Fulltext

In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

Dorison CA 1 , Lerner JS 2 , Heller BH 2 , Rothman AJ 3 , Kawachi II 4 , Wang K 2 Show all authors , Rees VW 4 , Gill BP 5 , Gibbs N 2 , Ebersole CR 6 , Vally Z 7 , Tajchman Z 8 , Zsido AN 9 , Zrimsek M 10 , Chen Z 11 , Ziano I 12 , Gialitaki Z 13 , Ceary CD 14 , Lin Y 15 , Kunisato Y 16 , Yamada Y 17 , Xiao Q 18 , Jiang X 19 , Du X 20 , Yao E 21 , Wilson JP 22 , Cyrus-Lai W 23 , Jimenez-Leal W 24 , Law W 25 , Collins WM 26 , Richard KL 14 , Vranka M 27 , Ankushev V 28 , Schei V 29 , Križanić V 30 , Kadreva VH 31 , Adoric VC 32 , Tran US 33 , Yeung SK 34 , Hassan W 35 , Houston R 36 , Lima TJS 37 , Ostermann T 38 , Frizzo T 39 , Sverdrup TE 29 , House T 40 , Gill T 41 , Fedotov M 42 , Paltrow T 43 , Jernsäther T 44 , Koptjevskaja-Tamm M 45 , Hostler TJ 46 , Ishii T 47 , Szaszi B 48 , Adamus S 49 , Suter L 50 , Habib S 51 , Studzinska A 52 , Stojanovska D 53 , Janssen SMJ 54 , Stieger S 55 , Schulenberg SE 56 , Tatachari S 57 , Azouaghe S 58 , Sorokowski P 59 , Sorokowska A 59 , Song X 8 , Lewis SC 60 , Sinkolova S 53 , Grigoryev D 61 , Drexler SM 62 , Daches S 63 , Geniole SN 64 , Vračar S 65 , Massoni S 39 , Zorjan S 66 , Sarıoğuz E 67 , Izquierdo SM 68 , Alves SG 69 , Pöntinen S 70 , Solas SÁ 71 , Ordoñez-Riaño S 72 , Očovaj SB 73 , Onie S 74 , Lins S 69 , Çoksan S 75 , Sacakli A 76 , Ruiz-Fernández S 77 , Geiger SJ 78 , FatahModares S 79 , Walczak RB 80 , Betlehem R 30 , Vilar R 81 , Cárcamo R 82 , Ross RM 83 , McCarthy R 84 , Ballantyne T 14 , Westgate EC 15 , Afhami R 85 , Ren D 86 , Monteiro RP 87 , Reips UD 88 , Reggev N 89 , Calin-Jageman RJ 90 , Pourafshari R 91 , Oliveira R 92 , Nedelcheva-Datsova M 93 , Rahal RM 86 , Ribeiro RR 94 , Radtke T 95 , Searston R 96 , Habte R 97 , Zdybek P 80 , Chen SC 98 , Maturan PLG 99 , Perillo JT 100 , Isager PM 101 , Kačmár P 102 , Macapagal PM 103 , Szwed P 104 , Hanel PHP 105 , Forbes PAG 106 , Arriaga P 94 , Paris B 107 , Papachristopoulos K 108 , Correa PS 109 , Kácha O 110 , Bernardo M 111 , Campos O 112 , Bravo ON 113 , Galindo-Caballero OJ 24 , Ogbonnaya CE 114 , Bialobrzeska O 115 , Kiselnikova N 116 , Simonovic N 117 , Cohen N 118 , Nock NL 119 , Johannes N 120 , Albayrak-Aydemir N 121 , Say N 122 , Torunsky N 8 , Van Doren N 123 , Sunami N 124 , Rachev NR 93 , Majeed NM 125 , Schmidt ND 126 , Nadif K 127 , Corral-Frías NS 128 , Ouherrou N 129 , Pantazi M 120 , Lucas MY 130 , Vasilev MR 131 , Ortiz MV 132 , Butt MM 133 , Kabir M 134 , Muda R 135 , Tejada Rivera MDCM 136 , Sirota M 137 , Seehuus M 138 , Parzuchowski M 139 , Toro M 140 , Hricova M 102 , Maldonado MA 141 , Marszalek M 115 , Karekla M 142 , Mioni G 143 , Bosma MJ 144 , Westerlund M 70 , Vdovic M 145 , Bialek M 59 , Silan MA 146 , Anne M 54 , Misiak M 147 , Grinberg M 148 , Capizzi M 149 , Espinoza Barría MF 150 , Kurfali MA 151 , Mensink MC 152 , Harutyunyan M 153 , Khosla M 154 , Korbmacher M 155 , Adamkovič M 156 , Ribeiro MFF 157 , Terskova M 61 , Hruška M 158 , Martončik M 156 , Voracek M 33 , Čadek M 159 , Frías-Armenta M 128 , Kowal M 59 , Topor M 160 , Roczniewska M 161 , Oosterlinck M 162 , Kohlová MB 163 , Paruzel-Czachura M 164 , Romanova M 28 , Papadatou-Pastou M 165 , Lund ML 166 , Antoniadi M 142 , Jones MV 46 , Ortiz MS 167 , Manavalan M 8 , Muminov A 168 , Kossowska M 169 , Friedemann M 170 , Wielgus M 171 , Varella MAC 172 , Colloff MF 173 , Bradford M 24 , Vaughn LA 174 , Eudave L 175 , Vieira L 176 , Pineda LMS 24 , Pérez LC 24 , Lazarevic LB 177 , Jaremka LM 178 , Kushnir E 179 , Anton-Boicuk L 106 , de Holanda Coelho GL 180 , Ahlgren L 181 , Levitan CA 182 , Micheli L 183 , Volz L 20 , Stojanovska M 54 , Boucher L 26 , Samojlenko L 184 , Delgado LGJ 185 , Kaliska L 186 , Warmelink L 187 , Rojas-Berscia LM 188 , Yu K 189 , Wachowicz J 190 , Desai K 14 , Barzykowski K 50 , Kozma L 9 , Evans K 191 , Kirgizova K 192 , Agesin BE 193 , Koehn MA 194 , Wolfe K 195 , Korobova T 196 , Klevjer K 197 , van Schie K 198 , Vezirian K 107 , Damnjanović K 199 , Thommesen KK 200 , Schmidt K 201 , Filip K 50 , Grzech K 202 , Hoyer K 203 , Moon K 204 , Rana K 133 , Janjić K 53 , Suchow JW 205 , Kielińska J 50 , Cruz Vásquez JE 206 , Beitner J 207 , Vargas-Nieto JC 24 , Roxas JCT 99 , Taber J 117 , Urriago-Rayo J 208 , Pavlacic JM 56 , Bavolar J 102 , Soto JA 123 , Olofsson JK 44 , Vilsmeier JK 209 , Messerschmidt J 210 , Czamanski-Cohen J 211 , Boudesseul J 212 , Lee JM 213 , Kamburidis J 93 , Zickfeld J 214 , Miranda JF 215 , Verharen JPH 216 , Hristova E 217 , Beshears JE 218 , Đorđević JM 219 , Bosch J 220 , Valentova JV 172 , Antfolk J 181 , Berkessel JB 221 , Schrötter J 222 , Urban J 163 , Röer JP 223 , Norton JO 224 , Silva JR 225 , Pickering JS 226 , Vintr J 227 , Uttley J 228 , Kunst JR 229 , Ndukaihe ILG 230 , Iyer A 231 , Vilares I 8 , Ivanov A 28 , Ropovik I 232 , Sula I 233 , Sarieva I 28 , Metin-Orta I 234 , Prusova I 61 , Pinto I 69 , Bozdoc AI 235 , Almeida IAT 236 , Pit IL 237 , Dalgar I 238 , Zakharov I 239 , Arinze AI 114 , Ihaya K 240 , Stephen ID 83 , Gjoneska B 241 , Brohmer H 242 , Flowe H 243 , Godbersen H 77 , Kocalar HE 244 , Hedgebeth MV 245 , Chuan-Peng H 246 , Sharifian M 247 , Manley H 248 , Akkas H 249 , Hajdu N 48 , Azab H 250 , Kaminski G 251 , Nilsonne G 44 , Anjum G 229 , Travaglino GA 252 , Feldman G 253 , Pfuhl G 254 , Czarnek G 49 , Marcu GM 235 , Hofer G 242 , Banik G 255 , Adetula GA 256 , Bijlstra G 257 , Verbruggen F 11 , Kung FYH 258 , Foroni F 259 , Singer G 100 , Muchembled F 260 , Azevedo F 261 , Mosannenzadeh F 262 , Marinov E 93 , Štrukelj E 263 , Etebari Z 264 , Baskin E 265 , Garcia EOL 266 , Musser E 267 , van Steenkiste IMM 268 , Ahn ER 15 , Pronizius E 33 , Jackson EA 14 , Manunta E 250 , Agadullina E 28 , Šakan D 73 , Dursun P 269 , Dujols O 270 , Dubrov D 28 , Willis M 271 , Tümer M 272 , Beaudry JL 273 , Popović D 274 , Dunleavy D 275 , Djamai I 276 , Krupić D 277 , Vega D 278 , Du H 279 , Mola D 280 , Davis WE 281 , Holford DL 105 , Lewis DMG 191 , Vaidis DC 176 , Ozery DH 282 , Ricaurte DZ 283 , Storage D 284 , Sousa D 285 , Alvarez DS 286 , Rosa AD 287 , Krupić D 288 , Marko D 289 , Moreau D 290 , Reeck C 291 , Correia RC 69 , Whitt CM 292 , Lamm C 33 , Solorzano CS 293 , von Bastian CC 294 , Sutherland CA 295 , Overkott C 296 , Aberson CL 297 , Wang C 298 , Karashiali C 299 , Noone C 300 , Chiu F 301 , Picciocchi C 302 , Karaarslan C 67 , Cellini N 303 , Esteban-Serna C 304 , Reyna C 305 , Batres C 306 , Li R 307 , Grano C 293 , Carpentier J 308 , Tamnes CK 229 , Fu CHY 309 , Ishkhanyan B 310 , Bylinina L 311 , Jaeger B 86 , Bundt C 229 , Allred TB 312 , Bokkour A 275 , Bogatyreva N 61 , Chopik WJ 313 , Antazo B 314 , Behzadnia B 315 , Becker M 316 , Cocco B 317 , Chou WL 318 , Hubena B 319 , Žuro B 320 , Aczel B 48 , Baklanova E 321 , Bai H 322 , Balci BB 323 , Babinčák P 324 , Dixson BJW 325 , Mokady A 326 , Kappes HB 327 , Atari M 328 , Szala A 329 , Szabelska A 330 , Aruta JJB 331 , Domurat A 164 , Arinze NC 332 , Modena A 333 , Adiguzel A 245 , Monajem A 334 , Arabi KAE 335 , Özdoğru AA 336 , Olaya Torres AJ 337 , Theodoropoulou A 338 , Jurković AP 339 , Kassianos AP 340 , Findor A 341 , Hartanto A 125 , Thibault Landry A 342 , Ferreira A 237 , Santos AC 253 , De la Rosa-Gomez A 343 , Gourdon-Kanhukamwe A 344 , Todsen AL 345 , Karababa A 346 , Janak A 347 , Bran A 176 , Tullett AM 348 , Kuzminska AO 349 , Krafnick AJ 90 , Urooj A 259 , Khaoudi A 276 , Ahmed A 350 , Groyecka-Bernard A 59 , Askelund AD 351 , Adetula A 107 , Belaus A 109 , Charyate AC 352 , Wichman AL 353 , Stoyanova A 93 , Greenburgh A 354 , Thomas AG 355 , Arvanitis A 356 , Forscher PS 107 , Mallik PR 357 , Primbs MA 257 , Miller JK 358 , Moshontz H 359 , Urry HL 360 , IJzerman H 107 , Basnight-Brown DM 361 , Chartier CR 357 , Buchanan EM 362 , Coles NA 2

Affiliations 

  • 1 Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
  • 2 Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
  • 3 Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
  • 4 Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
  • 5 Mathematica, Cambridge, MA USA
  • 6 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
  • 7 United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 8 Twin Cities, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
  • 9 Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
  • 10 Department of Translation Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 11 Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • 12 Grenoble Ecole de Management, Grenoble, France
  • 13 Culemborg, Netherlands
  • 14 Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, USA
  • 15 Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
  • 16 Department of Psychology, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Japan
  • 17 Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
  • 18 Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
  • 19 Institute of Linguistics, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
  • 20 University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 21 Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
  • 22 Montclair State University, Montclair, USA
  • 23 INSEAD, Singapore, Singapore
  • 24 Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 25 Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
  • 26 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA
  • 27 Charles University, Prague, Czechia
  • 28 HSE University, Moscow, Russia
  • 29 Department of Strategy and Management, NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
  • 30 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
  • 31 Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
  • 32 Department of Psychology, University of Zadar|, Zadar, Croatia
  • 33 Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 34 University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
  • 35 Department of Psychology, University of East London, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 36 Dunoon, Scotland
  • 37 Department of Social and Work Psychology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
  • 38 Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
  • 39 Université de Lorraine, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, BETA, Nancy, France
  • 40 Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
  • 41 Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
  • 42 Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
  • 43 South Carolina, USA
  • 44 Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 45 Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 46 Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
  • 47 Faculty of Integrated Arts and Social Sciences, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
  • 48 Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
  • 49 Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
  • 50 School of Applied Psychology, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
  • 51 Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 52 Icam Toulouse, Department of Humanities, Toulouse, France
  • 53 PSA Psihesko, Skopje, North Macedonia
  • 54 School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
  • 55 Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
  • 56 Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS USA
  • 57 T A Pai Management Institute, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 58 Department of Psychology, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
  • 59 Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
  • 60 Ashland University, Ashland, USA
  • 61 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
  • 62 Department of Neurology, Mauritius Hospital Meerbusch, Meerbusch, Germany
  • 63 Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
  • 64 Department of Psychology, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, Canada
  • 65 Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 66 Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
  • 67 Department of Psychology, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Başkent, Ankara, Turkey
  • 68 University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
  • 69 Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 70 Faculty of Arts, Psychology, and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
  • 71 Grupo de investigación en Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeoE2), Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
  • 72 University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Colombia
  • 73 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Legal and Business Studies Dr Lazar Vrkatic, Union University, Novi Sad, Serbia
  • 74 Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
  • 75 Department of Psychology, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
  • 76 Ankara, Turkey
  • 77 FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany
  • 78 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 79 Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
  • 80 Institute of Psychology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  • 81 Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 82 Facultad de Psicología, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
  • 83 Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
  • 84 Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, USA
  • 85 Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 86 Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
  • 87 Department of Psychology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
  • 88 Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Switzerland
  • 89 Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
  • 90 Department of Psychology, Dominican University, River Forest, USA
  • 91 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  • 92 Iscte-University Institute of Lisbon, CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
  • 93 Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
  • 94 ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
  • 95 Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
  • 96 The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
  • 97 Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
  • 98 Department of Human Development and Psychology, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
  • 99 Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
  • 100 Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, USA
  • 101 Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
  • 102 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
  • 103 School of Psychology, Arellano University, Manila, Philippines
  • 104 Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
  • 105 University of Essex, Essex, UK
  • 106 Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 107 Université Grenoble Alpes, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
  • 108 Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
  • 109 Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
  • 110 Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
  • 111 Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 112 University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
  • 113 Barakaldo, Spain
  • 114 Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria
  • 115 SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
  • 116 Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
  • 117 Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, USA
  • 118 Department of Special Education and The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  • 119 Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
  • 120 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • 121 Milton Keynes, United Kingdom & London School of Economics and Political Science, Open University, London, UK
  • 122 Prague University of Economics and Business, Prague, Czechia
  • 123 Department of Psychology, State College, The Pennsylvania State University, Philadelphia, USA
  • 124 University of Delaware, Newark, USA
  • 125 School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
  • 126 Institute of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
  • 127 Poggio Imperiale, Italy
  • 128 Universidad de Sonora, Sonora, México
  • 129 Lhumain Laboratory, Paul Valery Montpellier 3 University, Montpellier, France
  • 130 Department of Psychology, Universidad de Sonora, Sonora, Mexico
  • 131 Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
  • 132 Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), - CONICET - UNC, Cordoba, Argentina
  • 133 Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 134 Bangladesh Clinical Psychology Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 135 Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
  • 136 University of Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile
  • 137 Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
  • 138 Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, USA
  • 139 Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Sopot, Poland
  • 140 Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile
  • 141 Puebla, Mexico
  • 142 University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
  • 143 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
  • 144 Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 145 Faculty of Media and Communications, Department of Psychology, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 146 University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
  • 147 IDN Being Human Lab, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
  • 148 Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, Research Center for Cognitive Science, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
  • 149 Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
  • 150 Centre of Attachment and Emotional Regulation, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
  • 151 Department of Political Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
  • 152 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA
  • 153 Institute of Economic Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
  • 154 Psychology Department, University of Delhi, DRC, Delhi, India
  • 155 Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  • 156 Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
  • 157 Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
  • 158 Institute of European Studies and International Relations, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
  • 159 Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
  • 160 School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
  • 161 Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Sopot, Poland
  • 162 Gent, Belgium
  • 163 Charles University, Environment Centre, Prague, Czechia
  • 164 Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
  • 165 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  • 166 University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  • 167 Departamento de Psicología. Laboratorio de Estrés y Salud, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
  • 168 Samarkand, Uzbekistan
  • 169 Department of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
  • 170 University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • 171 Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
  • 172 Institute of Psychology, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 173 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
  • 174 Ithaca College, Ithaca, USA
  • 175 University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
  • 176 Université de Paris, Paris, France
  • 177 Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 178 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
  • 179 Stockholm, Sweden
  • 180 University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  • 181 Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
  • 182 Department of Cognitive Science, Occidental College, Los Angeles, USA
  • 183 Institute of Psychology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
  • 184 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
  • 185 Programa de Psicología, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 186 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Matej Bel University, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
  • 187 Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico Pontificia Universidad Católica Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico
  • 188 School of Languages and Cultures, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
  • 189 Department of Psychology, Sewanee: The University of the South, Sewanee, USA
  • 190 Lublin, Poland
  • 191 College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
  • 192 Florence, Italy
  • 193 Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State Nigeria
  • 194 Faculty of Health, Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
  • 195 Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
  • 196 London Gates Education Group, Moscow, Russia
  • 197 Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
  • 198 Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  • 199 Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, Institute of Philosophy, The University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 200 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 201 School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
  • 202 University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  • 203 Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
  • 204 Department of Management, Kingston University London, London, UK
  • 205 Stevens Institute of Technology, School of Business, Hoboken, USA
  • 206 Department of Psychology Bogotá, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 207 Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
  • 208 Bogotá, Colombia
  • 209 Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 210 Institute of Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
  • 211 School of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  • 212 Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru
  • 213 Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
  • 214 Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  • 215 Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA
  • 216 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
  • 217 Cognitive Science and Psychology Department, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
  • 218 Alliant International University, San Diego, USA
  • 219 Faculty of Media and Communication, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 220 University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
  • 221 Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
  • 222 1st Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
  • 223 Department of Psychology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
  • 224 College of Science, Health, Engineering & Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
  • 225 Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
  • 226 School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
  • 227 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
  • 228 School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
  • 229 Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  • 230 Department of Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria
  • 231 Sampurna Montfort College, Bangalore, India
  • 232 Faculty of Education, Institute for Research and Development of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
  • 233 San Polo d'Enza, Italy
  • 234 Department of Psychology, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
  • 235 Department of Psychology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
  • 236 Faculty of Medicine FMUC, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  • 237 Institute of Human Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • 238 Department of Psychology, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
  • 239 Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education, Developmental Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Moscow, Russia
  • 240 Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Center for Liberal Arts, Fukuoka, Japan
  • 241 Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia
  • 242 Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
  • 243 School of Psychology, Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
  • 244 Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
  • 245 Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
  • 246 School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
  • 247 Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  • 248 Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 249 Business Administration Department, Ankara Science University, Ankara, Turkey
  • 250 Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
  • 251 Université de Toulouse, CLLE, CNRS, UT2J, Toulouse, France
  • 252 Department of Law and Criminology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK
  • 253 University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
  • 254 UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
  • 255 Institute of Psychology, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
  • 256 Department of Pure and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
  • 257 Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
  • 258 Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
  • 259 Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
  • 260 Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
  • 261 University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 262 Faculty of Social Sciences, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
  • 263 Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  • 264 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
  • 265 Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, USA
  • 266 Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
  • 267 Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, USA
  • 268 Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
  • 269 Department of Psychology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
  • 270 University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
  • 271 School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
  • 272 Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  • 273 Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
  • 274 Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 275 Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
  • 276 Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
  • 277 Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, The University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
  • 278 Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
  • 279 Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
  • 280 Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas ([IIPsi]CONICET y UNC), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
  • 281 Department of Psychology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, USA
  • 282 California State University, Northridge, USA
  • 283 Faculty of Psychology, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 284 Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, USA
  • 285 Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  • 286 Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 287 Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
  • 288 Norvel - Psychological Centre for Counselling and Research, Osijek, Croatia
  • 289 Cognitive Science, Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 290 School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 291 Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
  • 292 University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA
  • 293 Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  • 294 Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
  • 295 School of Psychology, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
  • 296 Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  • 297 Cal Poly Humboldt, Arcata, USA
  • 298 Chinese Center of Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
  • 299 Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
  • 300 School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
  • 301 Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex, Essex, UK
  • 302 University of Naples L'Orientale, Naples, Italy
  • 303 Department of General Psychology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padova Neuroscience Center, and Human Inspired Technology Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
  • 304 Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
  • 305 Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
  • 306 Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, USA
  • 307 Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 308 School of Management, Department of Organization and Human Resources, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
  • 309 School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
  • 310 School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  • 311 Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
  • 312 Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 313 Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
  • 314 Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines
  • 315 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Department of Motor Behavior, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
  • 316 Université de Toulouse, CLLE, CNRS, Toulouse, France
  • 317 Rieti, Italy
  • 318 Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Jiaoxi, Taiwan
  • 319 Prague, Czech Republic
  • 320 The Institute of Psychology, Dublin, Ireland
  • 321 Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
  • 322 University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
  • 323 Department of Psychology, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey
  • 324 Faculty of Arts, Institute and Psychology, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
  • 325 School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
  • 326 Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
  • 327 Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
  • 328 Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
  • 329 Centre of Language Evolution Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
  • 330 Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
  • 331 Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 332 Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  • 333 Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche, del Linguaggio, dell'Interpretazione e della Traduzione, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  • 334 University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  • 335 Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
  • 336 Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
  • 337 Faculty of Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
  • 338 Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, UK
  • 339 Kindergarten Kustošija, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 340 Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
  • 341 Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
  • 342 John Molson Business School, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
  • 343 Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 344 Kingston University, London, UK
  • 345 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
  • 346 Department of Psychological Counselling and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
  • 347 Steinhardt, Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, USA
  • 348 Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA
  • 349 Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  • 350 Global MINDS, Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
  • 351 Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  • 352 Higher College of Education & Training Kenitra, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
  • 353 Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, USA
  • 354 Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
  • 355 Psychology Department, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
  • 356 Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
  • 357 Department of Psychology, Ashland University, Ashland, USA
  • 358 Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, USA
  • 359 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
  • 360 Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, USA
  • 361 United States International University - Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
  • 362 Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, USA
Affect Sci, 2022 Sep;3(3):577-602.
PMID: 36185503 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00128-3

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., "If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others") or potential gains (e.g., "If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others")? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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