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Identification and comprehensive characterization of moral disapproval and behavioral dysregulation-based pornography-use profiles across 42 countries

Bőthe B 1 , Tóth-Király I 2 , Popova N 1 , Nagy L 3 , Koós M 4 , Demetrovics Z 5 Show all authors , Potenza MN 6 , Kraus SW 7 , Ballester-Arnal R 8 , Batthyány D 9 , Bergeron S 1 , Billieux J 10 , Briken P 11 , Burkauskas J 12 , Cárdenas-López G 13 , Carvalho J 14 , Castro-Calvo J 15 , Chen L 16 , Ciocca G 17 , Corazza O 18 , Csako RI 19 , Czakó A 20 , Fernandez DP 21 , Fernandez EF 22 , Fujiwara H 23 , Fuss J 24 , Gabrhelík R 25 , Gewirtz-Meydan A 26 , Gjoneska B 27 , Gola M 28 , Hashim HT 29 , Islam MS 30 , Ismail M 29 , Jiménez-Martínez MC 31 , Jurin T 32 , Kalina O 33 , Klein V 34 , Költő A 35 , Lee CT 36 , Lee SK 37 , Lewczuk K 38 , Lin CY 39 , Lochner C 40 , López-Alvarado S 41 , Lukavská K 25 , Mayta-Tristán P 42 , Miller DJ 43 , Orosová O 33 , Orosz G 44 , Sungkyunkwan University's Research Team 45 , Ponce FP 46 , Quintana GR 47 , Quintero Garzola GC 48 , Ramos-Diaz J 49 , Rigaud K 44 , Rousseau A 50 , Scanavino MT 51 , Schulmeyer MK 52 , Sharan P 53 , Shibata M 54 , Shoib S 55 , Sigre-Leirós V 10 , Sniewski L 56 , Spasovski O 57 , Steibliene V 58 , Stein DJ 59 , Štulhofer A 60 , Ünsal BC 3 , Vaillancourt-Morel MP 61 , Van Hout MC 62 , Grubbs JB 63

Affiliations 

  • 1 1Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
  • 2 3Substantive Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
  • 3 4Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
  • 4 6Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro-and Behavioral Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
  • 5 8Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
  • 6 9Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
  • 7 12Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
  • 8 13Departmento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, University Jaume I of Castellón, Spain
  • 9 14Institute for Behavioural Addictions, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Austria
  • 10 15Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 11 17Institute for Sex Research, SexualMedicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
  • 12 18Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
  • 13 19Virtual Teaching and Cyberpsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
  • 14 20William James Center for Research, Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
  • 15 21Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Spain
  • 16 22Department of Psychology, College of Humanity and Social Science, Fuzhou University, China
  • 17 23Section of Sexual Psychopathology, Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  • 18 24Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
  • 19 26Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 20 7Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
  • 21 27Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
  • 22 28HELP University, Malaysia
  • 23 29Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  • 24 31Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
  • 25 32Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Addictology, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 26 34School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
  • 27 35Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia
  • 28 36Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
  • 29 38University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Iraq
  • 30 40Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
  • 31 42Universidad Pedagógca y Tecnológica de Colombia, Colombia
  • 32 43Department of Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
  • 33 44Department of Educational Psychology and Psychology of Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
  • 34 45School of Psychology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
  • 35 46Health Promotion Research Centre, University of Galway, Ireland
  • 36 47Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
  • 37 48Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea
  • 38 50Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
  • 39 51Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
  • 40 53SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
  • 41 54Faculty of Psychology, University of Cuenca, Ecuador
  • 42 56Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
  • 43 57College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Australia
  • 44 58Artois University, France
  • 45 59Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
  • 46 60Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Chile
  • 47 61Departamento de Psicología y Filosofía, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile
  • 48 62Florida State University, Republic of Panama
  • 49 64Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú
  • 50 65Leuven School For Mass Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  • 51 66Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre and St. Joseph's Health Care London. London, ON, Canada. Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
  • 52 69Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
  • 53 70Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
  • 54 71Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  • 55 72Department of Psychology, Shardha University, India
  • 56 75Compassionate Inquiry, New Zealand
  • 57 76Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
  • 58 77Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
  • 59 78SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town
  • 60 79Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
  • 61 80Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
  • 62 81Public Health Institute, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
  • 63 82Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, And Addictions University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
J Behav Addict, 2025 Mar 28;14(1):131-154.
PMID: 39945767 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2024.00054

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Moral Incongruence Model of Pornography Use proposes that pornography-use-related problems may be present due to problematic pornography use (PPU) and/or moral disapproval (MD) of pornography use. Despite some supporting empirical evidence, no study has tested the presence of different pornography-use profiles based on individuals' behavioral dysregulation (i.e., PPU) and moral values concerning pornography use. The generalizability of previous findings to diverse populations has also been limited given the scarcity of studies conducted outside of Western countries.

METHODS: Using data from the International Sex Survey (42 countries, N = 66,994; Mage = 32.16 years, SD = 12.27), we conducted latent profile analysis to identify pornography-use profiles based on individuals' frequency of use, MD, and PPU. The profiles were compared along a wide range of pornography-use-related, sexuality-related, and psychological correlates.

RESULTS: Six pornography-use profiles were identified, including two increased risk groups (i.e., Increased risk of PPU without MD and Increased risk of PPU with some MD). Several factors differentiated between the increased risk vs. no/low risk profiles (e.g., relatedness satisfaction) as well as between the two increased risk profiles (e.g., religiosity). Apart from behavioral dysregulation, moral values concerning pornography use played an important role in distinguishing pornography-use profiles and demonstrated the importance of inquiring about MD when working with individuals with pornography-use-related problems.

CONCLUSION: Findings also support recent calls for better-integrated sex therapy and sexual medicine perspectives into pornography-use-related problems research and care.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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