MyMedR

Clinical and viral studies of cases of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in Singapore

SINGH K, YIN-COGGRAVE M

Med J Malaya, 1962 Sep;17:12-7.

PMID: 13977654

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis, Inclusion*; Conjunctivitis, Viral*

[Enterovirus type 70, a pathogenic agent of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (author's transl)]

Kopecká D

Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1977 Nov;25(6):342-4.

PMID: 188556

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis/etiology*; Conjunctivitis/epidemiology

Fulltext Isolation of Acanthamoeba sp. from conjunctival sac of healthy individuals using swab

Anisah N, Amal H, Kamel AG, Yusof S, Noraina AR, Norhayati M

Trop Biomed, 2005 Jun;22(1):11-4.

PMID: 16880749 MyJurnal

Is Acanthamoeba sp. normally found in the eyes? A study was carried out to establish the possibility of Acanthamoeba sp. as a part of the normal conjunctival flora. Conjunctiva swabbing were carried out in 286 healthy Orang Asli school children using sterile cotton swab. The swab was then inoculated onto non-nutrient agar (NN-A). Heat killed Escherichia coli that was used as food source for the growth of the amoebae was pipetted onto and away from the smear. The plates were incubated at 30 degrees C and examined daily using an inverted microscope for 14 days. Morphology of the trophozoites and cysts of the amoebae were used as the taxonomic criteria for identification. Positive-controls and negative-controls were done to check for the consistency of the technique used and monitoring of contamination respectively. None of the conjunctiva swab cultured was positive for Acanthamoeba sp. This finding may indicate that Acanthamoeba sp. is not part of normal conjunctival flora or conjunctiva swab is an insensitive technique to isolate the organism. However, a more extensive research is needed to investigate these possibilities.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis/diagnosis*; Conjunctivitis/microbiology; Conjunctivitis/pathology

EBM Commentary. Is antibiotic eye drops essential for conjunctivitis?

Loh KY, Tee CT

Family Physician, 2005;13:18-18.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis

Fulltext An outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Melaka, Malaysia

Ghazali O, Chua KB, Ng KP, Hooi PS, Pallansch MA, Oberste MS, et al.

Singapore Med J, 2003 Oct;44(10):511-6.

PMID: 15024454

This paper reports a second outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to coxsackievirus A24 in peninsular Malaysia. Between June 2002 and early October 2003, 10,327 patients, comprising 3,261 children and 7,066 adults, were treated for acute conjunctivitis in 11 government health clinics in the Melaka Tengah district of the state of Melaka. The figure grossly underestimates the size of the outbreak; as no patients treated in private clinics in the same district were included. Institution and household surveillance showed that the commonest presenting clinical feature of the illness was eye-discharge (91.2%), followed by foreign body sensation (81.8%), pain (78.3%) and subconjunctival haemorrhage (74.4%). The mean duration of illness was 6.5 and five days for patients with and without subconjunctival haemorrhage respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/diagnosis*; Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/epidemiology*; Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/virology

Fulltext Bilateral corneal perforation in a sexually active adult male with gonococcal conjunctivitis

Bastion ML, Prakash K, Siow YC, Loh SS

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Aug;61(3):366-8.

PMID: 17240593 MyJurnal

A 41 year-old Malay man had been treated by general practitioners for bilateral red eyes with profuse discharge of three weeks' duration with no improvement. He then presented to an ophthalmologist who noted profuse purulent discharge, bilateral corneal perforation, lid swelling and chemosis. Culture of the ocular discharge grew Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Treatment with systemic and topical antibiotics prevented microperforations in the right eye from progressing to overt perforation and was able to control disease in the left eye.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/complications*

Fulltext An enterovirus type 70 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis in peninsular Malaysia, 1980

Tan DSK, Lee WS

Med J Malaysia, 1981 Jun;36(2):76-8.

PMID: 7343822

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis/microbiology*

Fulltext Gonococcal conjunctivitis: A case report

Anuar N, Idris NS

Malays Fam Physician, 2018;13(3):27-28.

PMID: 30800230

We report a case of acute gonococcal conjunctivitis in a 36-year-old woman who presented with eye redness and a history of discharge for one month. Prior to presenting to us, she was treated for bacterial conjunctivitis with three courses of local antibiotics by three different clinics after brief assessments and without improvement. The final diagnosis of gonococcal conjunctivitis was made after a complete history was elicited and supported by the presence of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in the eye swab culture test. She and her sexual partner were treated successfully with intramuscular Ceftriaxone and oral Azithromycin. This case highlights the importance of complete history taking, including sexual history, which translates into early recognition and treatment, thus preventing complications.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial

Fulltext Gonococcal conjunctivitis: a case report

Anuar, N., Idris, N.S.

Malaysian Family Physician, 2018;13(3):27-28.

MyJurnal

We report a case of acute gonococcal conjunctivitis in a 36-year-old woman who presented with
eye redness and a history of discharge for one month. Prior to presenting to us, she was treated for
bacterial conjunctivitis with three courses of local antibiotics by three different clinics after brief
assessments and without improvement. The final diagnosis of gonococcal conjunctivitis was made
after a complete history was elicited and supported by the presence of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in
the eye swab culture test. She and her sexual partner were treated successfully with intramuscular
Ceftriaxone and oral Azithromycin. This case highlights the importance of complete history taking,
including sexual history, which translates into early recognition and treatment, thus preventing
complications. (Copied from article).

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial

Fulltext Neonatal conjunctivitis: a review

Mallika P.S., Asokumaran T, Faisal H. A., Aziz S, Tan A. K., Intan G

Malays Fam Physician, 2008;3(2):77-81.

MyJurnal

Ophthalmia neonatorum remains a significant cause of ocular morbidity, blindness and even death in underdeveloped countries. The organisms causing ophthalmia neonatorum are acquired mainly from the mother's birth canal during delivery and a small percentage of cases are acquired by other ways. Chlamydia and Neisseria are the most common pathogens responsible for the perinatal infection. Fortunately in most cases, laboratory studies can identify the causative organism and unlike other form of conjunctivitis, this perinatal ocular infection has to be treated with systemic antibiotics to prevent systemic colonization of the organism. Routine prophylaxis with 1% silver nitrate solution (credes method) has been discontinued in many developed nations for the fear of development of chemical conjunctivitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial

Epidemic kerato-conjunctivitis in Malaya

SINGH K

Med J Malaya, 1962 Sep;17:4-11.

PMID: 13977655

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis*; Keratoconjunctivitis*

Allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Dhami S, Nurmatov U, Arasi S, Khan T, Asaria M, Zaman H, et al.

Allergy, 2017 Nov;72(11):1597-1631.

PMID: 28493631 DOI: 10.1111/all.13201

BACKGROUND: The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) is in the process of developing Guidelines on Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) for Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis. To inform the development of clinical recommendations, we undertook a systematic review to assess the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and safety of AIT in the management of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.

METHODS: We searched nine international biomedical databases for published, in-progress, and unpublished evidence. Studies were independently screened by two reviewers against predefined eligibility criteria and critically appraised using established instruments. Our primary outcomes of interest were symptom, medication, and combined symptom and medication scores. Secondary outcomes of interest included cost-effectiveness and safety. Data were descriptively summarized and then quantitatively synthesized using random-effects meta-analyses.

RESULTS: We identified 5960 studies of which 160 studies satisfied our eligibility criteria. There was a substantial body of evidence demonstrating significant reductions in standardized mean differences (SMD) of symptom (SMD -0.53, 95% CI -0.63, -0.42), medication (SMD -0.37, 95% CI -0.49, -0.26), and combined symptom and medication (SMD -0.49, 95% CI -0.69, -0.30) scores while on treatment that were robust to prespecified sensitivity analyses. There was in comparison a more modest body of evidence on effectiveness post-discontinuation of AIT, suggesting a benefit in relation to symptom scores.

CONCLUSIONS: AIT is effective in improving symptom, medication, and combined symptom and medication scores in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis while on treatment, and there is some evidence suggesting that these benefits are maintained in relation to symptom scores after discontinuation of therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis, Allergic/therapy*

Fulltext Enterovirus type 70: the etiologic agent of pandemic acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Mirkovic RR, Kono R, Yin-Murphy M, Sohier R, Schmidt NJ, Melnick JL

Bull World Health Organ, 1973;49(4):341-6.

PMID: 4368683

A new enterovirus, now classified as enterovirus type 70, was isolated from the conjunctiva of patients with acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis during the 1971 epidemics that occurred in Japan, Singapore, and Morocco. These epidemics were parts of a pandemic involving Africa (Algeria, Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria, and Tunisia), Asia (Cambodia, China (Province of Taiwan), Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand), and England during 1969-71. A representative strain from each of the three epidemic areas was studied cooperatively. The strains exhibited the physicochemical characteristics of enteroviruses. Cross-neutralization tests showed that these viruses were distinct from all known human enterovirus immunotypes, but that they were antigenically closely related. The human origin of the viruses was demonstrated by the appearance of homologous neutralizing antibodies during convalescence in patients with acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis/microbiology*; Conjunctivitis/epidemiology

Fulltext A Case of Acute Granulomatous Conjunctivitis Caused by Cat-transmitted Sporothrix schenckii

Ling JLL, Koh KL, Tai E, Sakinah Z, Nor Sharina Y, Hussein A

Cureus, 2018 Oct 08;10(10):e3428.

PMID: 30546976 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3428

In human, sporotrichosis infection commonly manifests as skin lesions through direct inoculation. It is rarely associated with ocular manifestation via a zoonotic transmission. We describe a young lady who presented with acute left eye granulomatous conjunctivitis who had a history of exposure to her sick cat diagnosed with sporotrichosis infection. Sporothrix schenckii was isolated from the culture of the excised conjunctival tissue. The patient recovered fully after six months of oral anti-fungal treatment. Clinicians should be aware of this new zoonotic infection transmitted by infected felines as it is reversible with timely diagnosis and initiation of anti-fungal therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis

Fulltext Custom made ocular prosthesis at optometry clinic Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)

Norhani Mohidin, Chia, Jho Yan, Mohd Norhafizun Mohd Saman, Nazeem Desai

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2013;11(2):51-54.

MyJurnal

Patients who lost their eyes as results of accidents or diseases (e.g. retinoblastoma) usually underwent enucleation or evisceration. They were then fi tted with ocular prosthesis to prevent collapse of the globe and also for cosmetic effects. Custom made ocular prosthesis is almost unheard of in this country for most hospitals supply ready-made (stock) prosthesis. The cosmetic results of stock prosthesis are often unsatisfactory. Besides being uncomfortable, stock prosthesis may also induce allergic reaction that may lead to papillary conjunctivitis. The Optometry Clinic at UKM started its custom made prosthetic service in 2010. We described here two cases of patients who complained of discomfort with their old stock prosthesis and re-fitted with custom made prosthesis. We also highlight the importance of proper hygiene and maintenance so that ocular prosthesis can be used for as long as possible. This article aims to create awareness among eye care practitioners and showcase the cosmetic benefi ts of custom made ocular prosthesis.
Study site: Optometry clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis

Fulltext Development of plant-based emulsion formulations to control bacterial leaf blight and sheath brown rot of rice

Syed-Ab-Rahman SF, Carvalhais LC, Omar D

Heliyon, 2020 Jan;6(1):e03151.

PMID: 32042948 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03151

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and sheath brown rot (SBR), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, respectively, are bacterial diseases that lead to substantial yield losses in rice. Natural plant-based products represent a sustainable alternative to combat bacterial diseases due to their biodegradability and overall safety. However efficient ways of delivering them are crucial to their success. In an attempt to maximize the antibacterial properties of botanical bactericides for the control of these pathogens, this study evaluated the efficiency of different emulsion formulations of Piper sarmentosum extracts. The emulsion formulations were demonstrated to be effective in controlling BLB and SBR of rice in in vitro plate assays and in planta under glasshouse conditions. The observed in vitro inhibition of the bacterial pathogens and significant disease suppression in planta indicate that these plant extract formulations represent promising alternatives to be adopted in management strategies for controlling rice diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis, Bacterial

A rare case of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cerebral abscess secondary to conjunctivitis

Gan YK, Azmi AZ, Ghani SA, Samsudin A

Med J Malaysia, 2017 06;72(3):197-198.

PMID: 28733571 MyJurnal

This case report discusses the rare association of cerebral abscess related to conjunctivitis in an otherwise healthy child. A 6 year old boy presented with conjunctivitis was treated with topical antibiotics and resolved after a week. Conjunctival swab cultures grew MRSA. A month later he developed status epileptics and CT scans revealed a large cerebral abscess. He was treated with intravenous antibiotics which covered for MRSA, along with an incision and drainage for the cerebral abscess. Pus cultures grew MRSA. The patient recovered well with no disturbance in visual acuity or visual field. On post-operative follow ups, he had no other neurological deficit apart from a slight limp.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/complications*; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/drug therapy; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/microbiology

Fulltext Kingella kingae Keratitis in a Child with Underlying Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis

Nurul-Laila S, Chai KS, Liza-Sharmini AT, Shatriah I

Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, 2017;2017:1087821.

PMID: 28546880 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1087821

Kingella kingae had rarely been reported as a causative organism for corneal ulcer and had not been described before in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Generally regarded as commensals of respiratory tract particularly in young children, it had however been isolated from the corneal ulcer scraping of both adult and children. We report a case of bacterial ulcer with isolation of Kingella kingae from the corneal scraping in a young child with underlying VKC.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis, Allergic

Fulltext A pilot study: the efficacy of virgin coconut oil as ocular rewetting agent on rabbit eyes

Mutalib HA, Kaur S, Ghazali AR, Chinn Hooi N, Safie NH

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015;2015:135987.

PMID: 25802534 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135987

Purpose. An open-label pilot study of virgin coconut oil (VCO) was conducted to determine the safety of the agent as ocular rewetting eye drops on rabbits. Methods. Efficacy of the VCO was assessed by measuring NIBUT, anterior eye assessment, corneal staining, pH, and Schirmer value before instillation and at 30 min, 60 min, and two weeks after instillation. Friedman test was used to analyse any changes in all the measurable variables over the period of time. Results. Only conjunctival redness with instillation of saline agent showed significant difference over the period of time (P < 0.05). However, further statistical analysis had shown no significant difference at 30 min, 60 min, and two weeks compared to initial measurement (P > 0.05). There were no changes in the NIBUT, limbal redness, palpebral conjunctiva redness, corneal staining, pH, and Schirmer value over the period of time for each agent (P > 0.05). Conclusion. VCO acts as safe rewetting eye drops as it has shown no significant difference in the measurable parameter compared to commercial brand eye drops and saline. These study data suggest that VCO is safe to be used as ocular rewetting agent on human being.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis

Fulltext Early life exposure to farm animals and symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema: an ISAAC Phase Three Study

Brunekreef B, Von Mutius E, Wong GK, Odhiambo JA, Clayton TO, ISAAC Phase Three Study Group

Int J Epidemiol, 2012 Jun;41(3):753-61.

PMID: 22287135 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr216

Associations between early life exposure to farm animals and respiratory symptoms and allergy in children have been reported in developed countries, but little is known about such associations in developing countries.

Matched MeSH terms: Conjunctivitis/epidemiology*

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