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  1. Wan Mohd Annuar WSH, Pien LS, Makhtar A
    Enferm Clin, 2021 04;31 Suppl 2:S377-S380.
    PMID: 33849204 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.09.029
    The objective is to identify the available literature on parents' experiences in caring for children in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Original research on parents experience in caring their child in PICU were identified from five online databases, namely CINAHL, Science Direct, Proquest, Cochrane, and Pubmed (2008-2018) using the terms "parent," "experience," "children", "paediatric intensive care" and "caring." We included articles addressing the parent's experiences while their child was admitted to PICU their needs and participation in the care of the child. Twenty-two papers have met the criteria for inclusion. Further review of these articles resulted in summarised topics - PICU parents' experience, parental stressors, and parental needs. Current research demonstrates a diversity of parent's experiences while caring for their child; however, little is known about interventions to improve and support parents who are in a difficult situation when their child being treated in PICU.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric*
  2. Mat Bah MN, Syed Mohamed SA, Abdullah N, Alias EY
    Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2020 11;21(11):e959-e966.
    PMID: 32590834 DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002406
    OBJECTIVES: To study the rate of unplanned PICU readmission, determine the risk factors and its impact on mortality.

    DESIGN: A single-center retrospective cross-sectional study.

    SETTING: Tertiary referral PICU in Johor, Malaysia.

    PATIENTS: All children admitted to the PICU over 8 years were included. Patients readmitted into PICU after the first PICU discharge during the hospitalization period were categorized into "early" (within 48 hr) and "late" (after 48 hr), and factors linked to the readmissions were identified. The mortality rate was determined and compared between no, early, and late readmission.

    INTERVENTIONS: None.

    MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There were 2,834 patients in the study with 70 early and 113 late readmissions. Therefore, the rate of early and late PICU readmission was 2.5% (95% CI, 1.9-3.0%) and 3.9% (95% CI, 3.2-4.7%), respectively. The median length of stay of the second PICU admission for early and late readmissions was 2.7 days (interquartile range, 1.1-7.0 d) and 3.2 days (interquartile range, 1.2-7.5 d), respectively. The majority of early and late readmissions had a similar diagnosis with their first PICU admission. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression revealed a Pediatric Index Mortality 2 score of greater than or equal to 15, chronic cardiovascular condition, and oxygen supplement upon discharge as independent risk factors for early PICU readmission. Meanwhile, an infant of less than 1 year old, having cardiovascular, other congenital and genetic chronic conditions and being discharged between 8 AM and 5 PM was an independent risk factor for late readmission. There was no significant difference in the mortality rate of early (12.9%), late (13.3%), and no readmission (10.7%).

    CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lack of resources and expertise in lower- and middle-income countries, the rate and factors for PICU readmission are similar to those in high-income countries. However, PICU readmission has no statistically significant association with mortality.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric*
  3. Raman S, Tai CW, Le Marsney R, Schibler A, Gibbons K, Schlapbach LJ
    Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2020 09;21(9):811-819.
    PMID: 32516223 DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002411
    OBJECTIVES: Up to 37% of children admitted to the PICU develop acute kidney injury as defined by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. We describe the prevalence of acute kidney injury in a mixed pediatric intensive care cohort using this criteria. As tools to stratify patients at risk of acute kidney injury on PICU admission are lacking, we explored the variables at admission and day 1 that might predict the development of acute kidney injury.

    DESIGN: Single-center retrospective observational study.

    SETTING: Thirty-six-bed surgical/medical tertiary PICU.

    PATIENTS: Children from birth to less than or equal to 16 years old admitted between 2015 and 2018.

    INTERVENTIONS: None.

    MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Clinical data were extracted from the PICU clinical information system. Patients with baseline creatinine at admission greater than 20 micromol/L above the calculated normal creatinine level were classified as "high risk of acute kidney injury." Models were created to predict acute kidney injury at admission and on day 1. Out of the 7,505 children admitted during the study period, 738 patients (9.8%) were classified as high risk of acute kidney injury at admission and 690 (9.2%) developed acute kidney injury during PICU admission. Compared to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria as the reference standard, high risk of acute kidney injury had a lower sensitivity and higher specificity compared with renal angina index greater than or equal to 8 on day 1. For the admission model, the adjusted odds ratio of developing acute kidney injury for high risk of acute kidney injury was 4.2 (95% CI, 3.3-5.2). The adjusted odds ratio in the noncardiac cohort for high risk of acute kidney injury was 7.3 (95% CI, 5.5-9.7). For the day 1 model, odds ratios for high risk of acute kidney injury and renal angina index greater than or equal to 8 were 3.3 (95% CI, 2.6-4.2) and 3.1 (95% CI, 2.4-3.8), respectively.

    CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between high risk of acute kidney injury and acute kidney injury needs further evaluation. High risk of acute kidney injury performed better in the noncardiac cohort.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric*
  4. Lum LCS
    Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2020 11;21(11):1007-1008.
    PMID: 33136989 DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002416
    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  5. Annuar WSHWM, Ludin SM, Amran NA
    Enferm Clin, 2021 04;31 Suppl 2:S67-S71.
    PMID: 33849233 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.10.021
    The objective of study is to explore the experiences of parents taking care of their critically ill child at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) or the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in the Malaysian hospital. A total of ten parents were interviewed and selected for purposive sampling. The data was analysed using a thematic analysis based on the Colaizzi's approach. The study identified four emerging themes from data that included participation in care, participation in decision-making, challenges and coping mechanisms throughout the child's hospitalisation. Parents have emphasised the importance of their participation in the care and decision-making of their child. They also have their own coping mechanisms that would make their journey less traumatic. Nurses need to enhance their communication skills and improve nurse-parent relationships.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  6. Samransamruajkit R, Wong JJ, Smathakane C, Anantasit N, Sunkonkit K, Ong J, et al.
    Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2021 08 01;22(8):713-721.
    PMID: 33729727 DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002680
    OBJECTIVES: Pediatric sepsis remains a major health problem and is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. This study aims to characterize epidemiologic, therapeutic, and outcome features of pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock in three Asian countries.

    DESIGN: A multicenter retrospective study with longitudinal clinical data over 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours of PICU admission. The primary outcome was PICU mortality. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors at PICU admission that were associated with mortality.

    SETTING: Nine multidisciplinary PICUs in three Asian countries.

    PATIENTS: Children with severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to the PICU from January to December 2017.

    INTERVENTION: None.

    MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 271 children were included in this study. Median (interquartile range) age was 4.2 years (1.3-10.8 yr). Pneumonia (77/271 [28.4%]) was the most common source of infection. Majority of patients (243/271 [90%]) were resuscitated within the first hour, with fluid bolus (199/271 [73.4%]) or vasopressors (162/271 [59.8%]). Fluid resuscitation commonly took the form of normal saline (147/199 [74.2%]) (20 mL/kg [10-20 mL/kg] over 20 min [15-30 min]). The most common inotrope used was norepinephrine 81 of 162 (50.0%). Overall PICU mortality was 52 of 271 (19.2%). Improved hemodynamic variables (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, and arterial lactate) were seen in survivors within 6 hours of admission as compared to nonsurvivors. In the multivariable model, admission severity score was associated with PICU mortality.

    CONCLUSIONS: Mortality from pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock remains high in Asia. Consistent with current guidelines, most of the children admitted to these PICUs received fluid therapy and inotropic support as recommended.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  7. Sundar VV, Sehu Allavudin SF, Easaw MEPM
    Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2021 06;43:353-359.
    PMID: 34024540 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.024
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Inadequate nutrition delivery in critically ill children has shown associated with poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, identifying barriers to deliver adequate nutrition is vital. The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing adequate protein and energy delivery among critically ill children with heart disease in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

    METHODS: This single-centre prospective study, involved children aged from birth to 3 years old, admitted to PICU longer than 72 hours. They received either enteral nutrition (EN) or combination of EN and partial parenteral nutrition (PPN). Clinical and nutrition delivery characteristics were recorded from admission until transferred out of PICU. Multiple regression analysis at significant level p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  8. Alfraij A, Abdelmoniem A, Elseadawy M, Surour M, Basuni M, Papenburg J, et al.
    J Infect Public Health, 2023 Sep;16(9):1361-1367.
    PMID: 37437429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.06.010
    BACKGROUND: Overuse or misuse of antimicrobials is common in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) and may be associated with poor clinical outcomes. Although an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) has been found to improve this practice, the required expertise in infectious diseases may be limited in some centers. We aimed to evaluate the effect of telehealth ASP on the rate of PICU antimicrobial use in a center without a local Infectious Diseases consultation service.

    METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed between October 1st, 2018, and October 31st, 2020, in Farwaniya Hospital PICU, a 20-bed unit. All pediatric patients who were admitted to PICU and received systemic antimicrobials during the study period were included and followed until hospital discharge. The ASP team provided weekly prospective audit and feedback on antimicrobial use starting October 8th, 2019. A pediatric infectious diseases specialist joined the ASP rounds remotely. Descriptive analyses and a pre-post intervention comparison of days of therapy (DOT) were used to assess the effectiveness of the ASP intervention.

    RESULTS: There were 272 and 156 PICU admissions received systemic antimicrobial before and after the initiation of ASP, respectively. Bronchiolitis and pneumonia were the most common admission diagnoses, together compromising 60.7% and 61.2% of cases pre- and post-ASP. The requirement for respiratory support was higher post-ASP (76.5% vs. 91.5%, p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  9. Chong SL, Dang H, Ming M, Mahmood M, Zheng CQS, Gan CS, et al.
    Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2021 Apr 01;22(4):401-411.
    PMID: 33027240 DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002575
    OBJECTIVES: Traumatic brain injury remains an important cause of death and disability. We aim to report the epidemiology and management of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in Asian PICUs and identify risk factors for mortality and poor functional outcomes.

    DESIGN: A retrospective study of the Pediatric Acute and Critical Care Medicine Asian Network moderate to severe traumatic brain injury dataset collected between 2014 and 2017.

    SETTING: Patients were from the participating PICUs of Pediatric Acute and Critical Care Medicine Asian Network.

    PATIENTS: We included children less than 16 years old with a Glasgow Coma Scale less than or equal to 13.

    INTERVENTIONS: None.

    MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We obtained data on patient demographics, injury circumstances, and PICU management. We performed a multivariate logistic regression predicting for mortality and poor functional outcomes. We analyzed 380 children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Most injuries were a result of road traffic injuries (174 [45.8%]) and falls (160 [42.1%]). There were important differences in temperature control, use of antiepileptic drugs, and hyperosmolar agents between the sites. Fifty-six children died (14.7%), and 104 of 324 survivors (32.1%) had poor functional outcomes. Poor functional outcomes were associated with non-high-income sites (adjusted odds ratio, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.11-3.29), Glasgow Coma Scale less than 8 (adjusted odds ratio, 4.24; 95% CI, 2.44-7.63), involvement in a road traffic collision (adjusted odds ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.04-3.26), and presence of child abuse (adjusted odds ratio, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.01-7.46).

    CONCLUSIONS: Poor functional outcomes are prevalent after pediatric traumatic brain injury in Asia. There is an urgent need for further research in these high-risk groups.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  10. Goh AY, Lum LC, Chan PW
    J Trop Pediatr, 1999 Dec;45(6):362-4.
    PMID: 10667007
    Paediatric intensive care in Malaysia is a developing subspecialty with an increasing number of specialists with a paediatric background being involved in the care of critically ill children. A part prospective and part retrospective review of 118 consecutive non-neonatal ventilated patients in University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur was carried out from 1 June 1995 to 31 December 1996 to study the clinical epidemiology and outcome in our paediatric intensive case unit (PICU). The mean age of the patients was 33.9 +/- 6.0 months (median 16 months). The main mode of admission was emergency (96.6 per cent) with an overall mortality rate of 42 per cent (50/118). The mean paediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score was 20 +/- 0.98 SEM, with 53 per cent of patients having a score of over 30 per cent. Multiorgan dysfunction (MODS) was identified in 71 per cent of patients. Admission efficiency (mortality risk > 1 per cent) was 97 per cent. Standardized mortality rate using PRISM was an acceptable 1.06. The main diagnostic categories were respiratory (32 per cent), neurology (22 per cent), haematology-oncology (18 per cent); the aetiology of dysfunction was mainly infective. Non-survivors were older (29.5 vs. 13.8 months, p < 0.0001), had more severe illness (mean PRISM score 30 vs. 14, p < 0.0001), were more likely to develop MODS (96 vs. 53 per cent, p < 0.0001) and required more intervention and monitoring. Paediatric intensive care in Malaysia differs widely from that in developed countries in patient characteristics, severity of illness, and care modalities provided.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric*
  11. Nizam M, Norzila MZ
    Med J Malaysia, 2001 Dec;56(4):428-34.
    PMID: 12014761
    Objectives: A child's admission into intensive care is a major cause of stress for parents. However among Malaysian parents, data concerning the perception of stress are virtually absent. Therefore we conducted a study to measure the reliability of the Malay version of Parental Stressor Scale: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PSS: PICU) in identifying sources of stress and to study factors that might influence their stress response.
    Methods: Over a six-month period, one hundred and twelve parents were requested to answer the questionnaires twice either in Malay or English, a week apart. Spearman's correlation and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess the repeatability and internal consistency of the questionnaires.
    Results: Ninety-four (83.9%) and seventy-one (75.3%) parents responded to the first and second administration of questionnaire respectively. All answered in the Malay language except for three. The correlation ranged from 0.50 to 0.71 with a total score of 0.76. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.75 to 0.93, with total a score of 0.95.
    Alteration in parental roles was the most stressful source of stress. Fathers, parents of children with higher PRISM score and parents with no previous admission into intensive care unit scored significantly higher in staff’s communication.
    Conclusion: The Malay version of PSS: PICU is reliable in identifying sources of stress. Alteration in parental roles was the most stressful source of stress. Parents' gender, previous experience and severity of the child illness may influence their stress responses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric*
  12. Tang MT, Chui PL, Chong MC, Zhang HY, Li XM, Wang T
    J Pediatr Nurs, 2024;77:e511-e519.
    PMID: 38782669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.05.017
    PURPOSE: There is currently a lack of understanding of children's experience in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) environment. Additionally, pediatric patients may experience post-PICU syndrome following discharge. Thus, we aimed to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of a tool specifically for use with children in the PICU.

    DESIGN AND METHODS: According to Brislin's Model, the Intensive Care Unit Environment Stress Scale (ICUESS) was translated both forward and backward and adapted cross-culturally. A total of 210 PICU patients were selected from four hospitals in XXX to analyze the final translated version of the questionnaire, the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Environmental Stress Scale (PICUESS). Content validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to assess the validity, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability analysis.

    RESULTS: For PICUESS, seven of 42 items were modified. Content validity was high (overall = 0.96, item validity = 0.8 to 1.0). Exploratory factor analysis revealed eight common factors (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.857, significant Bartlett's test). The results of the CFA indicate that the scale model fits well across the 8 factors. The entire scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.934). The overall split-half reliability was 0.935.

    CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese version of PICUESS demonstrates good reliability and validity, making it suitable for assessing pediatric patients' perceptions of the PICU environment.

    PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The PICUESS can assist healthcare professionals in providing personalized environment care for PICU patients. It has the potential to serve as a tool for further testing and international comparisons of pediatric patients' perceptions of the PICU environment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric*
  13. Chan PW, Goh A, Lum L
    Pediatr Int, 2001 Feb;43(1):53-7.
    PMID: 11208000
    BACKGROUND: The clinical profile of severe upper airway obstruction, a challenging acute pediatric emergency, has not been extensively documented in the developing nations of the tropics.

    METHODS: The diagnostic categories, severity of illness and outcome from 63 episodes of severe upper airway obstruction in 56 children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit between January 1994 and December 1999 were reviewed. Outcome variables studied included requirement for ventilation, mortality and complications. Severity of illness was determined with the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) II score.

    RESULTS: Viral croup (29%) was the most common diagnosis, followed by mediastinal malignancy (13%), bacterial tracheitis (11%) and Pierre Robin syndrome (11%). There were no admissions for acute epiglottitis. Thirty episodes (48%) required ventilation for a median duration of 4.0 days. Bacterial tracheitis (100%) and subglottic stenosis (100%) were the most likely diagnoses requiring ventilation. Difficulty in intubation was encountered in 13 episodes (43%) involving, in particular, patients with bacterial tracheitis (83%; P = 0.006). Only two patients required a tracheostomy. The overall mortality was 11%. The PRISM score for all categories was generally low (mean 10.3 +/- 1.0; median 9.0). Non-survivors had a significantly higher PRISM II score than survivors (27.4 +/- 9.7 vs 8.1 +/- 4.9, respectively; P = 0.002) and were more likely to include children with bacterial tracheitis and mediastinal malignancy.

    CONCLUSIONS: There is marked heterogeneity in the causes of upper airway obstruction in the tropics with viral croup remaining the most common. A significant proportion required ventilation, but outcome is generally favorable, except in those with bacterial tracheitis and mediastinal malignancy.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  14. Goh AY, El-Amin Abdel-Latif M
    Intensive Care Med, 2004 Feb;30(2):339.
    PMID: 14727017 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-003-2112-5
    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  15. Wong JJ, Phan HP, Phumeetham S, Ong JSM, Chor YK, Qian S, et al.
    Crit Care Med, 2017 Jul 26.
    PMID: 28749854 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002623
    OBJECTIVES: The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference developed a pediatric specific definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). In this definition, severity of lung disease is stratified into mild, moderate, and severe groups. We aim to describe the epidemiology of patients with PARDS across Asia and evaluate whether the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference risk stratification accurately predicts outcome in PARDS.

    DESIGN: A multicenter, retrospective, descriptive cohort study.

    SETTING: Ten multidisciplinary PICUs in Asia.

    PATIENTS: All mechanically ventilated children meeting the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference criteria for PARDS between 2009 and 2015.

    INTERVENTIONS: None.

    MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data on epidemiology, ventilation, adjunct therapies, and clinical outcomes were collected. Patients were followed for 100 days post diagnosis of PARDS. A total of 373 patients were included. There were 89 (23.9%), 149 (39.9%), and 135 (36.2%) patients with mild, moderate, and severe PARDS, respectively. The most common risk factor for PARDS was pneumonia/lower respiratory tract infection (309 [82.8%]). Higher category of severity of PARDS was associated with lower ventilator-free days (22 [17-25], 16 [0-23], 6 [0-19]; p < 0.001 for mild, moderate, and severe, respectively) and PICU free days (19 [11-24], 15 [0-22], 5 [0-20]; p < 0.001 for mild, moderate, and severe, respectively). Overall PICU mortality for PARDS was 113 of 373 (30.3%), and 100-day mortality was 126 of 317 (39.7%). After adjusting for site, presence of comorbidities and severity of illness in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model, patients with moderate (hazard ratio, 1.88 [95% CI, 1.03-3.45]; p = 0.039) and severe PARDS (hazard ratio, 3.18 [95% CI, 1.68, 6.02]; p < 0.001) had higher risk of mortality compared with those with mild PARDS.

    CONCLUSIONS: Mortality from PARDS is high in Asia. The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference definition of PARDS is a useful tool for risk stratification.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  16. Balan S, Hassali MAA, Mak VSL
    World J Pediatr, 2018 12;14(6):528-540.
    PMID: 30218415 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-018-0186-y
    BACKGROUND: In the past two decades, many legislative and regulatory initiatives were taken globally to improve drug use in children. However, children are still found to be prescribed with off-label drugs. This study was conducted to provide an overview of the worldwide trend in off-label prescribing in children from the year 1996 to 2016.

    DATA SOURCES: The articles published in PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched using text words: off-label, unlicensed, paediatric and children. Additional articles were identified by reviewing the bibliography of the retrieved articles. Full-text articles published in English which reported on the prevalence of off-label prescribing in children between January 1996 and December 2016 were included.

    RESULTS: A total of 101 studies met the inclusion criteria. Off-label prescribing definition included four main categories: age, indication, dose and route of administration. The three most common reference sources used in the studies were summary of product characteristics, national formularies and package inserts. Overall, the off-label prescribing rates in children ranged from 1.2 to 99.7%. The most common category of off-label prescribing in children was dose and age.

    CONCLUSIONS: This review highlighted that off-label prescribing in children was found to be highly prevalent throughout the past two decades, persistently in the neonatal intensive care units. This suggests that besides legislative and regulatory initiatives, behavioural, knowledge aspects and efforts to integrate evidence into practice related to off-label prescribing also need to be evaluated and consolidated as part of the concerted efforts to narrow the gaps in prescribing for children.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
  17. Goh AY, Abdel-Latif Mel-A, Lum LC, Abu-Bakar MN
    Intensive Care Med, 2003 Jan;29(1):97-102.
    PMID: 12528029 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-002-1534-9
    Objective: Lack of direct access to tertiary pediatric intensive care services in rural hospitals may be associated with poorer outcome among critically ill children. Inter-hospital transport by non-specialized teams may also lead to increased morbidity and even mortality. We therefore studied the outcome of children with different accessibility to tertiary pediatric care in Malaysia.

    Methods: We prospectively compared the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM II) adjusted standardized mortality ratio (SMR), unanticipated deaths and length of stay of 131 patients transported from rural hospitals (limited access) with 215 transferred from the casualty wards or other in-hospital wards (direct access) to a tertiary pediatric ICU.

    Results: The transported patients were younger than the in-hospital patients (median age 1.0 versus 6.0 months, p=0.000) and were more likely to have respiratory diseases. Other baseline characteristics did not differ significantly. Differences in access to tertiary intensive care from community hospitals was associated with an extended median length of stay (4.0 versus 2.0 days, p=0.000) but did not affect SMR (0.92 versus 0.84, rate ratio 1.09, 95% CI 0.57-2.01; p=0.348) or percentage of unexpected deaths (4.8% versus 2.8%, p=0.485). The adjusted odds ratio for mortality (1.7, 95% CI 0.7-4.3) associated with transfer was not statistically significant (p=0.248).

    Conclusions: The outcome of critically ill children transferred from community hospitals did not differ from that of those who develop ICU needs in the wards of a tertiary center, despite being transported by non-specialized teams. Outcome was not affected by initial inaccessibility to intensive care if the children finally received care in a tertiary center.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric*
  18. Sng QW, Kirk AH, Buang SN, Lee JH
    Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2017 Apr;18(4):e167-e175.
    PMID: 28230713 DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001095
    OBJECTIVES: This study examined satisfaction of parents whose children were admitted to the PICU to identify priority areas for improvement. We hypothesized that differences exist in satisfaction of parents of different ethnicities.

    DESIGN: Prospective observational study.

    SETTING: PICU in a tertiary care pediatric hospital.

    PATIENTS: All English-literate parents whose child was admitted to our PICU between February 2014 and February 2015 were eligible after informed consent was obtained. Parents included in this study in previous admission(s) were excluded.

    INTERVENTION: Nil.

    MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We adapted Empowerment of Parent in the Intensive Care Questionnaire, a validated questionnaire survey specific for measuring parental satisfaction in PICUs. This adapted survey consisted of 31 questions (based on a scale of 1-6) examining five domains as follows: information giving, care and cure, parental participation, organization, and professional attitude. Reliability of Empowerment of Parent in the Intensive Care Questionnaire in our population was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha. We used ordinal logistic regression, controlling for socioeconomic status and educational level, to examine differences in parental perceptions of various ethnicities. We obtained a total of 206 responses (36.5%) from 543 admissions. There were 116 (56%) emergency and 90 (44%) elective admissions. The proportion of respondents were Chinese (126 [61%]), Malay (32 [16%]), Indian (23 [11%]), and "Others" (25 [12%]). Cronbach's alpha for domains of information giving (α = 0.80), care and cure (α = 0.93), parental participation (α = 0.84), organization (α = 0.79), and professional attitude (α = 0.88) were good. In all five domains, our median PICU scores were 6 (interquartile range, 5-6). Compared to other ethnic groups, Malay parents did perceive that domains of "care and cure," "parental participation," and "professional attitude" were less satisfactory.

    CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found in satisfaction ratings between parents of different ethnicities. Further studies are needed to explore and determine reasons for these differences.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric*
  19. Lee JL, Redzuan AM, Shah NM
    Int J Clin Pharm, 2013 Dec;35(6):1025-9.
    PMID: 24022725
    BACKGROUND: Unlicensed and off-label use of medicines in paediatrics is widespread. However, the incidence of this practice in Malaysia has not been reported.

    OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of unlicensed and off-label use of medicines in hospitalised children in the intensive care units of a tertiary care teaching hospital.

    METHODS: A prospective, observational exploratory study was conducted on medicines prescribed to children admitted to the 3 intensive care units of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC).

    RESULTS: A total of 194 patients were admitted to UKMMC, 168 of them received one or more drugs. Of 1,295 prescriptions, 353 (27.3 %) were unlicensed and 442 (34.1 %) were for off-label use. Forty-four percent of patients received at least one medicine for unlicensed use and 82.1 % received at least one medicine off-label. Preterm infants, children aged 28 days to 23 months, patients with hospital stays of more than 2 weeks, and those prescribed increasing numbers of medicines were more likely to receive medicines for unlicensed use. Term neonates and patients prescribed increasing numbers of medicines had increased risk of receiving medicines for off-label use.

    CONCLUSION: Prescribing of medicines in an unlicensed or off-label fashion to the children in the intensive care units of UKMMC was common. Further detailed studies are necessary to ensure the delivery of safe and effective medicines to children.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/statistics & numerical data
  20. Lum LC, Abdel-Latif ME, de Bruyne JA, Nathan AM, Gan CS
    Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2011 Jan;12(1):e7-13.
    PMID: 20190672 DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181d505f4
    To determine the factors that predict outcome of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in critically ill children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/organization & administration*
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