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  1. Fulltext Use of Pelleted Diets in Commercially Farmed Decapods during Juvenile Stages: A Review
    Aaqillah-Amr MA, Hidir A, Azra MN, Ahmad-Ideris AR, Abualreesh MH, Noordiyana MN, et al.
    Animals (Basel), 2021 Jun 12;11(6).
    PMID: 34204676 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061761
    The increasing market demand for decapods has led to a considerable interest in cultivating decapod species at a larger scale. Following the development of hatchery technologies, most research has focused on the development of formulated feeds for commercially farmed decapods once they enter the juvenile stages. The use of formulated feed for decapods at a commercial scale is still in the early stages. This is probably because of the unique feeding behavior that decapods possess: being robust, slow feeders and bottom dwellers, their feeding preferences change during the transition from pelagic larvae to benthic juveniles as their digestive systems develop and become more complex. The current practice of decapod aquaculture involves the provision of juveniles with food such as natural diet, live feed, and formulated feed. Knowledge of nutrient requirements enables diets to be better formulated. By manipulating the levels of proteins and lipids, a formulated feed can be expected to lead to optimal growth in decapods. At the same time, the pellet's physical characteristics are important factors to be considered upon formulating commercially farmed decapod feeds, considering the unique feeding behavior of the decapod. However, most published studies on decapod nutrition lack data on the physical characteristics of the feed types. Thus, it is difficult to establish a standard feed formulation that focuses on the physical pellet properties. Moreover, careful consideration must be given to the feeding behavior of species, as decapods are known as bottom feeders and are robust in terms of handling feed. Information on the pellet forms, diet composition, and unique feeding behaviors in commercially farmed decapods is gathered to suggest potential better formulated diets that can optimize growth and reproduction. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize the information that has been published to date and to come up with suggestions on ways to improve the feed formulation in decapods that comply with their feeding behavior and nutrient requirements. Further research is needed to explore the potential of the pelleted feed at the adult stage so the decapod can take full advantage of the nutrients present in the pellets.
  2. Continuity of illicit drug use among Malay patients attending methadone clinics in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Ab Lloh S, Mohamad N, Badrin S, Abu Bakar R, Ahmad I
    J Ethn Subst Abuse, 2023;22(1):45-59.
    PMID: 33472556 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2021.1871696
    The study aimed to determine the prevalence of continuity of illicit drug use and its associated factors among Malay opioid users receiving methadone treatment in Kelantan, Malaysia. This cross-sectional study involved a total of 150 respondents. Sociodemographic characteristic of participants, level of religiosity, and quality of life were collected using the self-administered questionnaires. The prevalence of continuity illicit drug use was 38.7% (n = 58) by self-report and 40.7% (n = 61) by positive urine test result for drugs. Positive hepatitis C status and high quality of life in the psychological health domain were associated with low continuity of illicit drug use by self-reported data and urine drug test results. In conclusion, the continuity of illicit drug use among methadone program users is still high, especially among those on methadone therapy for less than 2 years.
  3. Fulltext Using 21st-Century Technologies to Determine the Cognitive Capabilities of a 11,000-Year-Old Perak Man Who Had Brachymesophalangia Type A2
    Abdullah JY, Saidin M, Rajion ZA, Hadi H, Mohamad N, Moraes C, et al.
    Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Feb;28(1):1-8.
    PMID: 33679214 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.1.1
    Perak Man, named after the state where the skeleton was found, was the most complete skeleton found in Southeast Asia. The funerary artefacts indicate that Perak Man was highly respected, as he was buried at the centre of the highest cave in Lenggong, and he was the only person buried there. A copy of the original skull was made using computed tomography (CT) and 3D printing. Based on the internal structure of the reconstructed skull, the estimated intracranial volume (ICV) is 1,204.91 mL. The hypothetical face of Perak Man was reconstructed according to established forensic methods. Based on his presumed status, Perak Man was likely a respected person in the group and, perhaps, a shaman and the most knowledgeable person in the group regarding survival, hunting, gathering and other aspects of Palaeolithic daily life.
  4. Developmental haemostasis for factor V and factor VIII levels in neonates: a case report of spontaneous cephalhaematoma
    Abdullah WZ, Ismail R, Nasir A, Mohamad N, Hassan R
    Fetal Pediatr Pathol, 2013 Apr;32(2):77-81.
    PMID: 22536947 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2012.671447
    Combined factor V and VIII deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder. Diagnosis of congenital coagulation factor deficiency in a neonate is challenging due to "immaturity" of the hemostatic system. A 2-day-old baby girl presented with spontaneous cephalhematoma. She was found to have persistent abnormal coagulation tests and finally diagnosed as combined factor V and VIII deficiency. Interestingly, factor V and factor VIII in developmental hemostasis are quite similar with adult levels in newborn, and hence early diagnosis is possible. An investigation to detect underlying hemostatic defects is recommended in newborns with spontaneous cephalhematoma.
  5. Fulltext Opioid dependence and substitution therapy: thymoquinone as potential novel supplement therapy for better outcome for methadone maintenance therapy substitution therapy
    Adnan LH, Bakar NH, Mohamad N
    Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2014 Dec;17(12):926-8.
    PMID: 25859295
    Methadone is widely being used for opioid substitution therapy. However, the administration of methadone to opioid dependent individual is frequently accompanied by withdrawal syndrome and chemical dependency develops. Other than that, it is also difficult to retain patients in the treatment programme making their retention rates are decreasing over time. This article is written to higlights the potential use of prophetic medicines, Nigella sativa, as a supplement for opioid dependent receiving methadone. It focuses on the potential role of N. sativa and its major active compound, Thymoquinone (TQ) as a calcium channel blocking agent to reduce withdrawal syndrome and opioid dependency.
  6. Fulltext The Evaluation of Ordinal Regression Model's Performance Through the Implementation of Multilayer Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Case Study of Hypertension
    Adnan MN, Ahmad WMAW, Shahzad HB, Awais F, Aleng NA, Noor NF, et al.
    Cureus, 2024 Feb;16(2):e54387.
    PMID: 38505445 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54387
    Background Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common medical condition that affects a significant portion of the global population. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), stroke, and kidney disorders. Objective The objective of this study is to create and validate a model that combines bootstrapping, ordered logistic regression, and multilayer feed-forward neural networks (MLFFNN) to identify and analyze the factors associated with hypertension patients who also have dyslipidemia. Material and methods A total of 33 participants were enrolled from the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for this study. In this study, advanced computational statistical modeling techniques were utilized to examine the relationship between hypertension status and several potential predictors. The RStudio (Posit, Boston, MA) software and syntax were implemented to establish the relationship between hypertension status and the predictors. Results The statistical analysis showed that the developed methodology demonstrates good model fitting through the value of predicted mean square error (MSE), mean absolute deviance (MAD), and accuracy. To evaluate model fitting, the data in this study was divided into distinct training and testing datasets. The findings revealed that the results strongly support the superior predictive capability of the hybrid model technique. In this case, five variables are considered: marital status, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar levels, and high-density lipoprotein levels. It is important to note that all of them affect the hazard ratio: marital status (β1, -17.12343343; p < 0.25), smoking status (β2, 1.86069121; p < 0.25), systolic blood pressure (β3, 0.05037332; p < 0.25), fasting blood sugar (β4, -0.53880322; p < 0.25), and high-density lipoprotein (β5, 5.38065556; p < 0.25). Conclusion This research aims to develop and extensively evaluate the hybrid approach. The statistical methods employed in this study using R language show that regression modeling surpasses R-squared values in predicting the mean square error. The study's conclusion provides strong evidence for the superiority of the hybrid model technique.
  7. A survey of acarine ectoparasites of bats (Chiroptera) in Malaysia
    Ahamad M, Ibrahim H, Bujang MK, Sah SA, Mohamad N, Nor SM, et al.
    J Med Entomol, 2013 Jan;50(1):140-6.
    PMID: 23427663
    A comprehensive 8-yr survey of acarine ectoparasites (ticks and mites) of bats was carried out in 18 localities from 2002 to 2009. Most of the surveys were conducted during 14 national biodiversity scientific expeditions throughout Malaysia. The objective was to identify acarines of known public health importance from bats and thus determine whether there is any potential public health risk in Malaysia. Trapping of bats was conducted using Harp traps and Mist nets. In total, 1,579 individuals comprising of 6 families and 52 species of bats were examined alive. In general, 25.6% of the bats were infested with acarines. Infestation rates of ticks, mesostigmatid mites, and chiggers on bats examined were 0.4, 10.4, and 14.7%, respectively. Their prevalence and mean intensity were tabulated. Genera of ticks extracted were Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Ixodes, and Ornithodoros. Of these genera, only two species can be identified to species level and they are Amblyomma cordiferum and Ixodes simplex. In total, 8 genera and 15 species of mesostigmatid mites were found; the species were Ancystropus eonycteris, Ancystropus zeleborii, Echinonysus nasutus, Laelaps aingworthae, Laelaps nuttalli, Laelaps sanguisugus, Laelaps sculpturatus, Longolaelaps longulus, Longolaelaps whartonii, Meristaspis lateralis, Meristaspis macroglossi, Paraperiglischrus rhinolophinus, Spinturnix acuminatus, Spinturnix americanus, and Spinturnix bakeri. Chiggers on bats were represented by 12 genera and 6 species; the species identified were Gahrliepia fletcheri, Riedlinia lipoxena, Trombigastia cadei, Walchiella impar, Walchiella oudemansi, and Whartonia caobangensis. The study produced an up-to-date list of acarine ectoparasites of bats in Malaysia where a total of 38 genera and 47 species of acarines were listed. Findings of the study demonstrated that 5 genera and 1 species of acarines that may pose potential health risks, can be found on bats.
  8. A case of concurrent gastrointestinal, peritoneal and urinary bladder tuberculosis
    Ahmad MF, Mohamad N, Sapiai NA, Razali NA, Anuar AH
    Indian J Tuberc, 2022 Oct;69(4):706-709.
    PMID: 36460413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.09.004
    Tuberculosis is a top 10 leading cause of death worldwide. Lungs are primarily involved organs in tuberculosis. The rest of cases are extrapulmonary tuberculosis (14% reported in 2017). Extrapulmonary tuberculosis always presents with non-specific symptoms, thus at risk of delay diagnosis and management. In genitourinary tuberculosis, kidney alone and kidney with urinary bladder or ureter is affected in more than 70% of cases. The ureter and urinary bladder infections are almost always secondary to tuberculous involvement of the kidney. Bacilli haematogenic spreading is a known transmission pathway to the kidney. In this case, we diagnosed isolated urinary bladder tuberculosis caused by direct gastrointestinal tuberculosis infiltration, a rare occurrence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. We illustrate the multiorgan involvement in tuberculosis infection including pulmonary, gastrointestinal, peritoneal and urinary bladder.
  9. Fulltext Health major incident : the experiences of mobile medical team during major flood
    Ahmad R, Mohamad Z, Noh AY, Mohamad N, Hamzah MS, Mohammed NA, et al.
    Malays J Med Sci, 2008 Apr;15(2):47-51.
    PMID: 22589626 MyJurnal
    Disaster is a sudden event that associated with ecological changes, disruption of normal daily activities, destruction of infrastructures, loss of properties, and medical disabilities. In disaster, there is a mismatch between available resources and patients need for healthcare service. During flood disaster, the victims were predisposed to different type of illnesses for various reasons such as inadequate supply of clean water, poor sanitation or drainage system, unhealthy foods, and over-crowded relief centers. Mobile clinic is an option for delivering medical care for the disaster victims who often have a difficulty to access to the medical facilities. In this article we would like to share our experiences during the provision of humanitarian services for flood victims at District of Muar Johor. Common illnesses among the flood victims at visited relief centers and advantages of Mobile Medical Relief Team were also highlighted and discussed.
  10. A study on the magnitude and the effectiveness of the observation ward of hospital universiti sains malaysia
    Ahmad R, Nik Abdul Rahman NH, Mohd Noh AY, Nik Abdul Rahman NA, Mohamad N, Baharudin KA
    Malays J Med Sci, 2010 Jan;17(1):38-43.
    PMID: 22135524 MyJurnal
    BACKGROUND: The observation ward (OW) allows patients to be reassessed and monitored before deciding either to admit or to discharge them. This is a six-month descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the observation ward of the Emergency Department (ED) of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. The objective of this study was to examine the demographic characteristics and clinical profiles of adult observed patients and to determine the effectiveness of OW management.

    METHODS: Patients were selected randomly by convenience sampling. One hundred and twenty-four patients were included in the study. The mean age was 40.3 ± 18.5 years (95% CI: 37.2 to 43.8).

    RESULTS: Among the common clinical problems were abdominal discomfort (23%), diarrhoea and vomiting (13%) and fever (13%). Reasons for OW admission included diagnostic uncertainty (63%) and short course of treatment (33%). The mean length of stay was 4.1 ± 1.8 hours (95% CI=3.8 to 4.4 hours). Most of the patients (85%) were discharged.

    CONCLUSIONS: The OW of HUSM is effective in managing adult patients as determined by the hospitalisation rate and the length of stay.

  11. Application of a new system for classifying root and canal anatomy in studies involving micro-computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography: Explanation and elaboration
    Ahmed HMA, Ibrahim N, Mohamad NS, Nambiar P, Muhammad RF, Yusoff M, et al.
    Int Endod J, 2021 Jul;54(7):1056-1082.
    PMID: 33527452 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13486
    Adequate knowledge and accurate characterization of root and canal anatomy is an essential prerequisite for successful root canal treatment and endodontic surgery. Over the years, an ever-increasing body of knowledge related to root and canal anatomy of the human dentition has accumulated. To correct deficiencies in existing systems, a new coding system for classifying root and canal morphology, accessory canals and anomalies has been introduced. In recent years, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) have been used extensively to study the details of root and canal anatomy in extracted teeth and within clinical settings. This review aims to discuss the application of the new coding system in studies using micro-CT and CBCT, provide a detailed guide for appropriate characterization of root and canal anatomy and to discuss several controversial issues that may appear as potential limitations for proper characterization of roots and canals.
  12. Fulltext Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients and Families with Primary Immunodeficiency in Malaysia: a Cross-Sectional Study
    Ahmed Meelad R, Abd Hamid IJ, Zainudeen ZT, Hashim IF, Azizuddin MNA, Mangantig E, et al.
    J Clin Immunol, 2023 Jul;43(5):999-1006.
    PMID: 36882668 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01463-1
    PURPOSE: Primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) affects various aspects of a patient's life. However, the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of PID among Malaysian patients is poorly described. This study aimed to determine the quality of life of PID patients and their respective parents.

    METHOD: This cross-sectional study was performed from August 2020 to November 2020. Patients with PID and their families were invited to answer the PedsQL Malay version (4.0) questionnaire, the tool used to assess the HRQOL. A total of 41 families and 33 patients with PID answered the questionnaire. A comparison was performed with the previously published value of healthy Malaysian children.

    RESULT: Parents of respondents recorded a lower mean of total score than the parents of healthy children (67.26 ± 16.73 vs. 79.51 ± 11.90, p-value = 0.001, respectively). PID patients reported lower mean total score to healthy children (73.68 ± 16.38 vs. 79.51 ± 11.90, p-value = 0.04), including the psychosocial domain (71.67 ± 16.82 vs. 77.58 ± 12.63, p-value = 0.05) and school functioning (63.94 ± 20.87 vs. 80.00 ± 14.40, p-value = 0.007). No significant difference of reported HRQOL when comparing between subgroup of PID on immunoglobulin replacement therapy and those without immunoglobulin replacement (56.96 ± 23.58 vs. 65.83 ± 23.82, p-value 0.28). Socioeconomic status was found to be predictive of the lower total score of PedsQL in both parent and children reports.

    CONCLUSION: Parents and children with PID, especially those from middle socioeconomic status, have lower HRQOL and school function impairment than healthy children.

  13. Fulltext Impact of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases on the Life Experiences of Patients in Malaysia From the Caregivers' Perspective: A Qualitative Study
    Ahmed Meelad R, Abd Hamid IJ, Hashim IF, Zainudeen ZT, Abu Bakar FF, Taib F, et al.
    Front Pediatr, 2022;10:846393.
    PMID: 35433547 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.846393
    INTRODUCTION: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are chronic diseases that affect the various aspects of a patient's life. However, the impact of living with PIDs is poorly described.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the living experience challenges among the Malaysian caregivers of the patients with PID who underwent a follow-up in the Universiti Sains Malaysia or those registered members of the Malaysian PIDs Society.

    METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted from March 1 to May 30, 2021. The parents of children with PIDs were invited to participate for a semi-structured in-depth interview at the PID clinics in the USM. The estimated time of each interview was 30 min. The semi-structured interview was performed via a telephone call because of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The audio recording of each interview was transcribed and translated from Malay to English. Subsequently, a thematic analysis utilizing the ATLAS.ti software was performed.

    RESULTS: The thematic analysis revealed five main themes, which are living with fear and anxiety with four sub-themes (sickness, psychological issues, fear of infections and hereditary issues), PID healthcare support struggles with four sub-themes (PID health system, treatment, diagnosis and financial issues), knowledge with two sub-themes (educational issues and disease understanding), social constraint with two sub-themes (relationships and social isolations) and coping with three sub-themes (acceptance, child health improvement and emotional hygiene).

    CONCLUSION: Living with fear and anxiety is a major theme impacting the living experiences of Malaysian patients with PIDs. Improvements in healthcare delivery and disease education are needed to ensure optimal quality of life.

  14. Pluronic-F127 composite film loaded with erythromycin for wound application: formulation, physicomechanical and in vitro evaluations
    Alavi T, Rezvanian M, Ahmad N, Mohamad N, Ng SF
    Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2019 04;9(2):508-519.
    PMID: 29181832 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0450-z
    Composite film dressings composed of pluronic F127 (PL)-pectin (PC) and pluronic (PL) F127-gelatin (GL) were investigated as potential drug delivery system for wound healing. Composite films were solvent cast by blending PL with PC or GL in different ratios using glycerol (2.5%) as plasticizer. Erythromycin (ER) (0.1%) was incorporated in films as model hydrophobic antibiotic. The optimized composite films were characterized for physical appearance, morphology, mechanical profile, and thermal behavior. In addition, drug release, antibacterial activity, and cytocompatibility of the films were investigated to assess their potential as drug delivery system. The composite films exhibited excellent wound dressing characters in terms of appearance, stability, and mechanical profile. Moreover, ER-loaded composite films released ER in controlled manner, exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and were non-toxic to human skin fibroblast. These findings demonstrate that these composite films hold the potential to be formulated as antibacterial wound dressing.
  15. Study on Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus Bleeker, 1854) model
    Amal MNA, Ismail A, Saad MZ, Md Yasin IS, Nasruddin NS, Mastor SS, et al.
    Microb Pathog, 2019 Jun;131:47-52.
    PMID: 30940607 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.034
    This study determines the median lethal dose, and describes the clinico-pathological changes and disease development following Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Javanese medaka model. Javanese medakas were infected with S. agalactiae via intraperitoneal (IP) from 104 to 108 CFU/mL, and immersion (IM) route from 103 to 107 CFU/mL. The LD50-240h and clinico-pathological changes of the fish was determined until 240 h post infection (hpi). Next, the disease development was determined for 96 hpi in the fish following IP and IM infection at 103 CFU/mL and 104 CFU/mL, respectively. The LD50-240h of S. agalactiae in Javanese medaka was lower following IP injection (4.5 × 102 CFU/mL), compared to IM route (3.5 × 103 CFU/mL). The clinical signs included separating from the schooling group, swimming at the surface of water column, lethargy, erratic swimming pattern, corneal opacity and exophthalmia. Histopathological examinations revealed generalized congestion in almost all internal organs, particularly in liver and brain, while the kidney displayed tubular necrosis. Both IP and IM routes showed significant positive correlation (p 
  16. Recent advances in the role of supramolecular hydrogels in drug delivery
    Amin MC, Ahmad N, Pandey M, Abeer MM, Mohamad N
    Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2015 Jul;12(7):1149-61.
    PMID: 25547588 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.997707
    Supramolecular hydrogels, formed by noncovalent crosslinking of polymeric chains in water, constitute an interesting class of materials that can be developed specifically for drug delivery and biomedical applications. The biocompatibility, stimuli responsiveness to various external factors, and powerful functionalization capacity of these polymeric networks make them attractive candidates for novel advanced dosage form design.
  17. A multidimensional approach for microplastics monitoring in two major tropical river basins, Malaysia
    Anuar ST, Abdullah NS, Yahya NKEM, Chin TT, Yusof KMKK, Mohamad Y, et al.
    Environ Res, 2023 Mar 23;227:115717.
    PMID: 36963716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115717
    Microplastics (MPs) with the size of 1 μm-5 mm are pollutants of great concern ubiquitously found in the environment. Existing efforts have found that most of the MPs present in the seas mainly originated from land via riverine inputs. Asian rivers are known to be among the top in microplastic emissions. However, field data are scarce, especially in Malaysia. This study presents the distribution and characteristics of MPs in the surface water of two major river basins of Malaysia, namely Langat River (West Coast/Straits of Malacca) and Kelantan River (East Coast/South China Sea). Water samples were collected at 21-22 locations in Kelantan and Langat rivers, covering the river, estuary and sea. MPs were physically classified based on sizes, shapes, colours and surface morphology (SEM-EDS). The average of 179.6 items/L and 1464.8 items/L of MPs had been quantified from Kelantan and Langat rivers, respectively. Fibre (91.90%) was highly recorded at Kelantan, compared to Langat whereby both fibre (59.21%) and fragment (38.87%) were prevalence. Anthropogenic activities and urbanised areas contribute to high microplastic abundance, especially in the Langat River. Micro-FTIR analysis identified 14 polymers in Kelantan River, whereas 20 polymers were found in Langat River. Polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, phenoxy resins, poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane and rayon were discovered in both rivers, although only polyethylene was significant (>1 ppm) when further analysed using pyrolysis-GC/MS. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to explain the relationship between water quality and MP abundance, suggesting only turbidity was positively significant to the microplastic occurrence. This comprehensive study is first to suggest a full-scale monitoring protocol for MPs in Malaysian riverine system and is significant in understanding MPs abundance in correlation to in-situ environmental factors. Consequently, this will allow the right authorities to develop mitigation strategies to address riverine plastic pollution in major river basins in Malaysia and the South East Asia.
  18. Understanding Clinical Significance in Rehabilitation: A Primer for Researchers and Clinicians
    Armijo-Olivo S, de Castro-Carletti EM, Calixtre LB, de Oliveira-Souza AIS, Mohamad N, Fuentes J
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2022 Jan 01;101(1):64-77.
    PMID: 34091470 DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001799
    The objective of this review was to summarize the concept of clinical significance and associated methods focusing on the area of rehabilitation to provide a resource to rehabilitation researchers and clinicians. Studies were searched on electronic databases from inception until July 28, 2020, with no date or language limits. Manual searches as well as Scopus forward citation for relevant references were performed. Narrative synthesis of study results was performed. Definitions of the concepts related to clinical significance, ways of calculating, and interpreting each method were provided using rehabilitation examples. An explanation of methods to evaluate clinical significance (distribution, anchor, and opinion-based methods) and their advantages and disadvantages were also provided. Considering the limitations of statistical significance in assuring meaningfulness of results, clinical interpretation of research outcomes and the report of clinical significance in intervention trials should be a priority in rehabilitation research. When possible, the use of multiple methods (distribution, anchor, and opinion based) is recommended. Thus, clinical researchers are encouraged to present results in a manner that allow the rehabilitation professionals to easily interpret and implement those results in their clinical practice.
  19. Performance, Detection, Contamination, Compliance, and Cointervention Biases in Rehabilitation Research: What Are They and How Can They Affect the Results of Randomized Controlled Trials? Basic Information for Junior Researchers and Clinicians
    Armijo-Olivo S, Mohamad N, Sobral de Oliveira-Souza AI, de Castro-Carletti EM, Ballenberger N, Fuentes J
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2022 Sep 01;101(9):864-878.
    PMID: 35978455 DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001893
    Bias is a systematic error that can cause distorted results leading to incorrect conclusions. Intervention bias (i.e., contamination bias, cointervention bias, compliance bias, and performance bias) and detection bias are the most common biases in rehabilitation research. A better understanding of these biases is essential at all stages of research to enhance the quality of evidence in rehabilitation trials. Therefore, this narrative review aims to provide insights to the readers, clinicians, and researchers about contamination, cointervention, compliance, performance, and detection biases and ways of recognizing and mitigating them. The literature selected for this review was obtained mainly by compiling the information from several reviews looking at biases in rehabilitation. In addition, separate searches by biases and looking at reference lists of selected studies as well as using Scopus forward citation for relevant references were used.This review provides several strategies to guard against the impact of bias on study results. Clinicians, researchers, and other stakeholders are encouraged to apply these recommendations when designing and conducting rehabilitation trials.
  20. Detection of pathogenic Vibrio species and antibiogram activity in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Tumpat, Kelantan
    Auzureen AMZ, Michael MS, Mohamed M, Peng TL, Fauzi F, Mohamad NFA, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2022 Dec 01;39(4):569-574.
    PMID: 36602217 DOI: 10.47665/tb.39.4.013
    Some of Vibrio species is well known as pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture and the marine industry. Its infection is able to generate a massive outbreak and affect the fish population, especially for net caged fish such as seabass. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Vibrio spp. isolated from seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Sri Tujuh Lagoon, Tumpat, Kelantan. Then, to determine the antibiotic resistance in Vibrio isolates. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Vibrio species using specific primer VR169 and VR744 with estimation base pair size band, 597 bp and further identified by sequencing. On the other hand, antibiotic susceptibility tests were continued by using 13 types of antibiotics; kanamycin (K30), chloramphenicol (C30), neomycin (N10), ampicillin (AMP10), nitrofurantoin (F300), tetracycline (TE30), streptomycin (S10), norfloxacin (NOR10), ciprofloxacin (CIP5), nalidixic acid (NA30), gentamicin (CN10), doxycycline (DO30) and sulfamethoxazole (SXT100). As a result, 14 Vibrio isolates were identified, including Vibrio fluvialis (n=6), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (n=3), Vibrio harveyi (n=2) and each isolate for Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio spp. The results showed that all isolates were sensitive to most antibiotics except ampicillin, neomycin and streptomycin. The MAR index value was ranging from 0 to 0.31. This study demonstrates the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in seabass and the report on multidrug resistance strains that could be of concern to the fish farmers. In addition, data from this study can be further used in fish disease management plans.
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