Browse publications by year: 2020

  1. Arumugam M, Jamil A, Amiseno RA, Rosli N, Abdul Shukor N
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Aug;42(2):277-281.
    PMID: 32860382
    INTRODUCTION: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy of the skin, with poor clinical outcomes. Typical conditions include a rapidly growing, solitary dome-shaped, violaceous nodule. Several root causes have been identified - sun exposure, age, lighter skin, immunocompromised state, and polyomavirus infection. Wide local excision is the best treatment. The tumour is radiotherapy-responsive. However, the success rate of the treatment with chemotherapy is rather limited. Immunotherapy has shown promising results. Early detection is important to prevent morbidity and mortality.

    CASE REPORT: In this literature work, we reported on a particular case of MCC, as exhibited by an 84-year-old Chinese woman, and discussed the clinical features and management of MCC.

    DISCUSSION: We highlighted that MCC cases have a link to the polyomavirus 5. Patients who were identified with the Polyomavirus 5, and underwent immunotherapy, were seen to depict much better prognosis.

    MeSH terms: Aged, 80 and over; Drug Therapy; Female; Humans; Immunotherapy; Polyomavirus; Prognosis; Skin/pathology; Skin Neoplasms/etiology; Skin Neoplasms/pathology; Skin Neoplasms/surgery; Neuroendocrine Tumors/etiology; Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology; Neuroendocrine Tumors/surgery
  2. Wan Ahmad Kammal WS, Azman M, Salleh AA, Md Pauzi SH, Abd Shukor N
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Aug;42(2):283-286.
    PMID: 32860383
    Oncocytic carcinoma of the salivary gland is an uncommon tumour in the head and neck region. Owing to its rarity, identifying the histopathological features of a malignant tumour can be difficult and challenging. We report a case of a 70-year-old man who presented with a left facial weakness for six months in a background history of left parotid swelling over the past 10 years. Clinical examination revealed a 3x3cm left parotid mass and grade 4 facial nerve palsy. Fine needle aspiration of the mass showed scattered cohesive, monolayered sheets of uniform oncocytic cells. Subsequently, a left total parotidectomy and selective neck dissection were performed. Histological examination showed sheets of small oncocytes with minimal nuclear atypia. Evidence of nerve entrapment, capsular invasion and perivascular permeation were identified in focal areas. Thus, a final diagnosis of oncocytic carcinoma was rendered.
    MeSH terms: Aged; Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis; Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology; Humans; Male; Parotid Gland/pathology; Parotid Neoplasms/diagnosis; Parotid Neoplasms/pathology; Salivary Glands/pathology; Oxyphil Cells/pathology; Biopsy, Fine-Needle
  3. Sharudin SN, Huda Al Firdas AN, Hitam S, Hamid Z, Nordin NJ, Othman N, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Aug;42(2):287-291.
    PMID: 32860384
    INTRODUCTION: Lymphoma of parapharyngeal space (PPS) is a rare condition. The clinical presentations may vary and often masquerades as infection or an inflammatory condition. A misdiagnosis will lead to a delay in treatment of the disease. Due to the complex anatomy of PPS, any attributed pressure from masses can lead to a life-threatening event such as cardiac syncope.

    CASE REPORT: We report a rare case of PPS B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with superimposed Tuberculosis (TB) and fungal infection that presents with several episodes of syncope and hemodynamic depression.

    DISCUSSION: The clinical entities in PPS lesions syncope and its associated syndromes, pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis together with possible managements are further discussed.

    MeSH terms: Abscess; Diagnosis, Differential; Head and Neck Neoplasms/complications; Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis; Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoses; Tuberculosis
  4. Ding CH, Khaithir TMN, Wahab AA, Faiz MA, Saarah WR
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Aug;42(2):293-296.
    PMID: 32860385
    Trichosporon asahii is a yeast-like fungus that is emerging as an important cause of invasive infections in tertiary medical centres. A 58-year-old Chinese man with no known medical illnesses presented with liver lacerations and multiple fractures following an alleged 12-foot fall at a construction site. The gravity of his injuries and poor haemodynamic status necessitated an intensive care unit (ICU) admission, during which several febrile episodes were detected and multiple antibiotics were administered. After being in the ICU for at least two weeks, a urease-positive yeast was isolated from the patient's blood. The yeast formed dry, fuzzy and wrinkled white colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar following prolonged incubation, and produced blastoconidia, true hyphae, pseudohyphae and arthroconidia on slide culture. It was identified biochemically by the ID 32 C kit as T. asahii. The yeast had elevated minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to fluconazole, amphotericin B, flucytosine and all echinocandins tested. In view of this, the patient was treated with voriconazole and was successfully transferred to the general medical ward.
    MeSH terms: Amphotericin B/pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Multiple Trauma/complications*; Multiple Trauma/drug therapy; Fungemia/drug therapy; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal; Trichosporonosis/drug therapy*; Voriconazole/pharmacology; Voriconazole/therapeutic use*
  5. Abdul Rahim FH, Thambiah CS, Samsudin IN, Mohamed Mokhtar N
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Aug;42(2):297-300.
    PMID: 32860386
    INTRODUCTION: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting autosomal recessive disorder as a result of CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutation. It has a wide range of disease severity in patients with the same genotype.

    CASE REPORT: A 5-year-old Malay boy with a history of recurrent pneumonia, presented with productive cough, fever and worsening tachypnoea. Physical examination revealed coarse crepitations, reduced breath sounds and clubbing. Biochemical investigations showed that he had respiratory type 2 failure as a result of bronchiectasis. Sweat conductivity done twice was raised supporting a diagnosis of CF. Other investigations such as bronchoscopy to look for congenital anomaly of the lung, infectious disease screening and tuberculosis, fungal and viral culture and sensitivity were negative. Further cascade screening revealed high sweat conductivity results in his siblings.

    DISCUSSION: Although CF prevalence is low in Malaysia, it is nevertheless an important diagnosis to be recognised as it is associated with increased morbidity.

    MeSH terms: Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods; Humans; Male; Mutation; Sweat/chemistry*; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics*
  6. Wong YP, Yahaya A, Che Abdul Aziz R, Chia PY, Loh CK, Tan GC
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Aug;42(2):301-305.
    PMID: 32860387
    INTRODUCTION: Yolk sac tumour (YST) or endodermal sinus tumour is rare and typically seen in gonads.

    CASE REPORT: We described a case of extragonadal vaginal YST in a one year and seven months old girl who presented with vaginal discharge and bleeding, and discuss its differential diagnosis and potential pitfalls in immunohistochemistry. She was found to have a suprapubic mass on examination. The serum alpha fetoprotein was 11919.4 ng/mL. Computed tomography of the pelvis revealed a large 6.4 cm heterogenous pelvic mass. Colposcopic examination of the pelvis showed a fungating vaginal mass that was subsequently confirmed as a yolk sac tumour. Immunohistochemically, the malignant cells were positive toward CKAE1/AE3, AFP and glypican-3, as well as CD117.

    DISCUSSION: Solid pattern extragonadal vaginal YST may morphologically resemble dysgerminoma that is also CD117 positive, while the glandular pattern YST may have clear cytoplasm and is positive for cytokeratin; hence, may resemble clear cell carcinoma. Being mindful of these potential diagnostic caveats is necessary to prevent misdiagnosis.

    MeSH terms: Diagnosis, Differential; Dysgerminoma/diagnosis; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Infant; Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism; Vagina/pathology; Sarcoma, Clear Cell/diagnosis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
  7. Ismail IH, Lay C, H A Majid N, Lee WS, Lee BW, Abdul Latiff AH, et al.
    J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2020 11;146(5):1005-1007.
    PMID: 32860819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.057
    MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Food Hypersensitivity/epidemiology*; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate/epidemiology*; Risk; Asian Continental Ancestry Group*; Dysbiosis/epidemiology*; Diet, Western
  8. Tan AH, Lohmann K, Tay YW, Lim JL, Ahmad-Annuar A, Ramli N, et al.
    Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2020 10;79:34-39.
    PMID: 32861104 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.08.015
    BACKGROUND: An improved understanding of the genetic determinants of Parkinson's disease (PD) in underrepresented populations, and better characterization of genotype-phenotype correlations in monogenic PD, are needed. Scarce literature exists regarding the genetic aetiology of PD in Malays, who comprise 200 million individuals in South-East Asia. Phenotypic data regarding PARK-PINK1 are also limited.

    METHODS: A multi-ethnic cohort of PD patients from Malaysia (n = 499, including 185 Malays) were tested using a next-generation sequencing-based PD gene panel. The prevalence and clinico-radiological features of patients with the PINK1 p. Leu347Pro mutation are described. This mutation has previously only been reported in people of Filipino or Chamorro (native Guamanian) ancestry.

    RESULTS: Homozygous p. Leu347Pro mutations were found in five unrelated Malay patients, yielding a prevalence of 6.9% among Malays with PD onset ≤50 years (2.7% of the Malay group overall). This variant was not detected in the homozygous state in 300 Malay controls, but two were heterozygous carriers (0.67%) indicating a relatively high population frequency in keeping with the high frequency of PARK-PINK1 among Malay patients. Interesting clinical features were observed, e.g., differences in the age at PD onset and clinical progression, despite having the same point mutations. Previously unreported brain MRI abnormalities involving the corticospinal tract and hypothalamus, and "loss of the swallow tail" sign, were documented.

    CONCLUSIONS: This report contributes to the very limited literature on PD genetics in the Malay population, and more broadly to the epidemiological, phenotypic and neuroimaging characterization of PARK-PINK1. It also further supports the pathogenicity of the p. Leu347Pro variant.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Female; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Parkinson Disease/genetics*; Parkinson Disease/epidemiology*; Parkinson Disease/physiopathology; Protein Kinases/genetics*; Prevalence
  9. Ali SS, Ahmad WANW, Budin SB, Zainalabidin S
    Rev Cardiovasc Med, 2020 Jun 30;21(2):225-240.
    PMID: 32706211 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm.2020.02.49
    In spite of medical advances, cardiovascular disease remains a significant concern, imposing a great burden upon the economy and public health of nations by causing the highest morbidity and mortality cases globally. Moreover, it is well established that inflammation is closely linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Hence, targeting inflammation seems to be a promising strategy in reducing cardiovascular risks. Currently, the importance of natural products in modern medicine is well recognised and continues to be of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Phenolic acids are a class of phytochemical compounds that are well-known for their health benefits. They consists of various phytochemical constituents and have been widely studied in various disease models. Research involving both animals and humans has proven that phenolic acids possess cardioprotective properties such as anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-fibrotic and anti-hypertrophy activity. Furthermore, numerous studies have proven that phenolic acids in phytochemical constituents such as gallic acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid are promising anti-inflammatory agents. Hence, in this review, we outline and review recent evidence on the role of phenolic acids and their anti-inflammatory significance in studies published during the last 5 years. We also discuss their possible mechanisms of action in modulating inflammation related to cardiovascular disease.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage*; Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism; Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control*; Cardiovascular System/drug effects*; Cardiovascular System/metabolism; Cardiovascular System/physiopathology; Diet*; Humans; Inflammation/metabolism; Inflammation/physiopathology; Inflammation/prevention & control*; Signal Transduction; Inflammation Mediators/metabolism*; Hydroxybenzoates/administration & dosage*
  10. Hamid AA, Aminuddin A, Yunus MHM, Murthy JK, Hui CK, Ugusman A
    Rev Cardiovasc Med, 2020 Jun 30;21(2):275-287.
    PMID: 32706215 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm.2020.02.50
    Inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Natural products play an important role as nutritional supplements with potential health benefits in cardiovascular diseases. Polygonum minus (PM) is an aromatic plant that is widely used as a flavoring agent in cooking and has been recognized as a plant with various medicinal properties including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. Phytoconstituents found in PM such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds contribute to the plant's antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. We conducted this review to systematically identify articles related to the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of PM. A computerized database search was conducted on Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and ACS publication, from 1946 until May 2020, and the following keywords were used: 'Kesum OR Polygonum minus OR Persicaria minor' AND 'inflammat* OR oxida* OR antioxida*'. A total of 125 articles were obtained. Another eight additional articles were identified through Google Scholar and review articles. Altogether, 17 articles were used for data extraction, comprising 16 articles on antioxidant and one article on anti-inflammatory activity of PM. These studies consist of 14 in vitro studies, one in vivo animal study, one combined in vitro and in vivo study and one combined in vitro and ex vivo study. All the studies reported that PM exhibits antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities which are most likely attributed to its high phenolic and flavonoid content.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use*; Antioxidants/adverse effects; Antioxidants/isolation & purification; Antioxidants/therapeutic use*; Flavonoids/adverse effects; Flavonoids/isolation & purification; Flavonoids/therapeutic use*; Humans; Inflammation/metabolism; Inflammation/prevention & control*; Plant Extracts/adverse effects; Plant Extracts/isolation & purification; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use*; Signal Transduction; Oxidative Stress/drug effects*; Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors*; Inflammation Mediators/metabolism; Polygonum/chemistry*
  11. Agina OA, Shaari MR, Isa NMM, Ajat M, Zamri-Saad M, Hamzah H
    Pathogens, 2020 Aug 25;9(9).
    PMID: 32854179 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090697
    Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. Additionally, jaundice, increases in hepatic enzymes, and variable leukocyte count changes are seen. Theileria annulata and Theileria parva induce an incomplete transformation of lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and these cells possess certain phenotypes of cancer cells. Pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis have been recently associated with severe production losses in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently used in the control and prevention of T. parva infection, and recombinant vaccines are still under evaluation. The use of gene gun immunization against T. parva infection has been recently evaluated. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the clinicopathological and immunopathological profiles of Theileria-infected cattle and focus on DNA vaccines consisting of plasmid DNA with genes of interest, molecular adjuvants, and chitosan as the most promising next-generation vaccine against bovine theileriosis.
  12. Ahmad NN, Ahmad Kamarudin NH, Leow ATC, Rahman RNZRA
    Molecules, 2020 Aug 25;25(17).
    PMID: 32854267 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173858
    Surface charge residues have been recognized as one of the stability determinants in protein. In this study, we sought to compare and analyse the stability and conformational dynamics of staphylococcal lipase mutants with surface lysine mutation using computational and experimental methods. Three highly mutable and exposed lysine residues (Lys91, Lys177, Lys325) were targeted to generate six mutant lipases in silico. The model structures were simulated in water environment at 25 °C. Our simulations showed that the stability was compromised when Lys177 was substituted while mutation at position 91 and 325 improved the stability. To illustrate the putative alterations of enzyme stability in the stabilising mutants, we characterized single mutant K325G and double mutant K91A/K325G. Both mutants showed a 5 °C change in optimal temperature compared to their wild type. Single mutant K325G rendered a longer half-life at 25 °C (T1/2 = 21 h) while double mutant K91A/K325G retained only 40% of relative activity after 12 h incubation. The optimal pH for mutant K325G was shifted from 8 to 9 and similar substrate preference was observed for the wild type and two mutants. Our findings indicate that surface lysine mutation alters the enzymatic behaviour and, thus, rationalizes the functional effects of surface exposed lysine in conformational stability and activity of this lipase.
    MeSH terms: Bacterial Proteins/genetics; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry*; Enzyme Stability; Hot Temperature; Lipase/genetics; Lipase/chemistry*; Lysine/genetics; Lysine/chemistry; Staphylococcus/enzymology*; Staphylococcus/genetics; Amino Acid Substitution; Mutation, Missense; Protein Domains
  13. Misron N, Kamal Azhar NS, Hamidon MN, Aris I, Tashiro K, Nagata H
    Micromachines (Basel), 2020 Aug 25;11(9).
    PMID: 32854336 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090806
    Oil palm is one of the key industries highly observed in Malaysia, due to its high demand both whether locally or internationally. The oil extraction rate (OER) in palm oil production is used as an element to identify the performance of the mills, estates and producers. In view of this, there are specific instrument or sensor needs to be implemented at the mills especially during the reception of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) transported from the field for oil content processing. This paper aims to study and propose the use of a fruit battery-based oil palm maturity sensor to analyse the effect of the sensor to various parameters. The study utilizes a charging method with different parameters, including a moisture content test on the palm oil samples. Three types of parameters are tested along with the different grades of oil palm fruit from different bunches, such as the load resistance, charging voltage and charging time. The repeatability data of the samples are obtained with the used list of values in each parameter. The results show that the parameters tested for the unripe, under ripe and ripe samples can affect the sensor sensitivity.
    MeSH terms: Fruit; Industry; Malaysia; Plant Oils; Research Design; Arecaceae
  14. Sundralingam U, Chakravarthi S, Radhakrishnan AK, Muniyandy S, Palanisamy UD
    Pharmaceutics, 2020 Aug 25;12(9).
    PMID: 32854385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090807
    Oral tamoxifen used in the prevention and treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (estrogen-positive) patients has limited acceptance, due to its adverse side effects. The efficacy of tamoxifen is related to its major metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Local transdermal therapy of 4-hydroxytamoxifen to the breast might avert the toxicity of oral tamoxifen, while maintaining efficacy. We aim to study the skin irritancy, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of the developed transfersome formulations, with/without emu oil, using a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. We also quantified tamoxifen/4-hydroxytamoxifen concentrations in blood plasma and performed histopathology. The skin irritancy test showed that the pure emu oil and transfersome formulations with or without the emu oil did not cause skin irritancy in the animals studied. A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen was developed and validated. Studies on tumor volume and necrosis (histopathology) using the breast cancer mouse model showed that the 4-OHT transfersomal formulations, with and without emu oil, showed comparable efficacy with that of orally administered tamoxifen. However, the transfersomal formulations, with and without emu oil, resulted in significantly lower (10.24 ± 0.07 and 32.45 ± 0.48 ng/mL, respectively) plasma concentrations of 4-hydroxytamoxifen, compared to the oral tamoxifen (TAMX) group (634.42 ± 7.54 ng/mL). This study demonstrated the potential use of emu oil in a local transdermal formulation for the treatment of breast cancer and its reduced adverse effects.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Chromatography, Liquid; Estrogens; Humans; Hydroxytestosterones; Oils; Tamoxifen; Skin Irritancy Tests; Tumor Burden; Mice; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
  15. Ejike UC, Chan CJ, Okechukwu PN, Lim RLH
    Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2020 Dec;40(8):1172-1190.
    PMID: 32854547 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1808581
    Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are fascinating small and heat-stable bioactive proteins in a distinct protein family due to similarities in their structures and sequences. They are found in fungi, including the fruiting bodies producing fungi comprised of culinary and medicinal mushrooms. Structurally, most FIPs exist as homodimers; each subunit consisting of an N-terminal α-helix dimerization and a C-terminal fibronectin III domain. Increasing numbers of identified FIPs from either different or same fungal species clearly indicates the growing research interests into its medicinal properties which include immunomodulatory, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, and anticancer. Most FIPs increased IFN-γ production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, potentially exerting immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting overproduction of T helper-2 (Th2) cytokines common in an allergy reaction. Recently, FIP from Ganoderma microsporum (FIP-gmi) was shown to promote neurite outgrowth for potential therapeutic applications in neuro-disorders. This review discussed FIPs' structural and protein characteristics, their recombinant protein production for functional studies, and the recent advances in their development and applications as pharmaceutics and functional foods.
    MeSH terms: Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology; Fungal Proteins/genetics; Fungal Proteins/metabolism*; Fungal Proteins/pharmacology; Fungal Proteins/therapeutic use*; Fungi/genetics; Fungi/metabolism*; Humans; Immunologic Factors/pharmacology; Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism; Wound Healing; Cytokines; Th2 Cells; Anti-Allergic Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use; Ganoderma; Lectins
  16. Nuin NA, Tan AF, Lew YL, Piera KA, William T, Rajahram GS, et al.
    Malar J, 2020 Aug 27;19(1):306.
    PMID: 32854695 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03379-2
    BACKGROUND: The monkey parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is an emerging public health issue in Southeast Asia. In Sabah, Malaysia, P. knowlesi is now the dominant cause of human malaria. Molecular detection methods for P. knowlesi are essential for accurate diagnosis and in monitoring progress towards malaria elimination of other Plasmodium species. However, recent commercially available PCR malaria kits have unpublished P. knowlesi gene targets or have not been evaluated against clinical samples.

    METHODS: Two real-time PCR methods currently used in Sabah for confirmatory malaria diagnosis and surveillance reporting were evaluated: the QuantiFast™ Multiplex PCR kit (Qiagen, Germany) targeting the P. knowlesi 18S SSU rRNA; and the abTES™ Malaria 5 qPCR II kit (AITbiotech, Singapore), with an undisclosed P. knowlesi gene target. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using 52 P. knowlesi, 25 Plasmodium vivax, 21 Plasmodium falciparum, and 10 Plasmodium malariae clinical isolates, and 26 malaria negative controls, and compared against a validated reference nested PCR assay. The limit of detection (LOD) for each PCR method and Plasmodium species was also evaluated.

    RESULTS: The sensitivity of the QuantiFast™ and abTES™ assays for detecting P. knowlesi was comparable at 98.1% (95% CI 89.7-100) and 100% (95% CI 93.2-100), respectively. Specificity of the QuantiFast™ and abTES™ for P. knowlesi was high at 98.8% (95% CI 93.4-100) for both assays. The QuantiFast™ assay demonstrated falsely-positive mixed Plasmodium species at low parasitaemias in both the primary and LOD analysis. Diagnostic accuracy of both PCR kits for detecting P. vivax, P. falciparum, and P. malariae was comparable to P. knowlesi. The abTES™ assay demonstrated a lower LOD for P. knowlesi of ≤ 0.125 parasites/µL compared to QuantiFast™ with a LOD of 20 parasites/µL. Hospital microscopy demonstrated a sensitivity of 78.8% (95% CI 65.3-88.9) and specificity of 80.4% (95% CI 67.6-89.8) compared to reference PCR for detecting P. knowlesi.

    CONCLUSION: The QuantiFast™ and abTES™ commercial PCR kits performed well for the accurate detection of P. knowlesi infections. Although the QuantiFast™ kit is cheaper, the abTES™ kit demonstrated a lower LOD, supporting its use as a second-line referral-laboratory diagnostic tool in Sabah, Malaysia.

    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Diagnostic Tests, Routine/statistics & numerical data*; Female; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification; Plasmodium malariae/isolation & purification; Plasmodium vivax/isolation & purification; Plasmodium knowlesi/isolation & purification*; Young Adult; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/statistics & numerical data*; Epidemiological Monitoring*
  17. Segar ST, Fayle TM, Srivastava DS, Lewinsohn TM, Lewis OT, Novotny V, et al.
    Trends Ecol Evol, 2020 Oct;35(10):865-866.
    PMID: 32854959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.07.016
  18. Wong SK, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY
    Exp Ther Med, 2020 Oct;20(4):2941-2952.
    PMID: 32855659 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9075
    Sarcopenia refers to the involuntary and generalized deterioration of skeletal muscle mass and strength, which may lead to falls, frailty, physical disability, loss of independence, morbidity and mortality. The majority of molecular and cellular changes involved in the degeneration of muscle tissues are mediated by oxidative stress. Therefore, astaxanthin may act as a potential adjunct therapy for sarcopenia owing to its antioxidant activity. The present review examines the effects of astaxanthin on the promotion of skeletal muscle performance and prevention of muscle atrophy and the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. The available evidence till date was retrieved from PubMed and Medline electronic databases. The present review reported the beneficial effects of astaxanthin in preventing muscle degeneration in various animal models of sarcopenia. In humans, the effects of astaxanthin in combination with other antioxidants on muscle health are mixed, wherein positive and negligible effects were reported. Mechanistic studies revealed that astaxanthin promotes muscle health by reducing oxidative stress, myoblast apoptosis and proteolytic pathways while promoting mitochondria regeneration and formation of blood vessels. Thus, astaxanthin is a potential therapeutic agent for sarcopenia but its effects in humans require further validation.
    MeSH terms: Accidental Falls; Animals; Antioxidants; Humans; Mitochondria; Muscular Atrophy; Regeneration; Apoptosis; Oxidative Stress; Muscle, Skeletal; Models, Animal; Xanthophylls; Myoblasts; PubMed; Sarcopenia
  19. Mahendra CK, Tan LTH, Pusparajah P, Htar TT, Chuah LH, Lee VS, et al.
    Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2020;2020:1904178.
    PMID: 32855763 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1904178
    Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are an essential part of the human eye because they not only mediate and control the transfer of fluids and solutes but also protect the retina against photooxidative damage and renew photoreceptor cells through phagocytosis. However, their function necessitates cumulative exposure to the sun resulting in UV damage, which may lead to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Several studies have shown that UVB induces direct DNA damage and oxidative stress in RPE cells by increasing ROS and dysregulating endogenous antioxidants. Activation of different signaling pathways connected to inflammation, cell cycle arrest, and intrinsic apoptosis was reported as well. Besides that, essential functions like phagocytosis, osmoregulation, and water permeability of RPE cells were also affected. Although the melanin within RPE cells can act as a photoprotectant, this photoprotection decreases with age. Nevertheless, the changes in lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) and autophagic activity or application of bioactive compounds from natural products can reverse the detrimental effect of UVB. Additionally, in vivo studies on the whole retina demonstrated that UVB irradiation induces gene and protein level dysregulation, indicating cellular stress and aberrations in the chromosome level. Morphological changes like retinal depigmentation and drusen formation were noted as well which is similar to the etiology of AMD, suggesting the connection of UVB damage with AMD. Therefore, future studies, which include mechanism studies via in vitro or in vivo and other potential bioactive compounds, should be pursued for a better understanding of the involvement of UVB in AMD.
    MeSH terms: Epithelial Cells/pathology; Epithelial Cells/radiation effects*; Humans; Macular Degeneration/pathology*; Ultraviolet Rays*; Apoptosis/radiation effects; Retinal Pigment Epithelium/pathology; Retinal Pigment Epithelium/radiation effects*; Inflammasomes/metabolism
  20. Alkhawaldeh JM, Soh KL, Mukhtar F, Peng OC, Alkhawaldeh HM, Al-Amer R, et al.
    J Adv Nurs, 2020 Nov;76(11):3123-3135.
    PMID: 32856353 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14506
    AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the stress management interventional program in reducing occupational stress and improving coping strategies among public health nurses.

    DESIGN: A double-blind, cluster-randomized approach was used as a randomization method for this study to evaluate the stress management interventional program.

    METHODS: A cluster-randomized controlled trial was carried out in eight comprehensive healthcare centres in Amman city, Jordan; four centres were randomly assigned to each experimental and control group. One hundred and seventy nurses were selected randomly from March 2019 - August 2019 and data were collected by using the Nursing Stress Scale & brief COPE over three data collection times. Both descriptive and inferential statistics (repeated measure ANOVA, Independent t test, and chi-squared) were used to answer the research questions of this study.

    RESULTS: The results showed that both the levels of occupational stress and coping strategies were significantly different between the two study groups over the three data collection points (p 

    MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological; Analysis of Variance; Comprehensive Health Care; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Jordan; Random Allocation; Stress, Psychological; Control Groups; Nurses, Public Health
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