Compulsive sexual behavior disorder in 42 countries: Insights from the International Sex Survey and introduction of standardized assessment tools

Bőthe B 1 , Koós M 2 , Nagy L 2 , Kraus SW 3 , Demetrovics Z 4 , Potenza MN 5 Show all authors , Michaud A 6 , Ballester-Arnal R 7 , Batthyány D 8 , Bergeron S 9 , Billieux J 10 , Briken P 11 , Burkauskas J 12 , Cárdenas-López G 13 , Carvalho J 14 , Castro-Calvo J 15 , Chen L 16 , Ciocca G 17 , Corazza O 18 , Csako R 19 , Fernandez DP 20 , Fernandez EF 21 , Fournier L 10 , Fujiwara H 22 , Fuss J 23 , Gabrhelík R 24 , Gewirtz-Meydan A 25 , Gjoneska B 26 , Gola M 27 , Grubbs JB 28 , Hashim HT 29 , Islam MS 30 , Ismail M 29 , Jiménez-Martínez MC 31 , Jurin T 32 , Kalina O 33 , Klein V 34 , Költő A 35 , Lee CT 36 , Lee SK 37 , Lewczuk K 38 , Lin CY 39 , Liverpool John Moores University's research team 40 , Lochner C 41 , López-Alvarado S 42 , Lukavská K 24 , Mayta-Tristán P 43 , Milea I 44 , Miller DJ 45 , Orosová O 46 , Orosz G 47 , Sungkyunkwan University's research team 48 , Ponce FP 49 , Quintana GR 50 , Quintero Garzola GC 51 , Ramos-Diaz J 52 , Rigaud K 47 , Rousseau A 53 , De Tubino Scanavino M 54 , Schulmeyer MK 55 , Sharan P 56 , Shibata M 22 , Shoib S 57 , Sigre Leirós VL 10 , Sniewski L 58 , Spasovski O 59 , Steibliene V 60 , Stein DJ 61 , Strizek J 62 , Štulhofer A 63 , Ünsal BC 2 , Vaillancourt-Morel MP 1

Affiliations 

  • 1 1Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
  • 2 3Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
  • 3 5Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
  • 4 4Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
  • 5 7Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
  • 6 2Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
  • 7 10Departmento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, University Jaume I of Castellón, Spain
  • 8 11Institute for Behavioural Addictions, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Austria
  • 9 12Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
  • 10 13Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 11 15Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
  • 12 16Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
  • 13 17Virtual Teaching and Cyberpsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
  • 14 18William James Center for Research, Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
  • 15 20Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Spain
  • 16 21Department of Psychology, College of Humanity and Social Science, Fuzhou University, China
  • 17 22Section of Sexual Psychopathology, Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  • 18 23Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
  • 19 25Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 20 26Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
  • 21 27HELP University, Malaysia
  • 22 28Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  • 23 31Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
  • 24 32Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 25 34School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
  • 26 35Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia
  • 27 36Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
  • 28 38Bowling Green State University, USA
  • 29 39University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Iraq
  • 30 40Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
  • 31 42Universidad Pedagógca y Tecnológica de Colombia, Colombia
  • 32 44Department of Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
  • 33 45Department of Educational Psychology and Psychology of Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
  • 34 46School of Psychology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
  • 35 47Health Promotion Research Centre, University of Galway, Ireland
  • 36 48Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
  • 37 49Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea
  • 38 51Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
  • 39 52Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
  • 40 54Public Health Institute, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
  • 41 55SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
  • 42 56Faculty of Psychology, University of Cuenca, Ecuador
  • 43 58Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
  • 44 59Babeș-Bolyai University, Romania
  • 45 60James Cook University, Australia
  • 46 61Department of Educational Psychology and Psychology of Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
  • 47 62Artois University, France
  • 48 63Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
  • 49 64Escuela de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Chile
  • 50 65Departamento de Psicología y Filosofía, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile
  • 51 66Florida State University, Republic of Panama
  • 52 68Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú
  • 53 69Leuven School for Mass Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  • 54 70Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
  • 55 73Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
  • 56 74Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
  • 57 75Department of Psychology, Shardha University, India
  • 58 77Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
  • 59 78Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
  • 60 80Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
  • 61 81SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
  • 62 82Austrian Public Health Institute, Austria
  • 63 83Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
J Behav Addict, 2023 Jun 29;12(2):393-407.
PMID: 37352095 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00028

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite its inclusion in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, there is a virtual paucity of high-quality scientific evidence about compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), especially in underrepresented and underserved populations. Therefore, we comprehensively examined CSBD across 42 countries, genders, and sexual orientations, and validated the original (CSBD-19) and short (CSBD-7) versions of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale to provide standardized, state-of-the-art screening tools for research and clinical practice.

METHOD: Using data from the International Sex Survey (N = 82,243; Mage = 32.39 years, SD = 12.52), we evaluated the psychometric properties of the CSBD-19 and CSBD-7 and compared CSBD across 42 countries, three genders, eight sexual orientations, and individuals with low vs. high risk of experiencing CSBD.

RESULTS: A total of 4.8% of the participants were at high risk of experiencing CSBD. Country- and gender-based differences were observed, while no sexual-orientation-based differences were present in CSBD levels. Only 14% of individuals with CSBD have ever sought treatment for this disorder, with an additional 33% not having sought treatment because of various reasons. Both versions of the scale demonstrated excellent validity and reliability.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to a better understanding of CSBD in underrepresented and underserved populations and facilitates its identification in diverse populations by providing freely accessible ICD-11-based screening tools in 26 languages. The findings may also serve as a crucial building block to stimulate research into evidence-based, culturally sensitive prevention and intervention strategies for CSBD that are currently missing from the literature.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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