats were subjected to loud noise 100 dB(A) 4 hours daily for 14 days. Forced swimming test was performed to evaluate depressive-like behaviour. Stressed control rats displayed significant increase in depressive-like behaviour, serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone, and brain oxidative stress markers levels, with significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities and total antioxidant status. Honey supplementation successfully counteracted the stress effects whereby the honey treated rats exhibited significant decrease in depressive-like behaviour and levels of ACTH, corticosterone, and oxidative stress markers, with significant increase in antioxidant enzymes activities and total antioxidant status. In conclusion, Tualang honey mediated antidepressant-like effects in stressed rats, possibly acting via restoration of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through its antioxidant properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Fulltext Endocrinopathies in HIV infected patients

Rosdina Zamrud Ahmad Akbar, Sharifah Faradila Wan Muhammad Hatta, Rosnida Mohd Noh, Fatimah Zaherah Mohd Shah, Thuhairah Abdul Rahman, Rohana Abdul Ghani, et al.

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2020;5(2):39-45.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Hormonal abnormality is one of many clinical manifestations of HIV infections
that is not well understood. However, the consequences could affect quality of life and are
potentially treatable. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated
factors of thyroid, adrenal and gonadal dysfunctions among HIV-infected patients. Methods:
This is a single centre cross-sectional study involving 150 HIV-infected patients attending the
HIV clinic. Each subject was required to answer specific symptoms questionnaire and their
medical records were reviewed for relevant clinical and biochemical data. Blood for was
collected and thyroid hormones, cortisol, ACTH, FSH, LH, testosterone and estradiol were
analysed using electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Thyroid, adrenal and gonadal axes
abnormalities were identified. Results: Hypogonadism had the highest prevalence amongst
the endocrine abnormalities, which was detected in 23 patients (15.3%), followed by thyroid
dysfunction in 18 patients (12%) and hypocortisolism in 2 patients (1.3%). There was
significant correlation between CD4 count, BMI and age with the hormone levels. Conclusion:
Prevalence of endocrine abnormalities was low in these well-treated HIV-positive patients,
with hypogonadism being the most common. However, significant correlations between CD4
count, age and BMI with the hormonal levels were detected. Clinical symptoms in relation to
endocrinopathy are not specific as a screening tool thus underscoring the need for
biochemical tests to identify these treatable conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Fulltext Corticosterone-induced oxidative stress alters epididymal sperm fertility in rats

Abd-Aziz, N.A.A., Chatterjee, A., Chatterjee, R., Durairajanayagam, D.

ASM Science Journal, 2014;8(2):117-124.
MyJurnal

Elevated glucocorticoid levels during stressed conditions have been demonstrated to impair reproductive function in rats. In our previous study investigating the dose-related effects of corticosterone (CORT) on the fertilising capacity of epididymal sperm in surgically-manipulated rats, we found that 25 mg/kg/day of CORT given subcutaneously for seven consecutive days significantly decreased the number of implantation sites and increased intrauterine embryonic loss compared to controls. Based on these findings, the current study aims to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action of CORT-induced stress on impaired sperm fertility in rats. Results of the present study showed that compared to controls, 25 mg/kg/day of CORT given subcutaneously for 7 consecutive days significantly increased the level of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) with corresponding attenuated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities. Plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and testosterone levels were also found to be decreased in CORTtreated rats. These findings suggest that CORT-induced oxidative stress and exert an inhibitory effect at the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation, reduced enzymatic antioxidant activities, and decreased testosterone production. These subsequently result in decreased fertilising capacity of epididymal sperm leading to poor pregnancy outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

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