Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 70 in total

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  1. Prediction of promiscuous epitopes in NSP2 of Chikungunya virus: An in-silico approach
    Fazal F, Anwar T, Waheed Y, Parvaiz F
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Sep 01;37(3):566-577.
    PMID: 33612772 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.3.566
    This study is focused towards developing a global consensus sequence of nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2), a protease of Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) and predict immunogenic promiscuous T-cell epitopes based on various bioinformatics tools. To date, no epitope data is available for the Chikungunya virus in the IEDB database. In this study, 100 available nucleotide sequences of NSP2-CHIKV belonging to different strains were downloaded from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The nucleotide sequences were subjected to translated sequencing using the EXPASY tool followed by protein alignment using the CLC workbench and a global consensus sequence for the respective protein was developed. IEDB tool was used to predict HLA-I and HLA-II binding promiscuous epitopes from the consensus sequence of NSP2-CHIKV. Thirty-four B-cell based epitopes are predicted and the promiscuous epitope is VVDTTGSTKPDPGD at position 341-354. Twenty-six MHC-I short peptide epitopes are predicted to bind with HLA-A. The promiscuous epitopes predicted to bind with HLA-A*01:01 are VTAIVSSLHY, SLSESATMVY, FSKPLVYY, QPTDHVVGEY at positions 317-326, 84-93, 535-544 and 15-24 with percentile ranks 0.17, 0.39, 0.51 and 0.81, respectively. Twenty-four MHC-II short peptide epitopes are predicted for HLA-DRB. The promiscuous epitope predicted to bind with HLA-DRB*01:01 is VVGEYLVLSPQTVLRS from 20-35 with a lowest percentile rank of 0.01. These predicted epitopes can be effective targets towards development of vaccine against CHIKV. Epitopes predicted in this study displayed good binding affinity, antigenicity and promiscuity for the HLA classes. These predicted epitopes can prove to be translationally important towards the development of CHIKV.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes
  2. Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement in Non B-cell Haematological Malignancies
    Noor Haslina MN, Marini R, Rosnah B, Shafini MY, Wan Haslindawani WM, Mohd Nazri H, et al.
    West Indian Med J, 2013 Nov;62(8):701-4.
    PMID: 25014854 DOI: 10.7727/wimj.2013.253
    OBJECTIVE: Clonality detection through amplifying immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene rearrangements by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful tool in diagnosis of various B-lymphoid malignancies. Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement can be an optimal target for clonality detection in B-lymphoid malignancies. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of IGH gene rearrangement in non B-cell haemato-oncology patients including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) and biphenotypic leukaemia.

    MEHTODS: We studied 18 cases of haematological malignancies which comprised five patients with T-ALL, 12 patients with AML and one with biphenotypic leukaemia.

    RESULTS: We found that the incidence of IGH gene rearrangement in T-ALL and AML were three (60%) and two (16.7%), respectively. The patient with biphenotypic leukaemia was negative for IGH gene rearrangement.

    CONCLUSION: Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, which occurs in almost all haematological malignancies of B-cell lineage, also presents in a very small proportion of T-cell or myeloid malignancies.

    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes
  3. Fulltext Fusarium sp. infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
    Tan R, Ng KP, Gan GG, Na SL
    Med J Malaysia, 2013 Dec;68(6):479-80.
    PMID: 24632920 MyJurnal
    In the past two decades, Fusarium species have been increasingly recognized as serious pathogens in immunocompromised patients. The outcome of fusariosis in the context of severe persistent neutropaenia has been almost universally fatal. The treatment of fusariosis in immunocompromised patients remains a challenge and the prognosis of systemic fusariosis in this population remains poor. This report presents a case of fatal fusariosis in a 37- year-old patient who was diagnosed with precursor-B cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL).
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes
  4. Fulltext Aberrancies of human T--and B--lymphocyte populations in peripheral blood
    Gan SC, Yeoh CW
    Med J Malaysia, 1980 Jun;34(4):379-82.
    PMID: 6971393
    Strict precautions were taken in our methodology to exclude any monocytes from being included in the total T and B cell estimation. There is a progressive drop in the percentage of T and B cells with age, but no significant differences between the races nor between the sexes of the same age group. Aberrancies of T and B cell percentages were noted in most infections, malignancies and even malnutrition.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes*
  5. Human T- and B-lymphocyte populations in blood: local population studies
    Pang T, Parasakthi N, Yap SF
    Med J Malaysia, 1979 Mar;33(3):243-6.
    PMID: 316496
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes*
  6. Relapse of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia presenting as right aural polyp with facial and mandibular nerves palsy
    Shiun Chuen C, Md Daud MK, Che Jalil NA, Hazmi H
    Med J Malaysia, 2017 10;72(5):318-320.
    PMID: 29197892 MyJurnal
    A patient presenting with an ear polyp is a common finding in otorhinolaryngology practice. The common causes include chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma. We report an adult female patient with a history of acute leukaemia presenting with chronic otitis media symptoms and right ear polyp. She was subsequently diagnosed as relapse of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia based on histopathological examination. The presentation may be similar to an inflammatory pathology of the middle ear, making it misleading.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes*
  7. Isolation of purified autologous peripheral blood CD34+ cells with low T cell content using CliniMACS device--a local experience
    Leong CF, Habsah A, Teh HS, Goh KY, Fadilah SA, Cheong SK
    Malays J Pathol, 2008 Jun;30(1):31-6.
    PMID: 19108409
    Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) mobilised with growth factor with or without chemotherapeutic regimens, are used increasingly in both autologous and allogeneic transplantation. Previously, many PBSC harvests are used directly without ex vivo manipulation, and these PBSC have been shown to be contaminated with tumour cells, which may contribute to subsequent relapses post transplantation. Therefore, requirement for purging of malignant cells from the harvest has initiated the use of various methods to reduce tumour cell contamination of the graft by the positive selection of CD34+ progenitor cells or negative selection of tumour cells using other cell-specific antigens. We report here our local experience with the CliniMACS (magnetic-activated cell separation system) in eight adult patients with haematologic malignancies.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/cytology
  8. Detection of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in B-cell malignancies
    Ainoon O, Hamidah AB, Cheong SK, Hamidah HN
    Malays J Pathol, 2000 Jun;22(1):5-11.
    PMID: 16329531
    Rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene has been used as a marker of lineage and clonality in the diagnosis of B lymphoproliferative disorders. A number of PCR-based techniques have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of Southern blotting, the standard technique in detecting IgH gene rearrangement. Using an established seminested PCR technique with consensus primers to the V and J regions of the IgH gene, we analysed DNA prepared from peripheral blood and/or bone marrow specimens from 30 cases of known B cell malignancies (16 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 11 acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 3 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma), 3 cases of T lymphoproliferative disease and 3 cases of reactive lymphocytosis diagnosed in Hospital UKM to detect rearranged IgH gene. We found that monoclonality as represented by the presence of rearranged IgH gene were demonstrated in all the 30 cases. The PCR findings showed 100% concordance with the Southern blot analysis results which also showed rearranged IgH bands in all the 30 cases. We also found that none of the cases of T lymphoproliferative diseases and reactive lymphocytosis showed presence of rearranged IgH band, suggesting that the amplification using the IgH primers is lineage-specific. In conclusion, we find the PCR a useful method to detect IgH gene rearrangement in peripheral blood and bone marrow specimen. Since the PCR results are comparable to that of the Southern blotting in demonstrating B cell monoclonality and owing to its many advantages we feel that it can replace the Southern blot technique for the diagnosis of B cell malignancies.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/pathology
  9. Evaluating in-house anti-serum against B cells with flow cytometry
    Chin SF, Cheong SK, Lim YC, Mok KL, Hamidah HN
    Malays J Pathol, 1993 Dec;15(2):125-30.
    PMID: 8065173
    The applications of antibodies, be it monoclonal or polyclonal, in the diagnostic and research fields are well established. The disadvantage is the high cost of commercially available antibodies. In a diagnostic establishment like ours which also functions as a training ground for laboratory related personnel, it is beneficial to be able to produce in-house reagents. Therefore, we have undertaken this project to produce a rabbit polyclonal antibody against B lymphocytes. We found that the rabbit was a good choice because the titre of antibody produced was high and positive reactions were still detected at a dilution of 1:38400. The antibody showed significant positive reaction only with the lymphocyte subpopulation. A positive reaction was observed between the immunized rabbit serum and B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes. This shows that the antibody was B lymphocyte specific. There was a positive correlation between the percentage of B lymphocytes labelled using the commercial anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody and the in-house polyclonal antibody (n = 13, r = 0.7, p = 0.02). However, the percentage of cells labelled by the in-house polyclonal anti-B was lower than that by the commercial monoclonal anti-CD19. The fluorescence intensity of the polyclonal antibody was lower than that of the monoclonal. In general, the performance of the in-house polyclonal antibody can be considered as satisfactory. The rabbit serum was stored at -20 degrees C and no significant loss of activity was detected for over a period of 19 months.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/immunology*
  10. The distribution of immunoregulatory cells in the peripheral blood of normal Malaysian adults
    Chin SF, Cheong SK, Lim YC, Ton SH
    Malays J Pathol, 1993 Jun;15(1):49-52.
    PMID: 8277790
    The distribution of immunoregulatory cells in the peripheral blood of an individual has now been established as an important tool in helping the management of several diseases. It is necessary to set the normal ranges of these cells for the laboratory. We have undertaken in this study to establish the reference ranges for normal Malaysian adults. We found that the mean percentages of T cells, B cells, T Helper cells (CD4), T suppressor cells (CD8), NK cells and the ratio of CD4/CD8 were 70.91%, 11.38%, 38.15%, 37.76%, 17.45%, and 1.00 respectively. There was no significant difference between the sexes. In certain parameters, there was significant differences between Malay, Chinese and Indians. The Chinese and Indians were significantly different in the distribution of B cells and in the CD4/CD8 ratio. In the case of CD4 and NK cells, the Indians were different from the other two groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes*
  11. Lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, antigen-driven after all?
    Poppema S
    J Pathol, 2021 01;253(1):1-10.
    PMID: 33044742 DOI: 10.1002/path.5567
    Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) was suggested as an entity separate from other types of Hodgkin lymphoma 40 years ago and recognized in the WHO classification in 2001. Based on its relatively benign course with late distant relapses, relation with lymph node hyperplasia with progressively transformed germinal centers, presence of clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements with somatic hypermutations and ongoing mutations, and relation with a number of inherited defects affecting the immune system, it has been suspected that NLPHL might be antigen-driven. Recent evidence has shown that cases of IgD-positive NLPHL are associated with infection by Moraxella catarrhalis, a common bacterium in the upper respiratory tract and in lymph nodes. This review summarizes the evidence for NLPHL as a B-cell lymphoma involving follicular T-lymphocytes normally found in germinal centers, its molecular features and relation to inherited immune defects, and its relation and differential diagnosis from similar entities. Finally, it discusses the evidence that in many cases a watch and wait policy might be a viable initial management strategy. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/immunology*; B-Lymphocytes/microbiology
  12. Fulltext Epstein-Barr virus, the germinal centre and the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma
    Mohamed G, Vrzalikova K, Cader FZ, Vockerodt M, Nagy E, Flodr P, et al.
    J Gen Virol, 2014 Sep;95(Pt 9):1861-1869.
    PMID: 24893782 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066712-0
    The relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the germinal centre (GC) of the asymptomatic host remains an enigma. The occasional appearance of EBV-positive germinal centres in some patients, particularly those with a history of immunosuppression, suggests that EBV numbers in the GC are subject to immune control. The relationship, if any, between lymphoid hyperplasia with EBV-positive germinal centres and subsequent or concurrent lymphomagenesis remains to be clarified. As far as the development of EBV-associated Hodgkin's lymphoma is concerned, the suppression of virus replication, mediated by LMP1 on the one hand, and the loss of B-cell receptor signalling on the other, appears to be an important pathogenic mechanism. A further important emerging concept is that alterations in the microenvironment of the EBV-infected B-cell may be important for lymphomagenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/immunology; B-Lymphocytes/virology*
  13. Fulltext Feasibility of T-cell receptor gamma (TCRgamma) gene rearrangement on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by PCR assays
    Tai YC, Peh SC
    Singapore Med J, 2003 May;44(5):250-5.
    PMID: 13677361
    T- and B-lymphocytes are involved in recognition of foreign antigen by the specificity of their surface T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin, generated by gene rearrangement. Each T- and B-lymphocyte carries unique rearranged TCR or immunoglobulin gene, which has been applied to detect clonal from non-clonal T- and B-cell proliferation.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/pathology
  14. Fulltext TREM-1 activation is a potential key regulator in driving severe pathogenesis of enterovirus A71 infection
    Amrun SN, Tan JJL, Rickett NY, Cox JA, Lee B, Griffiths MJ, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 03 02;10(1):3810.
    PMID: 32123257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60761-5
    Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), presents mild to severe disease, and sometimes fatal neurological and respiratory manifestations. However, reasons for the severe pathogenesis remain undefined. To investigate this, infection and viral kinetics of EV-A71 isolates from clinical disease (mild, moderate and severe) from Sarawak, Malaysia, were characterised in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). High resolution transcriptomics was used to decipher EV-A71-host interactions in PBMCs. Ingenuity analyses revealed similar pathways triggered by all EV-A71 isolates, although the extent of activation varied. Importantly, several pathways were found to be specific to the severe isolate, including triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) signalling. Depletion of TREM-1 in EV-A71-infected PBMCs with peptide LP17 resulted in decreased levels of pro-inflammatory genes for the moderate and severe isolates. Mechanistically, this is the first report describing the transcriptome profiles during EV-A71 infections in primary human cells, and the potential involvement of TREM-1 in the severe disease pathogenesis, thus providing new insights for future treatment targets.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/virology
  15. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of immune cells in Oral Mucosal Lichen Planus (OMLP)
    Sinon S, Rich A, Firth N, Seymour G
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:65-71.
    Cell mediated immunity is currently thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal lichen planus (OMLP). However, literature reveals there is no large scale data of immunohistochemistry (IHC) study on these immune cell populations. The aim of this study was to assess and compare immune cell surface identification markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD83 between the OMLP (n=40) and non-specific inflammatory lesions (as control group) (n=10) qualitatively and quantitatively. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests have been used to make comparison between the test and control group, p values of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. T cell surface markers (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), B cells (CD19+) and mature dendritic cells (CD83+) showed intense immunostaining in OMLP tissues with a significantly higher expression of positive cells than in the control group (p<0.05). CD3, CD4 and CD8+ve T cells were the predominant inflammatory cell type in OMLP rather than CD19+ B cells, supporting the role of Th1 cells in the pathogenesis of OMLP. CD83+ mature dendritic cells were present in the least number and were mostly localized to areas where there were aggregates of lymphocyte. There was a positive correlation and direct relationship between T and B lymphocyte subsets whereby as one subset increased, the other follows.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes
  16. Fulltext Establishment of an in vitro system representing the chicken gut-associated lymphoid tissue
    Alitheen NB, McClure SJ, Yeap SK, Kristeen-Teo YW, Tan SW, McCullagh P
    PLoS One, 2012;7(11):e49188.
    PMID: 23185307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049188
    The bursa of Fabricius is critical for B cell development and differentiation in chick embryos. This study describes the production in vitro, from dissociated cell suspensions, of cellular agglomerates with functional similarities to the chicken bursa. Co-cultivation of epithelial and lymphoid cells obtained from embryos at the appropriate developmental stage regularly led to agglomerate formation within 48 hours. These agglomerates resembled bursal tissue in having lymphoid clusters overlaid by well organized epithelium. Whereas lymphocytes within agglomerates were predominantly Bu-1a(+), a majority of those emigrating onto the supporting membrane were Bu-1a(-) and IgM(+). Both agglomerates and emigrant cells expressed activation-induced deaminase with levels increasing after 24 hours. Emigrating cells were actively proliferating at a rate in excess of both the starting cell population and the population of cells remaining in agglomerates. The potential usefulness of this system for investigating the response of bursal tissue to avian Newcastle disease virus (strain AF2240) was examined.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/cytology
  17. DNMT1 is associated with cell cycle and DNA replication gene sets in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
    Loo SK, Ab Hamid SS, Musa M, Wong KK
    Pathol Res Pract, 2018 Jan;214(1):134-143.
    PMID: 29137822 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.10.005
    Dysregulation of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is associated with the pathogenesis of various types of cancer. It has been previously shown that DNMT1 is frequently expressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), however its functions remain to be elucidated in the disease. In this study, we gene expression profiled (GEP) shRNA targeting DNMT1(shDNMT1)-treated germinal center B-cell-like DLBCL (GCB-DLBCL)-derived cell line (i.e. HT) compared with non-silencing shRNA (control shRNA)-treated HT cells. Independent gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) performed using GEPs of shRNA-treated HT cells and primary GCB-DLBCL cases derived from two publicly-available datasets (i.e. GSE10846 and GSE31312) produced three separate lists of enriched gene sets for each gene sets collection from Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). Subsequent Venn analysis identified 268, 145 and six consensus gene sets from analyzing gene sets in C2 collection (curated gene sets), C5 sub-collection [gene sets from gene ontology (GO) biological process ontology] and Hallmark collection, respectively to be enriched in positive correlation with DNMT1 expression profiles in shRNA-treated HT cells, GSE10846 and GSE31312 datasets [false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05]. Cell cycle progression and DNA replication were among the significantly enriched biological processes (FDR <0.05). Expression of genes involved in the activation of cell cycle and DNA replication (e.g. CDK1, CCNA2, E2F2, PCNA, RFC5 and POLD3) were highly correlated (r>0.8) with DNMT1 expression and significantly downregulated (log fold-change
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes
  18. DNMT1 is predictive of survival and associated with Ki-67 expression in R-CHOP-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
    Loo SK, Ch'ng ES, Lawrie CH, Muruzabal MA, Gaafar A, Pomposo MP, et al.
    Pathology, 2017 Dec;49(7):731-739.
    PMID: 29074044 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.08.009
    DNMT1 is a target of approved anti-cancer drugs including decitabine. However, the prognostic value of DNMT1 protein expression in R-CHOP-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) remains unexplored. Here we showed that DNMT1 was expressed in the majority of DLBCL cases (n = 209/230, 90.9%) with higher expression in germinal centre B-cell-like (GCB)-DLBCL subtype. Low and negative DNMT1 expression (20% cut-off, n = 33/230, 14.3%) was predictive of worse overall survival (OS; p < 0.001) and progression-free survival (PFS; p < 0.001). Nonetheless, of the 209 DNMT1 positive patients, 33% and 42% did not achieve 5-year OS and PFS, respectively, indicating that DNMT1 positive patients showed considerably heterogeneous outcomes. Moreover, DNMT1 was frequently expressed in mitotic cells and significantly correlated with Ki-67 or BCL6 expression (r = 0.60 or 0.44, respectively; p < 0.001). We demonstrate that DNMT1 is predictive of DLBCL patients' survival, and suggest that DNMT1 could be a DLBCL therapeutic target due to its significant association with Ki-67.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/pathology
  19. Association of circulatory Tfh-like cells with neutralizing antibody responses among chronic HIV-1 subtype C infected long-term nonprogressors and progressors
    Swathirajan CR, Nandagopal P, Vignesh R, Srikrishnan AK, Goyal R, Qureshi H, et al.
    Pathog Dis, 2019 06 01;77(4).
    PMID: 31505637 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz044
    HIV-1 vaccine functioning relies on successful induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). CXCR3- circulatory T-follicular helper (cTfh) cells are necessary for inducing B-cells for generating bNAbs. Recent studies have suggested that CXCR3+ Tfh cells might also influence bNAb production. Plasma samples from 34 ART-Naïve HIV-1 infected individuals [long-term nonprogressors (LTNP)-19; Progressors-13] were tested against a heterologous virus panel (n = 11) from subtypes A, B, C, G, AC, BC and AE. Frequencies of CXCR3+ and CXCR3- cTfh-like cells in peripheral circulation were studied using flow cytometry. LTNP showed significantly lower CXCR3+ and higher CXCR3- cTfh-like cell frequencies, while neutralization breadth was observed to be broader in progressors. A positive correlation was observed between bNAb breadth and potency with CXCR3+PD-1+ cTfh-like cells in LTNP. Based on neutralization breadth, 9 HIV-1 infected individuals were classified as 'top neutralizers' and 23 as 'low neutralizers' and they did not show any correlations with CXCR3+ and CXCR3- cTfh-like cells. These preliminary data suggest that CXCR3+ similar to CXCR3- might possess significant functional properties for driving B-cells to produce bNAbs. Hence, an HIV vaccine which is capable of optimal induction of CXCR3+ cTfh cells at germinal centers might confer superior protection against HIV.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes
  20. Fulltext Peripheral immune response in the African green monkey model following Nipah-Malaysia virus exposure by intermediate-size particle aerosol
    Lara A, Cong Y, Jahrling PB, Mednikov M, Postnikova E, Yu S, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2019 06;13(6):e0007454.
    PMID: 31166946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007454
    The ability to appropriately mimic human disease is critical for using animal models as a tool for understanding virus pathogenesis. In the case of Nipah virus (NiV), infection of humans appears to occur either through inhalation, contact with or consumption of infected material. In two of these circumstances, respiratory or sinusoidal exposure represents a likely route of infection. In this study, intermediate-size aerosol particles (~7 μm) of NiV-Malaysia were used to mimic potential routes of exposure by focusing viral deposition in the upper respiratory tract. Our previous report showed this route of exposure extended the disease course and a single animal survived the infection. Here, analysis of the peripheral immune response found minimal evidence of systemic inflammation and depletion of B cells during acute disease. However, the animal that survived infection developed an early IgM response with rapid development of neutralizing antibodies that likely afforded protection. The increase in NiV-specific antibodies correlated with an expansion of the B cell population in the survivor. Cell-mediated immunity was not clearly apparent in animals that succumbed during the acute phase of disease. However, CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory cells increased in the survivor with correlating increases in cytokines and chemokines associated with cell-mediated immunity. Interestingly, kinetic changes of the CD4+ and CD8bright T cell populations over the course of acute disease were opposite from animals that succumbed to infection. In addition, increases in NK cells and basophils during convalescence of the surviving animal were also evident, with viral antigen found in NK cells. These data suggest that a systemic inflammatory response and "cytokine storm" are not major contributors to NiV-Malaysia pathogenesis in the AGM model using this exposure route. Further, these data demonstrate that regulation of cell-mediated immunity, in addition to rapid production of NiV specific antibodies, may be critical for surviving NiV infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/immunology
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