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  1. Agronomic biofortification of fodder sorghum with zinc under different levels of nitrogen
    Waqas Ahmad, Muhammad Tahir, Riaz Ahmad, Rashid Ahmad
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1269-1276.
    Zinc (Zn) deficient soil prevails throughout the world and it has become the bottleneck in achieving production potential
    and quality of crops. The negligible use of micronutrients along with irregular use of macronutrients is practised for
    fodder production in Pakistan. Varying levels of zinc (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1)
    were evaluated for their effect on yield, quality and zinc uptake on fodder sorghum (variety Hegari) in a field experiment
    for two consecutive years (2014 and 2015). Data were analysed by using Fishers’ analysis of variance (at p<0.05) and
    response surface methodology (RSM). Correlation between different parameters was also studied. Application of zinc
    and nitrogen improved the plant height, leaf area plant-1, green fodder yield, dry matter yield, crude protein percentage
    and zinc content of plant but decreased the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and ash percentage. Values for
    different parameters recorded at second and third levels of zinc and nitrogen were remained at par with each other.
    Application of 10 kg ha-1 zinc and 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen showed an average increase of 7.3 and 18.6% in green fodder
    yield while 12.1 and 15.8% in dry matter yield, respectively. Similarly 6.1 and 7.5% increase in crude protein was noted
    over control. Correlation between NDF and ADF was negative with rest of the studied parameters. In conclusion, Zn2
    and
    N2
    gave the best results in term of yield and quality of fodder sorghum.
  2. Fulltext The contribution of particle swarm optimization to three-dimensional slope stability analysis
    Kalatehjari R, Rashid AS, Ali N, Hajihassani M
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:973093.
    PMID: 24991652 DOI: 10.1155/2014/973093
    Over the last few years, particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been extensively applied in various geotechnical engineering including slope stability analysis. However, this contribution was limited to two-dimensional (2D) slope stability analysis. This paper applied PSO in three-dimensional (3D) slope stability problem to determine the critical slip surface (CSS) of soil slopes. A detailed description of adopted PSO was presented to provide a good basis for more contribution of this technique to the field of 3D slope stability problems. A general rotating ellipsoid shape was introduced as the specific particle for 3D slope stability analysis. A detailed sensitivity analysis was designed and performed to find the optimum values of parameters of PSO. Example problems were used to evaluate the applicability of PSO in determining the CSS of 3D slopes. The first example presented a comparison between the results of PSO and PLAXI-3D finite element software and the second example compared the ability of PSO to determine the CSS of 3D slopes with other optimization methods from the literature. The results demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of PSO in determining the CSS of 3D soil slopes.
  3. Urine NMR Metabolomic Study on Biochemical Activities to Investigate the Effect of P. betle Extract on Obese Rats
    Abdul Ghani ZDF, Ab Rashid AH, Shaari K, Chik Z
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2019 Oct;189(2):690-708.
    PMID: 31111377 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03042-w
    The present studies are to evaluate the ability of PB to induce weight loss and urine metabolite profile of Piper betle L. (PB) leaf extracts using metabolomics approach. Dried PB leaves were extracted with ethanol 70% and the studies were performed in different groups of rats fed with high fat (HFD) and normal diet (ND). Then, fed with the PB extract with 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg and two negative control groups given water (WTR). The body weights were monitored and evaluated. Urine was collected and 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach was used to detect the metabolite changes. Results showed that PB-treated group demonstrated inhibition of body weight gain. The trajectory of urine metabolites showed that PB-treated group gave the different distribution from week 12 to 16 compared with the control groups. In 1H NMR metabolomic approach analysis, the urine metabolites gave the best separation in principle component 1 and 3, with 40.0% and 9.56% of the total variation. Shared and unique structures (SUS) plot model showed that higher concentration PB-treated group was characterized by high level of indole-3-acetate, aspartate, methanol, histidine, and creatine, thus caused an increased the metabolic function and maintaining the body weight of the animals treated.
  4. Carbon emissions from the peat fire problem-a review
    Che Azmi NA, Mohd Apandi N, A Rashid AS
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Apr;28(14):16948-16961.
    PMID: 33641100 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12886-x
    Peat fires in tropical peatland release a substantial amount of carbon into the environment and cause significant harm to peatlands and the ecology, resulting in climate change, biodiversity loss, and the alteration of the ecosystem. It is essential to understand peat fires and to develop more effective methods for controlling them. To estimate carbon emissions and monitor fires, the depth of burning can measure the overall burnt down the volume, which is proportional to the carbon emissions that are emitted to the environment. The first step is to understand the technique of measuring the depth of the burn. However, there is a lack of integrated information regarding the burning depth for peat fires. This review paper discusses the techniques used to measure the burning depth, with particular attention given to quantifying carbon emissions. The article also provides information on the types of methods used to determine the burning depths. This research contributes to the field of peat fire by providing a readily available reference for practitioners and researchers on the current state of knowledge on peat fire monitoring systems.
  5. Physical properties and biocompatibility of oligochitosan membrane film as wound dressing
    Ujang Z, Abdul Rashid AH, Suboh SK, Halim AS, Lim CK
    J Appl Biomater Funct Mater, 2014 Dec 30;12(3):155-62.
    PMID: 24700269 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000190
    BACKGROUND: The physical and biological characteristics of oligochitosan (O-C) film, including its barrier and mechanical properties, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo biocompatibility, were studied to assess its potential use as a wound dressing.

    METHODS: Membrane films were prepared from water-soluble O-C solution blended with various concentrations of glycerol to modify the physical properties of the films. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility evaluations were performed using primary human skin fibroblast cultures and subcutaneous implantation in a rat model, respectively.

    RESULTS: Addition of glycerol significantly influenced the barrier and mechanical properties of the films. Water absorption capacity was in the range of 80%-160%, whereas water vapor transmission rate varied from 1,180 to 1,618 g/m2 per day. Both properties increased with increasing glycerol concentration. Tensile strength decreased while elongation at break increased with the addition of glycerol. O-C films were found to be noncytotoxic to human fibroblast cultures and histological examination proved that films are biocompatible.

    CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the membrane film from O-C has potential application as a wound-dressing material.

  6. In vitro capacity of different grades of chitosan derivatives to induce platelet adhesion and aggregation
    Periayah MH, Halim AS, Hussein AR, Saad AZ, Rashid AH, Noorsal K
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2013 Jan;52:244-9.
    PMID: 23063426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.001
    Chitosan-derived hemostatic agents with various formulations may have distinct potential in hemostasis. This study assessed the ability of different grades and forms of chitosan derivatives as hemostatic agents to enhance platelet adhesion and aggregation in vitro. The chitosan derivatives utilized were 2% NO-CMC, 7% NO-CMC (with 0.45 mL collagen), 8% NO-CMC, O-C 52, 5% O-CMC-47, NO-CMC-35, and O-C 53. Samples of chitosan derivatives weighing 5mg were incubated at 37°C with 50 μL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) for 60 min. The morphological features of the platelets upon adherence to the chitosan were viewed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the platelet count was analyzed with an Automated Hematology Analyzer. For platelet aggregation, we added an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) agonist to induce the chitosan-adhered platelets. O-C 52 bound with platelets exhibited platelet aggregates and clumps on the surface of the membrane layer with approximately 70-80% coverage. A statistically significant correlation (p<0.01) for the platelet count was identified between the baseline value and the values at 10 min and 20 min. The results indicate that O-C 53 and O-C 52 were able to promote clotting have the potential to induce the release of platelets engaged in the process of hemostasis.
  7. Biochemical studies of Piper betle L Leaf Extract on Obese Treated Animal using 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach of Blood Serum Samples
    Abdul Ghani ZD, Husin JM, Rashid AH, Shaari K, Chik Z
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2016 Oct 7.
    PMID: 27725236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.022
    Piper Betle L. (PB) belongs to the Piperaceae family. The presence of a fairly large quantity of diastase in the betel leaf is deemed to play an important role in starch digestion and calls for the study of weight loss activities and metabolite profile from PB leaf extracts using metabolomics approach to be performed. PB dried leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol and the extracts were subjected to five groups of rats fed with high fat (HF) and standard diet (SD). They were then fed with the extracts in two doses and compared with a negative control group given water only according to the study protocol. The body weights and food intakes were monitored every week. At the end of the study, blood serum of the experimental animal was analysed to determine the biochemical and metabolite changes. PB treated group demonstrated inhibition of body weight gain without showing an effect on the food intake. In serum bioassay, the PB treated group (HF/PB (100mg/kg and 500mg/kg) showed an increased in glucose and cholesterol levels compared to the Standard Diet (SD/WTR) group, a decrease in LDL level and increase in HDL level when compared with High Fat Diet (HF/WTR) group. For metabolite analysis, two separation models were made to determine the metabolite changes via group activities. The best separation of PCA serum in Model 1 and 2 was achieved in principle component 1 and principle component 2. SUS-Plot model showed that HF group was characterized by high-level of glucose, glycine and alanine. Increase in the β-hydroxybutyrate level similar with SD group animals was evident in the HF/PB(500mg/kg) group. This finding suggested that the administration of 500mg/kg PB extracts leads to increase in oxidation process in the body thus maintaining the body weight and without giving an effect on the appetite even though HF was continuously consumed by the animals until the end of the studies and also a reduction in food intake, thus maintaining their body weight although they were continuously consumed HF.
  8. Hybrid soliwave technique for mitigating sulfate-reducing bacteria in controlling biocorrosion: a case study on crude oil sample
    Mohd Ali MKFB, Abu Bakar A, Md Noor N, Yahaya N, Ismail M, Rashid AS
    Environ Technol, 2017 Oct;38(19):2427-2439.
    PMID: 27875932 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1264486
    Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is among the common corrosion types for buried and deep-water pipelines that result in costly repair and pipeline failure. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are commonly known as the culprit of MIC. The aim of this work is to investigate the performance of combination of ultrasound (US) irradiation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (known as Hybrid soliwave technique, HyST) at pilot scale to inactivate SRB. The influence of different reaction times with respect to US irradiation and UV radiation and synergistic effect toward SRB consortium was tested and discussed. In this research, the effect of HyST treatment toward SRB extermination and corrosion studies of carbon steel coupon upon SRB activity before and after the treatment were performed using weight loss method. The carbon steel coupons immersed in SRB sample were exposed to HyST treatment at different time of exposure. Additionally, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy were used to investigate the corrosion morphology in verifying the end product of SRB activity and corrosion formation after treatment. Results have shown that the US irradiation treatment gives a synergistic effect when combined with UV radiation in mitigating the SRB consortium.
  9. Carbonated ground granulated blast furnace slag stabilising brown kaolin
    Mohammed AMA, Mohd Yunus NZ, Hezmi MA, A Rashid AS, Horpibulsuk S
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Oct;28(40):57308-57320.
    PMID: 34086175 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14718-4
    Proposals have been made by several researchers to conduct the sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) through calcium and magnesium-rich materials. From these materials, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) containing 5% magnesium and 45% calcium is seen to be a good candidate and is available to sequester CO2. This study intends to ascertain the ability to absorb CO2, sequester it, and increase treated kaolin strength with different content of GGBS under various carbonation periods with varying CO2 pressure. The impacts of carbonated GGBS on the mechanical attributes of soil were examined by conducting the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, and microstructure analysis was conducted to identify the changes in the structure and Crestline phase. Stationary carbonation in a triaxial test with pure CO2 was conducted to accelerate the carbonation process. The outcome indicates that the strength rises as the carbonation period rises. Likewise, UCS rises as the CO2 pressure rises from 100 to 200 kPa. It could be concluded that augmentation of the strength is because of carbonated calcium and magnesium products which stuff the soil voids. Changes occur on the microstructure level due to carbonation as well.
  10. Correction to: Ground improvement and its role in carbon dioxide reduction: a review
    Mohammed AMA, Mohd Yunus NZ, Hezmi MA, Abang Hasbollah DZ, A Rashid AS
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Mar;28(11):14209.
    PMID: 33528775 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12768-2
  11. Fulltext A Novel Swarm Intelligence-Harris Hawks Optimization for Spatial Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility
    Bui DT, Moayedi H, Kalantar B, Osouli A, Pradhan B, Nguyen H, et al.
    Sensors (Basel), 2019 Aug 17;19(16).
    PMID: 31426552 DOI: 10.3390/s19163590
    In this research, the novel metaheuristic algorithm Harris hawks optimization (HHO) is applied to landslide susceptibility analysis in Western Iran. To this end, the HHO is synthesized with an artificial neural network (ANN) to optimize its performance. A spatial database comprising 208 historical landslides, as well as 14 landslide conditioning factors-elevation, slope aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, soil type, lithology, distance to the river, distance to the road, distance to the fault, land cover, slope degree, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), and rainfall-is prepared to develop the ANN and HHO-ANN predictive tools. Mean square error and mean absolute error criteria are defined to measure the performance error of the models, and area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUROC) is used to evaluate the accuracy of the generated susceptibility maps. The findings showed that the HHO algorithm effectively improved the performance of ANN in both recognizing (AUROCANN = 0.731 and AUROCHHO-ANN = 0.777) and predicting (AUROCANN = 0.720 and AUROCHHO-ANN = 0.773) the landslide pattern.
  12. Ground improvement and its role in carbon dioxide reduction: a review
    Mohammed MA, Mohd Yunus NZ, Hezmi MA, Abang Hasbollah DZ, A Rashid AS
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Feb;28(8):8968-8988.
    PMID: 33443736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12392-0
    Environmental global issues affecting global warming, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), have attracted the attention of researchers around the world. This paper reviews and discusses the ground improvement and its contribution to reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. The approach is divided into three parts: the Streamlined Energy and Emissions Assessment Model (SEEAM), the replacement of soil stabilisation materials that lead to the emission of a large amount of CO2 with alternatives and mineral carbonation. A brief discussion about the first two is reviewed in this paper and a detailed discussion about mineral carbonation and its role in enhancing soil strength while absorbing a large amount of CO2. It is emphasised that natural mineral carbonation requires a very long time for a material to reach its full capacity to form CO2; as a result, different acceleration processes can be done from increasing pressure, temperature, the concentration of CO2 and the addition of various additives. In conclusion, it was found that magnesium is more attractive than calcium, and calcium is complicated in terms of strength behaviour. Magnesium has a larger capacity for CO2 sequestration and it has a greater potential to increase soil strength than calcium.
  13. Fulltext The Roles and Performance of Professional Driving Instructors in Novice Driver Education
    Jawi ZM, Deros BM, Rashid AAA, Isa MHM, Awang A
    Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J, 2017 Aug;17(3):e277-e285.
    PMID: 29062549 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2017.17.03.004
    This review article aimed to analyse existing literature regarding the roles and performance of professional driving instructors (PDIs) in novice driver education (DE). A systematic classification scheme was adopted to analyse identified articles to determine the study context of PDIs in novice DE, the competency level of PDIs in relation to experienced and learner drivers and the contributions of PDIs to the novice driver learning process. A total of 14 original research articles were identified, with no systematic reviews or meta-analyses available. Overall, all of the articles were found to be inadequate in providing an in-depth understanding of the roles and performance of PDIs in novice DE. There is an urgent need to improve current understanding of the roles of PDIs in novice DE and to work towards an internationally recognised PDI management approach.
  14. Fulltext Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and P2Y12 induction by oligochitosan accelerates platelet aggregation
    Periayah MH, Halim AS, Yaacob NS, Saad AZ, Hussein AR, Rashid AH, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:653149.
    PMID: 25247182 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653149
    Platelet membrane receptor glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (gpiibiiia) is a receptor detected on platelets. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) activates gpiibiiia and P2Y12, causing platelet aggregation and thrombus stabilization during blood loss. Chitosan biomaterials were found to promote surface induced hemostasis and were capable of activating blood coagulation cascades by enhancing platelet aggregation. Our current findings show that the activation of the gpiibiiia complex and the major ADP receptor P2Y12 is required for platelet aggregation to reach hemostasis following the adherence of various concentrations of chitosan biomaterials [7% N,O-carboxymethylchitosan (NO-CMC) with 0.45 mL collagen, 8% NO-CMC, oligochitosan (O-C), and oligochitosan 53 (O-C 53)]. We studied gpiibiiia and P2Y12 through flow cytometric analysis and western blotting techniques. The highest expression of gpiibiiia was observed with Lyostypt (74.3 ± 7.82%), followed by O-C (65.5 ± 7.17%). Lyostypt and O-C resulted in gpiibiiia expression increases of 29.2% and 13.9%, respectively, compared with blood alone. Western blot analysis revealed that only O-C 53 upregulated the expression of P2Y12 (1.12 ± 0.03-fold) compared with blood alone. Our findings suggest that the regulation of gpiibiiia and P2Y12 levels could be clinically useful to activate platelets to reach hemostasis. Further, we show that the novel oligochitosan is able to induce the increased expression of gpiibiiia and P2Y12, thus accelerating platelet aggregation in vitro.
  15. Effect of the Novel Biodegradable N, O-Carboxymethylchitosan and Oligo-Chitosan on the Platelet Thrombogenicity Cascade in von Willebrand Disease
    Periayah MH, Halim AS, Mat Saad AZ, Yaacob NS, Hussein AR, Abdul Karim F, et al.
    Thromb Res, 2015 Sep;136(3):625-33.
    PMID: 26254703 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.07.027
    Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the second least common hemostatic disorder in Malaysia, and it has a low prevalence. This study examined the underlying platelet thrombogenicity cascades in the presence of different formulations of chitosan-derivatives in vWD patients. This paper aimed to determine the significant influence of chitosan biomaterial in stimulating the platelet thrombogenicity cascades that involve the von Willebrand factor, Factor 8, Thromboxane A2, P2Y12 and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in vWD.
  16. Fulltext Chitosan scaffold enhances growth factor release in wound healing in von Willebrand disease
    Periayah MH, Halim AS, Saad AZ, Yaacob NS, Hussein AR, Karim FA, et al.
    Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015;8(9):15611-20.
    PMID: 26629055
    Chitosan-derived biomaterials have been reported to adhere when in contact with blood by encouraging platelets to adhere, activate and aggregate at the sites of vascular injury, thus enhanced wound healing capacity. This study investigated platelet morphology changes and the expression level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB) in the adherence of two different types of chitosans in von Willebrand disease (vWD): N,O-carboxymethylchitosan (NO-CMC) and oligo-chitosan (O-C). Fourteen vWD voluntary subjects were recruited, and they provided written informed consent. Scanning electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test procedures were employed to achieve the objective of the study. The results suggest that the O-C group showed dramatic changes in the platelet's behaviors. Platelets extended filopodia and generated lamellipodia, leading to the formation of grape-like shaped aggregation. The platelet aggregation occurred depending on the severity of vWD. O-C was bound to platelets on approximately 90% of the surface membrane in vWD type 1; there was 70% and 50% coverage in vWD type II and III, respectively. The O-C chitosan group showed an elevated expression level of TGF-β1 and PDGF-AB. This finding suggests that O-C stimulates these mediators from the activated platelets to the early stage of restoring the damaged cells and tissues. This study demonstrated that the greater expression level of O-C assists in mediating the cytokine complex networks of TGF-β1 and PDGF-AB and induces platelet activities towards wound healing in vWD. With a better understanding of chitosan's mechanisms of action, researchers are able to accurately develop novel therapies to prevent hemorrhage.
  17. Fulltext In Vitro Toxicity Evaluation of New Generic Latanost® and Latacom® as an Ophthalmic Formulation
    Ng JSC, Tan YX, Alwi NAA, Yee KM, Rashid AHA, Tan KL, et al.
    J Curr Glaucoma Pract, 2022 2 18;15(3):139-143.
    PMID: 35173396 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10078-1319
    Aim and objective: To evaluate the safety of two new generic ophthalmic formulations, Latanost® (latanoprost) and Latacom® (latanoprost and timolol) by utilizing the three-dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium (RhCE) tissue constructs as an in vitro model in the assessment of ocular irritation.

    Materials and methods: In vitro irritation test was conducted on Latanost® (LTN) and Latacom® (LTC) and their corresponding innovators, Xalatan® (XLT) and Xalacom® (XLC), respectively, by using RhCE. According to the OECD guidelines No. 492 on the testing of chemicals, the ophthalmic formulations were assessed via topical exposure of the formulations on in vitro RhCE tissue. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay.

    Results: The mean cell viability percentage of LTN and XLT was 70.5 and 75.7%, respectively, whereas, for LTC and XLC, the percentage viability was 95.3 and 85.7%, respectively. The two new generic formulations (LTN and LTC) did not reduce the cell viability of the RhCE tissue to ≤60%. Thus, both can be considered as nonirritant.

    Conclusion: Both newly developed generics are nonocular irritants.

    Clinical significance: This study informs the safety assessment of new generic antiglaucoma ophthalmic solutions applicable for long-term glaucoma treatment. The formulations aim to keep eye irritation to a minimum level.

    How to cite this article: Ng JSC, Tan YX, Alwi NAA, et al. In Vitro Toxicity Evaluation of New Generic Latanost® and Latacom® as an Ophthalmic Formulation. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2021;15(3):139-143.

  18. A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Chitosan Hydrogel Paste in Comparison to Commercial Hydroactive Gel as a Wound Bed Preparation
    Nasir NAM, Saad AZM, Bachok NS, Rashid AHA, Ujang Z, Noorsal K, et al.
    Indian J Plast Surg, 2023 Feb;56(1):44-52.
    PMID: 36998939 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759503
    Background  This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of chitosan derivative hydrogel paste (CDHP) as a wound bed preparation for wounds with cavities. Methods  This study enrolled 287 patients, with 143 patients randomized into the CDHP group (treatment) and 144 patients randomized into the commercial hydroactive gel (CHG) group (control). The granulation tissue, necrotic tissue, patient comfort, clinical signs, symptoms, and patient convenience during the application and removal of the dressing were assessed. Results  The study was completed by 111 and 105 patients from the treatment and control groups, respectively. Both groups showed an increasing mean percentage of wound granulation over time when the initial wound size and comorbidity were adjusted (F(10,198) = 4.61; p  
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