Browse publications by year: 2016

  1. Kee LH, Ying Chyi JL, Zainal Abidin Talib, Mohammad Shuhazlly Mamat, Hong Ngee JL, Fakhrurrazi Ashari, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1201-1206.
    Zinc selenide/graphene oxide (ZnSe/GO) composite is synthesized using hydrothermal method. Two different methods
    such as direct and indirect route have been investigated to form the ZnSe/GO composite. In this research, the graphene
    oxide used was in sheet and liquid form. The synthesized composite was then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD)
    for phase identification, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for morphology analysis and ultravioletvisible
    spectroscopy (UV-Vis) for optical properties. ZnSe/GO composite showed absorption peak ranging from 460 to
    480 nm with the optical band gap obtained through Tauc equation. The optical band gap of the ZnSe/GO composite has
    been tuned down to a smaller value as compared to the bulk ZnSe compound. The optical band gap has been reduced
    to around 2.53 eV when liquid graphene oxide was used while around 2.23 to 2.32 eV when graphene oxide sheet was
    used. The purity of ZnSe/GO composite synthesis via indirect hydrothermal method is higher than those synthesized via
    direct hydrothermal method. The type of graphene oxide will affect the morphology of the composite where the ZnSe
    compound was either wrapped by tiny thorn-like substance or graphene oxide layer.
    MeSH terms: Graphite; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oxides; Spectrum Analysis; X-Ray Diffraction; Zinc Compounds; Selenium Compounds
  2. Fazli FIM, Nayan N, Ahmad MK, Mohd Napi Ml, Hamed NKA, Khalid NS
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1197-1200.
    Titanium dioxide (TiO2
    ) nanoparticles thin film has been successfully synthesized by a spray pyrolysis deposition method
    by using an air compressor on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate and was annealed at different temperature. TiO2
    is the most common oxide as an electrode in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) which still has chances of improvements to
    increase its efficiency as an electrode. The efficiency of a DSSC was relatively low but modifications on every part of a
    DSSC were currently in research progress and an increase in adsorbed dye molecules was considered a potential. Thus,
    the influences of annealing temperature on structural and morphological properties of TiO2
    have been studied using
    X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively, while the efficiency of
    the films in a solar cell was studied by a solar simulator. The FESEM result showed several degrees of porosity obtained
    by varying the annealing temperature. The crystallinity of TiO2 investigated by XRD showed that the crystallinity of the
    TiO2
    thin films was generally unaffected by the annealing temperature. The relationship between the properties and the
    efficiency of the films as an electrode was also studied
    MeSH terms: Coloring Agents; Electrodes; Fluorine; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oxides; Sunlight; Temperature; Titanium; X-Ray Diffraction; Porosity; Tin Compounds; Nanoparticles
  3. Fakhrurrazi Ashari, Ying Chyi JL, Zainal Abidin Talib, W. Wahmood Wan Yunus, Jian LY, Kee LH, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1191-1196.
    Zinc selenide (ZnSe) quantum dots (QDs) have been synthesized through a hydrothermal method using ZnCl2
    and Na2
    SeO3
    powder as the precursor in the presence of oleylamine as capping agent. The hydrothermal route was conducted at a
    moderate temperature (150°C) for 8 h. Optical properties of ZnSe QDs were studied through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
    (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) while the structural properties of ZnSe QDs were characterized using transmission
    electron microscope (TEM). The photoluminescence (PL) characterization on ZnSe QDs showed that the QDs emit light in
    blue range region at around 440 nm with optical band gap energy at 3.68 eV. The TEM results showed that the average
    particle size is around 8.9 nm. It is a good candidates for optoelectronic devices such as light emitting diodes (LED).
  4. Ehsan Borzouyan Dastjerdi, Ismail Sahid, Khairiah Jusoh
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1183-1190.
    Due to the increasing production and use of nanoparticles in various sectors such as electronic industries and healthcare,
    concerns about the unknown effects caused by the presence of these materials in the natural environment and agricultural
    systems were on the rise. Because of the growing trend of ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) which is one of the most widely
    used nanoparticles being released into the environment, it has attracted the attention for more studies to be done on
    the effects of this nanoparticle on organisms. This study was carried out to investigate the phytotoxicity effect of nZnO
    on groundnut seedlings in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The experimental treatments of this study include eight
    concentrations of nZnO (10, 30, 50, 100, 200, 400, 1000 & 2000 mg.L-1) added to MS medium and MS medium without
    nanoparticles have been used as control treatment. For the first 6 days after sowing, germination percent and germination
    rate index were calculated by counting the germinated seeds every day. Groundnut seedlings were incubated for 3 weeks
    in optimum condition and after that, seedling characteristics such as length, wet and dry weight of radicle and plumule
    were measured. The water content of radicle and plumule were also calculated. The results of this study showed that
    radicle and plumule length of groundnut seedlings were affected by nZnO exposure, in a way that length of radicles in 50
    mg.L-1 nZnO and higher concentrations was significantly lower than that of control treatment and the shortest plumule
    length was observed in 2000 mg.L-1 nZnO concentration treatment. Both the radicle and plumule wet weight were also
    decreased as the nanoparticle concentration was increased. However, despite the decreasing in radicle and plumule dry
    weight with increasing in nZnO concentration, this increase was not significant. However radicle dry weight in 10 mg.L-1
    nZnO was significantly higher than nZnOtreatments with 200 mg.L-1 concentration and higher concentrations. Moreover,
    observations of this study did not show any significant difference between the water content of nZnO concentration
    treatments and control treatment.
    MeSH terms: Agriculture; Attention; Environment; Fabaceae; Seeds; Water; Zinc Oxide; Germination; Seedlings; Nanoparticles
  5. Patterson Richard F, Savas E
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1177-1181.
    The goal of this paper was to present a series of limit theorems that characterizes independent double random variables
    via four dimensional summability transformation. In order to accomplish this goal we began with the presentation of the
    following theorem that characterize pairwise independent random variables: let [xk,l] be a double sequence of pairwise
    independent random variables such that [xk, l] was uniformly integrable. Let [am, n, k, l] be a four dimensional matrix such that
    ≤ C for all ordered pair (m, n) and for some C and
    converges to 0 in probability
    Then (xk,l – E(xk,l) converges in mean to 0. Other extensions and variations via multidimensional transformation
    shall also be presented.
  6. Nooranis Mustapha, Nozieana Khairuddin, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Shahrir Hashim, Md. Bazlul Mobin Siddique
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1169-1176.
    Interest in the use of intelligent packaging systems for food products has increased in recent years. Intelligent packaging
    systems are those that monitor the condition of packaged foods to give information regarding the quality of the packaged
    food during transport and storage. The potential of HEC/PANI film as pH indicator and pH sensor were evaluated. HEC/
    PANI film was prepared by solution blending and casting method. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed
    that there was no chemical interaction between HEC and PANI. The film properties were retained chemically. The electrical
    conductivity increment from 1.14×105 to 2.2 ×105
    S/cm was observed when PANI was incorporated into the HEC film matrix.
    Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that the electrical conductance network of PANI was formed
    in HEC/PANI film. The electrical sensitivity of the film has been studied with I-V characterization. The changes in color and
    current of HEC/PANI film on interaction to pH buffer 1-14 shows its suitability as pH indicator and pH sensor for food.
  7. Kaewbuddee C, Chanpiwat P, Kidkhunthod P, Wantala K
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1155-1167.
    The aims of this work were to investigate the characteristics of nanoscale zero valent irons (nZVI) coupled with mesoporous
    materials (RH-MCM-41) adsorbent and to study the removal mechanisms of Pb (II) from synthetical solutions using full
    pictorial design batch experiments. Synthetic nZVI coupled with RH MCM-41 as Pb (II) adsorbent were characterized
    by XRD, TEM, BET and XANES. The results of XANES analyses confirmed the ability of RH-MCM-41 to prevent oxidations of
    Fe0
    to Fe2+ and Fe3+. XANES results also verified the oxidation states of Pb (II). The solution pH was the most significant
    positive effect in controlling Pb (II) adsorption. The equilibrium and kinetic adsorption isotherms well fitted with the
    Langmuir isotherm. The pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption indicated that the adsorption process is the rate limiting
    step for Pb (II) removal. Furthermore, Langmuir-Hinshelwood confirmed the obvious Pb (II) adsorption at the active
    site of adsorbents. The reduction rate constant (kr
    = 5,000 mg/L.min) was higher than the adsorption rate constant (Kad
    = 0.0002 L/mg). Regarding the research results, four pathways including: reduction process, adsorption on FeOOH,
    adsorption on RH-MCM-41 and complex reaction between Fe and Pb ions were suggested for Pb (II) removal by nZVI
    coupled with RH-MCM-41.
    MeSH terms: Adsorption; Ions; Kinetics; Lead; Silicon Dioxide
  8. Darfizzi Derawi
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1149-1154.
    Hydroxy-ether-POo
    was synthesised via alcoholysis reaction of epoxidized palm olein (EPOo
    ). The experimental design
    was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) based on 3 factors; reaction time, reaction temperature and
    catalyst loading. Responses such as percentage of conversion and percentage of yield were determined using statistical
    software ‘Design Expert 9’. Hydroxy-ether-POo
    showed the presence of proton peak attached to the carbon of ether
    (3.2, 3.5 ppm) and proton of the hydroxyl (4.8 ppm). The presence of carbon peak bonded to hydroxyl was detected at
    chemical shift 75 ppm and carbonyl carbon of ether at 72 ppm.
  9. Mohd Jamil Abdul Wahab, Noor Azrieda Abd Rashid, Salmiah Ujang, Choon LS
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1139-1147.
    Timber scaffold boards have been widely utilised in the offshore construction industry. However, technical specifications
    and inspection procedure for the application of scaffold boards from a wood material were inadequate. In the development
    of the standard requirements, evaluation of actual engineering practices could indicate the level of workplace safety. A
    study was conducted to identify risk and safety measures concerning the use of timber scaffold boards in construction.
    This article discusses on the occupational risks and ergonomics issues of the scaffolding application based on the physical
    and mechanical conditions of tropical timber scaffold boards extracted from offshore oil and gas rigs. The boards were
    exposed to a seasonal climate of East Coast monsoon of South China Sea between November and February. The scaffolding
    application extended up to 20 m directly above the ocean surface and some boards were completely immersed below
    the ocean surface particularly during elevated tidal waves. Some of the boards were installed as the on-deck platforms.
    Forty scaffold boards fabricated from tropical timber species were evaluated. Physical characteristics of the boards
    were described by natural and man-made factors. A three-point bending test was conducted to determine the maximum
    load capacity of each board and the mode of fracture was evaluated. Timber identification test was conducted to identify
    the groups of the timber being used. The microscopic observation confirmed the presence of hyphae which indicated the
    biological deterioration has happened in some of the boards. Occupational risks were summarised based on the results
    of the physical and mechanical assessments
    MeSH terms: China; Climate; Engineering; Oceans and Seas; Physical Examination; Seasons; Wood; Workplace; Hyphae; Tidal Waves; Construction Industry
  10. Ramalingam A, Siti Balkis Budin, Lim Yc, Lislivia Si Yn, Satirah Zainalabidin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1131-1137.
    UKMR-1, a local variant of mutant Roselle strain (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is enriched with free radical scavenging polyphenols
    such as anthocyanin, vitamin C and hydroxycitric acid. However, pharmacological actions of UKMR-1 are not fully known.
    This study was conducted to determine whether supplementation of aqueous UKMR-1 calyx extract was able to protect
    against nicotine-induced cardiac injury in rats. In this experimental study, healthy male albino rats were randomly
    allotted into three groups (n=7 per group): control, nicotine and UKMR-1+Nicotine groups. Nicotine (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.)
    was administered to both nicotine and UKMR-1+Nicotine groups for 28 consecutive days. UKMR-1+Nicotine group also
    received 100 mg/kg UKMR-1 extract orally via gavage 30 min prior to nicotine injection, daily. UKMR-1+Nicotine group
    had significantly (p<0.05) higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, as well as lower malondialdehyde content in
    heart tissue homogenate than nicotine group, suggesting its cardio protective activity by inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
    UKMR-1 also lowered (p<0.05) the blood pressure in nicotine-administered rats. In addition, UKMR-1 significantly (p<0.05)
    restored activities of cytosolic superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase as well as
    redox balance ratio (GSH:GSSG). In conclusion, UKMR-1 was a
    MeSH terms: Animals; Anthocyanins; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Citrates; Free Radicals; Glutathione Peroxidase; Glutathione Transferase; Male; Malondialdehyde; Nicotine; Oxidation-Reduction; Superoxide Dismutase; Lipid Peroxidation; Glutathione Disulfide; Protective Agents; Hibiscus; Lactate Dehydrogenases; Rats; Polyphenols
  11. Aqilah Leela T. Narayanan, Muhammad Akmal Ayob, Norayati Nordin, Arief Ruhullah A. Harris, Eko Supriyanto
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1121-1129.
    Lung atelectasis caused by shallow breathing patterns is common after cardiac, thoracic and upper abdominal surgeries.
    A common method used to address this problem is to encourage patients to perform breathing exercises using incentive
    spirometers in the postoperative period. However, to be effective, this procedure must be repeated regularly so that
    adequate lung volumes can be maintained to prevent atelectasis. Current models of single-use, low-cost incentive
    spirometers do not have features that can track and store data on breathing exercises. This makes it difficult to monitor
    patients’ breathing exercises effectively. We present here a device designed to be interfaced with the Spiro-ball incentive
    spirometer and programmed to monitor the incentive spirometry performance. Laboratory based validation performed
    indicate that there were no significant differences between the value obtained from the device and manual reading;
    p-value > 0.05 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) is 3.882. The device was able to retrieve and display pertinent data
    on incentive spirometry performance. It was also able to correctly track and register random sets of inspiration data
    through different dates and timelines. Being a separate entity which is reusable, it does not add to the cost of the singleuse
    incentive spirometer
  12. Fazia Adyani Ahmad Fuad, Houston Douglas R, Michels Paul AM, Fothergill-gilmore Linda A, Walkinshaw Malcolm D
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1113-1120.
    Cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase has been proposed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of
    trypanosomatid diseases. In this paper, we report the identification of compounds that could potentially be developed as
    selective inhibitors of cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase from Leishmania mexicana (LmiPGAM). Virtual
    screening was used in this search, as well as compounds identified by high-throughput screening. A ligand-based virtual
    screen programme, ultra fast shape recognition with atom types (UFSRAT), was used to screen for compounds resembling
    the substrate/product, before a structure-based approach was applied using AutoDock 4 and AutoDock Vina in a consensus
    docking scheme. In this way eight selected compounds were identified. In addition, three compounds from the Library of
    Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC) were selected from the published results of high-throughput screening of
    this library. The inhibitory effects of these compounds were tested at a fixed concentration of 1 mM. The results showed
    that seven compounds inhibited LmiPGAM activity and of these, two compounds (one each from high-throughput and
    virtual screening) showed substantial inhibition (i.e. 14% and 49% remaining activity, respectively). Taken together, the
    findings from this study indicate that these compounds have potential as novel inhibitors that specifically target LmiPGAM.
    MeSH terms: Inorganic Chemicals; Leishmania mexicana; Libraries; Ligands; Phosphoglycerate Mutase; Gene Library; Consensus
  13. Kim TW, Kim CW, Kwon SG, Hwang JH, Park DH, Kang DG, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1097-1103.
    In order to examine differences of meat quality traits depending on pH values post-mortem, the pH range was classified
    according to initial pH (pH45min) and ultimate pH (pH24hr) post-mortem. The differences of meat quality traits depending
    on sex were not changed by a number of amount, except for backfat thickness and fat content. The value of pH45min was
    positively correlated with pHdif, whereas pH24hr was negatively associated with lightness (CIE L*) and protein content. At
    pH45min post-slaughter, collagen content, fat content, shear force, water holding capacity and yellowness (CIE b*) showed
    lower values at the higher pH range of pH>6.7 than those of other ranges, but CIE L* and redness (CIE a*) presented
    the lowest value at the intermediate pH range of pH6.3~6.7. Conversely, at pH24hr post-slaughter, fat and moisture
    contents maintained the highest average values at the higher pH range of pH>6.1, but protein content showed higher
    value at the lower pH range of pH<5.7. Higher pH24hr appeared significantly lower shear force, but higher water holding
    capacity. CIE L*, a*, and b* values showed significantly higher values at the lowest region of pH24hr. Since meat quality
    characteristics seemed to be favored by consumers in rather than at the range of pH5.7~6.1, which showed significant
    differences of meat color, appearance, and meat juiciness, it is suggested that production of pork meat to appropriate
    pH value is performed by pig breeders and control measures taken during pre- and post-slaughters.
    MeSH terms: Red Meat; Animals; Collagen; Color; Meat; Swine; Water; Sus scrofa
  14. Nurul Ashikeen Ab Razak, Mustafa Abdul Rahman, Tuen AA
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1089-1095.
    Family Scolopacidae includes the sandpipers, shanks, snipes, godwits and curlews. Systematic classifications of shorebirds
    at the higher level have been successfully resolved. Nevertheless, the phylogeny of shorebirds in the familial level is still
    poorly understood. Thus, this phylogenetic study on Scolopacidae was conducted upon the framework provided by the first
    sequence-based species-level phylogeny within the shorebirds to determine the phylogenetic relationships among family
    members of Scolopacidae in West Borneo, Sarawak using combined gene markers, mtDNA Cytochrome Oxidise I (COI)
    and nucDNA Recombinant Activating Gene 1 (RAG1). A total of 1,342 base pair (bp) were inferred from both COI and RAG1
    gene from 45 sequences constituted of 15 species Scolopacidae sampled from Sarawak namely Xenus cinereus, Actitis
    hypoleucos, Tringa totanus, Tringa glareola, Tringa stagnatilis, Heteroscelus brevipes, Calidris alba, Calidris ruficollis,
    Calidris ferruginea, Calidris tenuirostris, Calidris alpina, Gallinago stenura, Gallinago megala, Numenius arquata, and
    Numenius phaeopus. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with Charadrius mongulus derived as an outgroup. The
    Bayesian Inference (BI) tree constructed supported grouping of species into several lineages of Numeniinae, Calidrinae,
    Scolopacinae and Tringinae. The groupings of species into several lineages correlate with morphological features that
    contribute to their adaptation and ability of the species to fit to their ecosystems.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Base Sequence; Bayes Theorem; Borneo; Cytochromes; DNA, Mitochondrial; Malaysia; Phylogeny; Genes, RAG-1; Ecosystem; Base Pairing; Charadriiformes
  15. Chan Kg, Yap Ac, Choo Ym
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1073-1077.
    Burkholderia cenocepacia and Serratia marcescens are Gram-negative proteobacteria commonly found in the natural
    environment and are also opportunistic pathogens that caused a number of human diseases. The fermentation culture of
    Burkholderia cenocepacia yielded three compounds, 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenol (1), Maculosin (2) and methyl myristate
    (3). Compound 2 was also isolated together with cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) (4) from Serratia marcescens. Compound 1 was
    isolated from a natural source for the first time and the first isolation of compounds 2-4 was also reported from both
    Burkholderia cenocepacia and Serratia marcescens.
    MeSH terms: Environment; Fermentation; Humans; Myristates; Peptides, Cyclic; Phenols; Piperazines; Serratia marcescens; Phenol; Myristic Acid; Proteobacteria; Burkholderia cenocepacia
  16. Ling Onn M, Teen Lim P, Aazani Mujahid, Proksch P, Müller M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1063-1071.
    Endophytic fungi provide protection to their host plant and the fungi often produce antimicrobial compounds to aid the host
    fighting off pathogens. These bioactive compounds were secondary metabolites which were often produced as waste- or
    by-products. In the present study, endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove plants and soils were characterized and their
    antimicrobial production and bioremediation potential of heavy metals copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were assessed. Twelve
    (12) isolated and identified endophytic fungi belonged to seven species; Penicillium, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Aspergillus,
    Guignardia, Neusartorya and Eupenicillium. Antimicrobial activities of these 12 fungal endophytes were tested against
    Gram negative bacteria; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Gram positive bacteria; Escherichia coli and fungi;
    Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger among others. Two isolates (related to Guignardia sp. and Neusartoya sp.) showed
    strong antimicrobial (and antifungal) activity whereas the rest showed no activity. Compounds were isolated from both
    isolates and screened using HPLC. Both isolates displayed chemically very interesting chromatograms as they possessed a
    high diversity of basic chemical structures and peaks over a wide range of polarities, with structures similar to Trimeric
    catechin and Helenalin among others. For bioremediation assessment, the results showed maximum biosorption capacity
    for two isolates related to Curvularia sp. and Neusartorya sp., with the former removing 25 mg Cu/g biomass and the
    latter removing 24 mg Zn/g biomass. Our results indicated the potential of mangrove endophytic fungi in producing
    bioactive compounds and also highlighted their potential for the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater.
    MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillus niger; Bacillus subtilis; Biodegradation, Environmental; Candida albicans; Catechin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Copper; Escherichia coli; Penicillium; Sesquiterpenes; Soil; Staphylococcus aureus; Zinc; Biomass; Eupenicillium; Endophytes; Waste Water
  17. Wan Haizatul Akmal Che Yusoff, Zazali Alias, Khanom Simarani
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1057-1062.
    The glutathione S-Transferase (GST) enzyme plays an important role in cellular detoxification. This multifunctional enzyme
    is involved in Phase II detoxification pathways that protect cellular macromolecules from being attacked by harmful
    compound. The study is an attempt to isolate glutathione transferase-expressing bacteria from the rhizospheric soil of
    selected herbal plants. Screening showed nine positive isolates out of twelve bacterial samples from a large microbial
    population in our soil collection. Crude extract from strain E1 which was isolated from Piper sarmentosum (Kadok)
    showed the highest specific activity against 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene substrates (5.78 × 10-06 µmol/min/mg). Based
    on the carbon utilization of E1 assessed using Biolog system, the strain was identified as Comamonas testosterone E1.
    Glutathione S-transferase purification using GST trap yielded two distinct subunits with molecular weights of 23 and 24
    kDa as visualized on 1D SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified GST showed reactivity towards 1-chloro-2,
    4-dinitrobenzene, 1, 2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene and ethacrynic acid with specific activity of 0.264 ± 0.038 nmol/min/
    mg and 0.056 ± 0.002 nmol/min/mg and 10.500 ± 3.130 nmol/min/mg, respectively. However, no activity was detected
    against p-Nitrobenzyl chloride, Sulfobromophthalein, trans-4-phenyl-3-butene-2-one, hexa-2, 4- dienal, trans-hepta-2,
    4-dienal and trans-oct-2-enal in the study.
  18. Ouled-haddar H, Sifour M, Idoui T, Bouridane H, Arid S
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1049-1055.
    A Lactobacillus plantarum strain G1 was previously isolated from chicken crop and it was found to show interesting
    probiotic properties. In this study, several microencapsulation combined materials were used to test their ability to protect
    cells from gastrointestinal harsh conditions. The results on kinetics of cell release after exposition to acidic pH (2.0)
    indicated that the efficiency of cell entrapment of the gels was as follows starting from the highest capacity to the lowest
    one: sodium alginate, alginate-agar (AA), alginate-starch (AS) and κ-carrageenan. In addition, effect of bile salts on
    cell release was also tested; the results showed that the efficiency of entrapment of the gels was different and as follows
    starting from the highest capacity to the lowest one: AA, sodium alginate, κ-carrageenan, and AS. Moreover, viability of
    free and alginate-microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum after exposure to acid, bile and pancreatic enzymes was
    investigated; the results showed that microencapsulation was capable of protecting cells against the harsh conditions of
    the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, microencapsulation enhanced the viability of Lb. plantarum during cold storage
    for 2 weeks and during a range of heat treatments.
  19. Jiang L, Yue K, Yang Y, Wu Q
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1041-1047.
    Litter decomposition is vital for carbon and nutrient turnover in terrestrial ecosystems, and this process has now
    been thoroughly demonstrated to be regulated by various mechanisms. The total environment has been continuously
    changing in recent decades, especially in high-latitude regions; these alterations, however, profoundly contribute to the
    decomposition process, but a comprehensive recognition has not available. Here we reviewed the empirical observations
    and current knowledge regarding how hydrological leaching and freeze-thaw events modulate early decomposition of
    plant litter. Leaching contributes a considerable percentage of mass loss and carbon and nutrient release in early stage of
    decomposition, but the magnitudes are different between species levels depending on the chemical traits. Frequent freezing
    and thawing events could positively influence decomposition rate in cold biomes but also hamper soil decomposer and
    there is no general and predictable pattern has been emerged. Further experiments should be manipulated to estimate
    how the altered freezing and thawing effect on carbon and nutrient release from plant litter to better understanding the
    changing environment on litter decomposition.
    MeSH terms: Carbon; Environment; Freezing; Plants; Soil; Ecosystem; Hydrology
  20. Norhayati Y, Wahizatul Afzan A, Siti Noor Jannah S, Nurul Wahidah MR
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1035-1040.
    Interaction between the Red Palm Weevil (RPW) and coconuts will stimulate the plants’ early response by producing the
    reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes lipid peroxidation and membrane damage of the host plants. Thus, a multiple
    defense lines, including both scavenging enzymes and molecular antioxidants have been evolved to promptly inactivate
    these radicals. This study investigated the responses of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX),
    α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and carotenoids contents of three coconut cultivars which were PANDAN, MAWA and MATAG
    against the RPW infestation. The infested PANDAN and MAWA exhibited higher CAT, POD and APX specific activities of 2.60
    ± 0.11, 5.0 ± 0.72 and 1.58 ± 0.20 units/mg protein for PANDAN whereas 1.13 ± 0.04, 39.38 ± 2.29 and 1.15 ± 0.16 units/
    mg, protein for MAWA) compared with controls. However, MATAG cultivar showed no significant difference (p<0.05) in the
    production of both enzymes except for POD specific activities. RPW infestations only managed to trigger the α-tocopherol
    concentrations in the MAWA cultivar compared with the others. Infested MAWA and MATAG increased the ascorbic acid
    concentrations, however, a contrast results was observed in infested PANDAN. All coconut cultivars exhibited higher
    carotenoids content (2771.20 ± 263.90, 3043.20 ± 526.35 and 921.20 ± 281.10 µg/g.fwt of PANDAN, MAWA and MATAG,
    respectively) compared with their respective controls (455.20 ± 135.10, 1408.40 ± 103.02 and 248.80 ± 110.39 µg/g.
    fwt). The above results indicated that the oxidative stress induced by the RPW infestation would stimulate the activities of
    enzymes and molecular antioxidants studied especially in infested MAWA. Thus, it may be suggested that MAWA cultivar
    was more tolerance towards RPW infestation compared to MATAG and PANDAN. It is hoped that this finding will provide
    clues on how plant respond toward stress during infestation, thus further action can be activated as soon as possible to
    control the spread of R. ferrugineus.
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