Browse publications by year: 2015

  1. Dayang Siti Aisah Abang Suhaili, Zaiton Hassan, Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study is threefold, that is, to examine discrete emotion and how it could contribute to the crossover phenomena in organizations, to examine how crossover affect employees’ burnout and engagement, to develop a theoretical framework of discrete emotion as mediator and its crossover in the relationship between job demand, resource and employees’ wellbeing. This paper examined past studies from Proquest, SAGE, Springer, JStor and Emerald online Database that are related to discrete emotion, spillover-crossover model, burnout and engagement. Fifty papers were reviewed from the online databases within the year 2004 to 2015. Findings show that discrete emotion has some effect on employees’ wellbeing through crossover phenomena process. Positive emotions, such as, joy and happiness can accelerate a person’s recovery from the physiological effects of negative emotions. Employees react to the antecedent and possess a discrete emotion. Employees’ discrete emotion makes crossover towards colleagues and triggers the intensity of their psychological state (engage, burnout). Practical intervention for human resource development professionals were suggested to assist employees and organizations on making it known about knowledge on discrete emotion and how it can affect employees’ wellbeing. This research produces a theoretical concept to examine the predictive potential of discrete emotion that leads to crossover phenomena in determining employees’ burnout and engagement.
  2. Choi, Mui Fong, Florianna Lendai Michael Mulok, Helmi Sumilan
    MyJurnal
    There has been only limited research focused on the assumption of leader stress and affective well-being. Hence, this study aims to determine the relationship between leadership style and employee stress level at workplace. This study primarily took a quantitative approach for data collection and analysis. Questionnaires were distributed at three branches of banks located in Kuching, Sarawak and to their employees. The findings show that there is a relationship between autocratic leadership style and employee stress level at workplace. The strength of the relationship is weak due to r = .461, p = .002. The findings also show that democratic leadership and transformational leadership have no relationship with the employee stress level at workplace.
    MeSH terms: Leadership; Malaysia; Surveys and Questionnaires; Research Design; Workplace
  3. D’Souza, Urban John Arnold, Prabhu, Harish, Atiqah Chew Abdullah, Ahmad Faris Abdullah
    MyJurnal
    A 40 year old, Muslim patient was brought to the clinic for his chronic 20-year long problem alcohol drinking habits. He was treated in the nursing home and was further directed to the in house rehabilitation centre. Psychotherapists after counselling sessions after a detailed behaviour analysis arrived at cognitive behaviour therapy combined with electric shock aversion therapy after consent from the patient. Seven sessions of therapy, relieved the alcohol craving habit. Patient’s insight and preparedness to lead an alcohol free family life was the major positive behavioural asset. Electric shock therapy with psycho-education and counselling found to benefit long term alcohol problem behaviour.
  4. Muhammad Chanchal Azad, Raihana Musawwir
    MyJurnal
    Galactorrhoea is non-lactational milk production and it may or may not be associated with prolactinemia1. It causes embarrassment and distress to a schizophrenic patient, especially, if the patient is male. One study in Germany reported that incidence and prevalence of galactorrhoea in schizophrenia are 14% and 19%, respectively2. Although galactorrhoea is not rare in schizophrenic patients, managing and understanding the a etiology can be problematic. In psychiatric patients, antipsychotics can be a cause but other causes need to be ruled out. Galactorrhoea also needs to be differentiated from pathologic nipple discharge which can be due to breast tumours. Usually, galactorrhoea is bilateral, multiductal, and milky, but discharge can be yellow, green or brown3. This case report describes a 32-year old patient with schizophrenia who visited a government psychiatric hospital in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. This report highlights the clinical challenges to determine the aetiology of galactorrhoea and to manage it in schizophrenics. It raises the following clinical questions: Why a psychiatric patient develops galactorrhoea? How a schizophrenic patient presents with galactorrhoea? What hormonal imbalances are associated with this psychiatric disorder? How should a doctor handle a schizophrenic patient complaining of galactorrhoea? What is the danger of having galactorrhoea in a male?
    MeSH terms: Amenorrhea; Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Galactorrhea; Germany; Government; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Milk; Pregnancy; Schizophrenia; Antipsychotic Agents; Incidence; Prevalence; Nipple Discharge
  5. Myint, Than, Zin, Thant, Htay, Kyaw, Min, Kyaw, Zainal Arifin Mustapha, Ahmad Faris Abdullah
    MyJurnal
    Assessment method of medical students by conducting examination is to identify the quality and quantity of their academic performance. Essay paper is one of the most common assessment tools in the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Double marking is a means by which academic staff attempts to produce fair results for the students. Eighty eight medical students sat for three sets of Essay Papers of Professional I examination in March 2012. The double marking on the essay papers was done by two lecturers of each clinical department concerned for each discipline. Inter-examiner agreement and its effect on the reliability of the final score for the students were calculated by using Kappa statistics and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Reliability coefficient of the scores were also calculated for the different disciplines. In Part A essay paper, Cohan’s Kappa was 0.48 (p
  6. Parash, M. Tanveer Hossain, Naushaba, Humaira, Shimmi, Sadia Choudhury
    MyJurnal
    Foot shape significantly varies with age, sex and ethnicity. Information on gender and racial differences in foot shape is also useful to forensic scientists identifying isolated remains. Literature survey revealed that there are not enough studies on correlation of foot shape with changes in body weight. Hence this cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out to evaluate the correlation of foot shape with changes in body weight within same race and ethnicity. A total number of 110 male medical students of 3rd and 4th year of Bengali ethnicity were chosen through purposive sampling. Foot index was calculated by dividing the foot length with the foot width. On the basis of foot index, foot shapes were classified into slender, standard and broad. Correlation of the foot shape with the body weight was assessed. Both right and left foot indices showed significant negative correlations with the body weight (r = −0.214, p = .033 and r = −0.282, p = 0.005 respectively). This approach of categorization will help in making best fit footwear for males. It will also serve as a baseline data for forensic investigators.
  7. Parash, M. Tanveer Hossain, Shimmi, Sadia Choudhury
    MyJurnal
    Liver, an important organ of metabolism, is damaged when exposed to chemicals, toxins, infectious agents, drugs and food additives. Arachis hypogaea (peanut) being organic may have free radical scavenging activity, which could protect the liver from damage. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Arachis hypogaea on liver marker enzymes such as serum AST(aspertate transaminase) and
    ALT(alanine transaminase) and histology of liver in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Twenty healthy Wistar albino male rats (120 – 150 grams, 90 – 120 days old) were acclimatized for 14 days and divided equally into control group (n = 10) and experimental group (n = 10). Control group received standard pellet for 21 consecutive days. The experimental group received peanut powder 500mg/kg body weight/day; orally) mixed with food for the same period. All the animals were killed on 22nd day. Blood and liver samples were collected. Levels of serum AST, ALT and bilirubin were estimated and the liver was processed for histology. Results were statistically analyzed by
    2 sample t-test. Results: Final body weights were significantly (p
  8. Chua, T.H., Stanis, C.S., Song, B.K., Lau, Y.L., Jelip, P., Lau, T.Y.
    MyJurnal
    Malaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas, caused by five
    species of Plasmodium (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale andP. knowlesi) and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We have developed molecular markers for three genes viz, Cytb, dhfr and Msp-1 gene and designed a protocol for rapid molecular diagnostics of the four malaria parasites prevalent in Southeast Asia. The new primers were used on the blood
    samples containing Plasmodium parasites by conventional PCR. The result was compared with
    the nested PCR of Singh et al. (2004) and the microscopy method. The result shows that the new
    set of primers had successfully amplified all four human malaria parasite species. These primers
    were 100% sensitive and more specific than microscopy and PCR identification using these
    primers was faster than the nested PCR. These alternative primers should provide powerful and
    rapid molecular diagnostic method for detecting Plasmodium species as well as providing reliable
    data for epidemiology study. These primers have the potential to be combined and used in
    multiplex PCR.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Humans; Malaria; Microscopy; Parasites; Plasmodium; Public Health; Epidemiologic Studies; DNA Primers; Merozoite Surface Protein 1; Pathology, Molecular; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
  9. Yusmazura Z., Lim, W.Y., Nik Fakhuruddin N.H.
    MyJurnal
    Clinacanthus nutans or locally known as Belalai Gajah in Malaysia has been used in China in various manners to treat inflammatory conditions like hematoma, contusion, strains and rheumatism. Recently, C. nutans has become popular for the treatment of cancer among Malaysian. Thus, the aim of this present study is to prove the anti cancer activity of C. nutans extracts in a treatment of cervical cancer as claimed by local people. Aqueous and methanol extracts were extracted from the leaves of C. nutans and phytochemical screening was performed for determination of secondary metabolites. The cytotoxic activities of both aqueous and methanol extracts were investigated against HeLa cell by using MTT assay. The mode of cell death was examined by Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining. The secondary metabolite constituents detected in C. nutans aqueous extract are terpenoids and flavonoids, whereas methanol extract contains terpernoids, alkaloids and flavonoids. Results also showed that C. nutans aqueous extract exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells (IC50=13±0.82 μg/ml) but no IC50 was detected by methanol extract. No significant cytotoxic activities (IC50 = not detected) were observed in normal kidney cell line, Vero, treated with both aqueous and methanol extracts of C. nutans which showed the cytoselective property of the extracts. However, HeLa and Vero cells treated with control drug, tamoxifen showed a significant cytotoxicity effects with IC50 values of 3.8±0.19 μg/ml and 2.2±0.029 μg/ml respectively. Hoechst 33258 stained showed the aqueous extract of C. nutans induced cell death on HeLa cells via apoptosis. Thus, suggesting C. nutans aqueous extract as a potential promising alternate therapeutic substance for cancer prevention and treatment especially for cervical cancer treatment.
  10. Abdulelah J, Sulaiman SAS, Hassali MA, Blebil AQ, Awaisu A, Bredle JM
    Value Health Reg Issues, 2015 May;6:53-59.
    PMID: 29698193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2015.03.006
    BACKGROUND: Various generic instruments exist to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with tuberculosis (TB), but a psychometrically sound disease-specific instrument is lacking.

    OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate a multidimensional TB-specific HRQOL instrument relevant to the value of patients with pulmonary TB in Iraq with an eye toward cross-cultural application.

    METHODS: The core general HRQOL questionnaire is composed of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General items. A modular approach was followed for the development of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Tuberculosis (FACIT-TB) questionnaire in which a set of items assessing quality-of-life (QOL) issues not sufficiently covered by the core Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General items, but considered to be relevant to the target population, was added. Moreover, principal-component analysis was used to determine the new subscale structure of the questionnaire.

    RESULTS: In addition to the 27 items of the core questionnaire, a set of 20 items referring to disease symptoms related to the site of infection, adverse effects, and additional QOL dimensions such as fatigue, social stigma, and economic burden of the illness was included. Factor analysis demonstrated that the FACIT-TB construct comprised five domains.

    CONCLUSIONS: A rigorous method was applied in the development of the FACIT-TB measure to fully understand the impact of TB on patients' QOL. The instrument is psychometrically sound and portrays multiple important dimensions of HRQOL. FACIT-TB is relatively brief, is easy to administer and score, and is appropriate for use in clinical trials and practice.
    MeSH terms: Cross-Cultural Comparison; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Humans; Iraq; Neoplasms; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Social Stigma
  11. Azmi S, Goh A, Fong A, Anchah L
    Value Health Reg Issues, 2015 May;6:80-83.
    PMID: 29698198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2015.03.015
    OBJECTIVES: This study's objectives were to estimate the quality of life (QOL) of Malaysian patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) during admission and at 12 months, to explore the factors associated with the QOL, and to compare utility scores derived from tariffs from local and foreign populations.

    METHODS: Data collected from patients with ACS between 2008 and 2009 for a study on cardiac rehabilitation at the Sarawak General Hospital were used for this study. QOL data were obtained using a validated version of the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire at baseline and at 12 months. Health utility scores were calculated using visual analogue scale scores and utility tariffs from Malaysia and the United Kingdom.

    RESULTS: Data from 104 subjects from the earlier study was used. The mean age was 56.1 years, with 88.5% being men. The mean hospitalization duration was 6.3 days. The mean utility score was 0.75 at baseline and 0.82 at 12 months. There was a statistically significant improvement in utility from baseline to 12 months based on the Malaysian tariff (P = 0.014) but not with the UK tariff (P = 0.086). The QOL of patients was associated with sex and diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that there was a significant improvement in the QOL from baseline to 12 months. Only sex and diagnosis affected the QOL score at baseline because of limited variables available for testing. It also reconfirms the importance of applying the appropriate, country-specific utility tariffs in QOL studies. Despite limitations, the study is useful toward describing QOL among a group of Malaysian patients with ACS.

    MeSH terms: Hospitalization; Hospitals, General; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Surveys and Questionnaires; Internationality; Acute Coronary Syndrome; Visual Analog Scale; Cardiac Rehabilitation; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
  12. Thoniyot P, Tan MJ, Karim AA, Young DJ, Loh XJ
    Adv Sci (Weinh), 2015 02;2(1-2):1400010.
    PMID: 27980900
    New technologies rely on the development of new materials, and these may simply be the innovative combination of known components. The structural combination of a polymer hydrogel network with a nanoparticle (metals, non-metals, metal oxides, and polymeric moieties) holds the promise of providing superior functionality to the composite material with applications in diverse fields, including catalysis, electronics, bio-sensing, drug delivery, nano-medicine, and environmental remediation. This mixing may result in a synergistic property enhancement of each component: for example, the mechanical strength of the hydrogel and concomitantly decrease aggregation of the nanoparticles. These mutual benefits and the associated potential applications have seen a surge of interest in the past decade from multi-disciplinary research groups. Recent advances in nanoparticle-hydrogel composites are herein reviewed with a focus on their synthesis, design, potential applications, and the inherent challenges accompanying these exciting materials.
    MeSH terms: Catalysis; Metals; Oxides; Polymers; Drug Delivery Systems; Hydrogels; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Nanoparticles
  13. Idrose AM
    Acute medicine & surgery, 2015 07;2(3):147-157.
    PMID: 29123713 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.104
    Thyroid hormones affect all organ systems and, in excess, can cause increased metabolic rate, heart rate, ventricle contractility, and gastrointestinal motility as well as muscle and central nervous system excitability. Thyroid storm is the extreme manifestation of thyrotoxicosis with an estimated incidence of 0.20 per 100,000 per year among hospitalized patients in Japan. The mortality of thyroid storm without treatment ranges from 80% to 100%; but with treatment, the mortality rate is between 10% and 50%. The diagnostic strategy for thyroid storm may take into consideration Burch-Wartofsky scoring or Akamizu's diagnostic criteria. Multiple treatment aims need to be addressed in managing thyroid storm effectively. This paper puts together all aspects to be considered for the management of hyperthyroidism and thyroid storm during the acute and emergency phase as well as consideration of special populations.
    MeSH terms: Emergency Service, Hospital; Gastrointestinal Motility; Heart Rate; Humans; Japan; Nervous System; Thyroid Crisis; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotoxicosis; Incidence
  14. Ibrahim Abdalla MM
    Eur Endocrinol, 2015 Aug;11(2):90-95.
    PMID: 29632576 DOI: 10.17925/EE.2015.11.02.90
    Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide predominantly secreted from the stomach and stimulates appetite and growth hormone (GH) release. Studies have provided evidence that ghrelin exercises a wide range of functions, including regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, modulation of cardiovascular function, stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and bone formation and stimulation of neurogenesis and myogenesis. In the gastrointestinal system, ghrelin affects multiple functions, including secretion of gastric acid, gastric motility and pancreatic protein output. Most of these functions have been attributed to the actions of acylated ghrelin. The balance among its secretion rate, degradation rate and clearance rate determines the circulating level of ghrelin. This review explains what ghrelin is, its physiological functions and the factors that influence its level.
  15. Hussein N, Weng SF, Kai J, Kleijnen J, Qureshi N
    PMID: 26264938 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010849.pub2
    BACKGROUND: Globally, about five per cent of children are born with congenital or genetic disorders. The most common autosomal recessive conditions are thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs disease, with higher carrier rates in specific patient populations. Identifying and counselling couples at genetic risk of the conditions before pregnancy enables them to make fully informed reproductive decisions, with some of these choices not being available if genetic counselling is only offered in an antenatal setting.

    OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of systematic preconception genetic risk assessment to improve reproductive outcomes in women and their partners who are identified as carriers of thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs disease in healthcare settings when compared to usual care.

    SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Trials Registers. In addition, we searched for all relevant trials from 1970 (or the date at which the database was first available if after 1970) to date using electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO), clinical trial databases (National Institutes of Health, Clinical Trials Search portal of the World Health Organization, metaRegister of controlled clinical trials), and hand searching of key journals and conference abstract books from 1998 to date (European Journal of Human Genetics, Genetics in Medicine, Journal of Community Genetics). We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles, reviews and guidelines and also contacted subject experts in the field to request any unpublished or other published trials.Date of latest search of the registers: 25 June 2015.Date of latest search of all other sources: 10 December 2014.

    SELECTION CRITERIA: Any randomised or quasi-randomised control trials (published or unpublished) comparing reproductive outcomes of systematic preconception genetic risk assessment for thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs disease when compared to usual care.

    DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We identified 19 papers, describing 13 unique trials which were potentially eligible for inclusion in the review. However, after assessment, no randomised controlled trials of preconception genetic risk assessment for thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs disease were found.

    MAIN RESULTS: No randomised controlled trials of preconception genetic risk assessment for thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs disease were found.

    AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: As no randomised controlled trials of preconception genetic risk assessment for thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, or Tay-Sachs disease were found for inclusion in this review, the research evidence for current policy recommendations is limited to non-randomised studies.Information from well-designed, adequately powered, randomised trials is desirable in order to make more robust recommendations for practice. However, such trials must also consider the legal, ethical, and cultural barriers to implementation of preconception genetic risk assessment.

    MeSH terms: Anemia, Sickle Cell/genetics*; Cystic Fibrosis/genetics*; Female; Heterozygote Detection*; Humans; Tay-Sachs Disease/genetics*; Thalassemia/genetics*; Preconception Care*; Risk Assessment
  16. Loke P, Lim YAL
    Trends Parasitol, 2015 Nov;31(11):534-535.
    PMID: 26604162 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.10.001
    There is growing interest in treating inflammatory conditions with helminth infection. Recently, Loukas and colleagues have reported promising results from using experimental hookworm infection to reduce gluten sensitivity in celiac disease patients. Analysis of microbiota samples from the trial is contributing to our understanding of the complexity underlying helminth–microbiota–host relationships.
    MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome*; Ancylostomatoidea*; Animals; Celiac Disease/etiology*; Glutens/metabolism*; Hookworm Infections*; Humans; Biodiversity*
  17. Mahumud RA, Hossain MG, Sarker AR, Islam MN, Hossain MR, Saw A, et al.
    PMID: 29386920 DOI: 10.2147/OAJC.S76070
    Introduction: Contraceptive discontinuation is a worldwide incident that may be connected with low incentive to avoid pregnancy. Contraceptive discontinuation highly contributes to unplanned pregnancy and unwanted births.

    Objectives: The objective of this study was to observe the prevalence of discontinuation and switching of contraceptive methods among Bangladeshi married women. In addition, the sociodemographic factors associated with contraceptive discontinuation and switching were assessed.

    Methods: Secondary cross-sectional data was used in this study. A total of 16,273 married Bangladeshi women of reproductive age (15-49 years) were considered in the present study, from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2011. Logistic regression models were used to determine the relationships between key sociodemographic factors and user status.

    Results: The prevalence of discontinuation and switching of contraceptive method among women were 38.4% and 15.4%, respectively. The logistic regression model demonstrated that women in early reproductive years (25-29 years and 30-34 years) significantly more often (odds ratio [OR] =0.84 and 0.71, respectively) discontinued use of contraceptives. Significantly higher rates of discontinuation were pronounced among women who used the pill (OR =0.72) and injectable contraception users (OR =0.60), had small family size (OR =0.49), lived in a rural community (OR =1.65), and who were less educated (OR =1.55).

    Conclusion: Contraceptive discontinuation may reflect an association among less education, currently married, and smaller family size. Awareness of contraceptive methods can decrease the burden of unplanned pregnancies and thus progresses the family planning program.
    MeSH terms: Bangladesh; Child; Child, Unwanted; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Devices; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Family Planning Services; Female; Humans; Marriage; Motivation; Pregnancy; Rural Population; Prevalence; Logistic Models; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Family Conflict
  18. Raihan R, Tabassum S, Al-Mahtab M, Nessa A, Jahan M, Shamim Kabir CM, et al.
    Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol, 2015 Jan-Jun;5(1):7-10.
    PMID: 29201677 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1120
    Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has many faces. Precore and core promoter mutants resemble inactive carrier status. The identification of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in hepatocytes may have variable clinical significance. The present study was undertaken to detect HBcAg in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and to assess the efficacy of detection system by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and indirect immunoperoxidase (IIP).

    Materials and methods: The study was done in 70 chronic HBV-infected patients. Out of 70 patients, eight (11.4%) were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive and 62 (88.57%) were HBeAg negative. Hepatitis B core antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and indirect immunoperoxidase (IIP) methods in liver tissue.

    Results: All HBeAg positive patients expressed HBcAg by both IIF and IIP methods. Out of 62 patients with HBeAg-negative CHB, HBcAg was detected by IIF in 55 (88.7%) patients and by IIP in 51 (82.26%) patients. A positive relation among viral load and HBcAg detection was also found. This was more evident in the case of HBeAg negative patients and showed a positive relation with HBV DNA levels.

    Conclusion: Hepatitis B core antigen can be detected using the IIF from formalin fixed paraffin block preparation and also by IIP method. This seems to reflect the magnitudes of HBV replication in CHB.

    How to cite this article: Raihan R, Tabassum S, Al-Mahtab M, Nessa A, Jahan M, Kabir CMS, Kamal M, Aguilar JC. Hepatitis B Core Antigen in Hepatocytes of Chronic Hepatitis B: Comparison between Indirect Immunofluorescence and Immunoperoxidase Method. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2015;5(1):7-10.
    MeSH terms: DNA, Viral; Formaldehyde; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Core Antigens; Hepatitis B e Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Paraffin; United States; Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (U.S.); Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Viral Load; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatocytes
  19. Muhammad Fakhrurazi Ahmad Fadzil, Siti Selina Abdul Hamid, Siti Najila Mohd Janib, Azahari Kasbollah, Syed Asraf Fahlawi Wafa
    MyJurnal
    Medical radioisotope is a small quantity of radioactive substance used in safe, cost effective, for the
    purpose of diagnostic and therapy of various diseases. In Malaysia, the emerging of new nuclear
    medicine centers or institutions in both government and private sectors rose abruptly for the past few
    years. Currently, there are no data available on the usage and demand of medial radioisotope or
    radiopharmaceuticals. Understanding the usage trending and demand of radiopharmaceuticals and
    medical radioisotope is essential when related to technology changes in order to meet the market size
    of these radiopharmaceuticals. Survey result found out that the highest demand and the highest usage
    among all radioisotopes are Technetium-99m and Radioiodine isotopes such as the Iodine-131, Iodine-
    131 MIBG, Iodine-123 and Iodine-123 MIBG. Currently, most of the medical isotopes and
    radiopharmaceuticals are currently imported. Technetium-99m is the backbone of nuclear medicine
    whereby more than 80% of Nuclear Medicine services utilize this radioisotope. Technetium-99m supply
    chain is unstable globally and in coming future, two main reactors (Canada & Holland) that produces
    60% of world Molybdenum-99 will shut down the operation and supply of Molybdenum-99 will be
    disrupted. As for radioiodine services, currently, Iodine-123 can't be obtained in Malaysia and
    neighboring countries due to its short half-life. Iodine-123 is useful in diagnostic of thyroid related
    diseases. As for PET services, the highest demands are F-18 FDG and Gallium-68 Generator for the
    moment. However the survey data still did not, include most of the PET centers in the Klang Valley,
    northern area (Penang) and the new upcoming PET center in Southern Region (Malacca and Johor).
    It is important for Malaysia to self-produced medical radioisotope and radiopharmaceuticals to meet
    the market and local demand of these medical isotopes.
External Links