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In-vitro and in-vivo studies of a cytotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni

Pang T, Wong PY, Puthucheary SD, Sihotang K, Chang WK

J Med Microbiol, 1987 May;23(3):193-8.
PMID: 3585956

Studies were performed on a cytotoxin (CT) from human strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated in Malaysia. CT was detected by cytopathic effect (CPE) on HeLa cells at titres from 8 to 32, in culture filtrates from 14 (48%) of 29 human isolates. The CPE correlated well with a quantitative 51Cr-release assay where a specific release of 54-68% was noted. CT production was lost after 5-7 subcultures. CT activity was also detected in 5 (26%) of 19 faecal filtrates from which CT-producing isolates were subsequently obtained. The mol. wt of CT was estimated by Sephadex G-50 chromatography to be greater than 30,000. In a suckling-mouse assay, CT consistently failed to demonstrate fluid accumulation after intragastric inoculation of culture filtrate. The Removable Intestinal Tie Adult Rabbit Diarrhoea (RITARD) assay was also used. Rabbits given CT-producing strains of C. jejuni developed bacteraemia and severe watery mucus-containing diarrhoea for the duration of the experiment with death of some animals. Rabbits given CT non-producing strains had less severe disease and none died. Rabbits given partially-purified CT had diarrhoea for 3 days but none died.

Matched MeSH terms: Cytotoxins/toxicity*
Fulltext Assessment of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of standardized aqueous extract from leaves of Erythroxylum cuneatum in human HepG2 and WRL68 cells line

Wesam RK, Ghanya AN, Mizaton HH, Ilham M, Aishah A

Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013 Oct;6(10):811-6.
PMID: 23870471 DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(13)60143-1

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cytotoxicity and the genotoxicity of standardized aqueous of dry leaves of Erythroxylum cuneatum (E. cuneatum) in human HepG2 and WRL68 cells.
METHODS: The cytotoxicity of E. cuneatum extract was evaluated by both MTS and LDH assays. Genotoxicity study on E. cuneatum extract was assessed by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The protective effect of E. cuneatum against menadione-induced cytotoxicity was also investigated.
RESULTS: Results from this study showed that E. cuneatum extract exhibited cytotoxic activities towards the cells with IC50 value of (125±12) and (125±14) μg/mL for HepG2 and WRL68 cells respectively, after 72 h incubation period as determined by MTS assay. LDH leakage was detected at (251±19) and (199.5±12.0) μg/mL for HepG2 and WRL68 respectively. Genotoxicity study results showed that treatment with E. cuneatum up to 1 mg/mL did not cause obvious DNA damage in WRL68 and HepG2 cells. Addition of E. cunaetum did not show significant protection towards menadione in WRL68 and HepG2 Cells.
CONCLUSIONS: E. cuneatum standardized aqueous extract might be developed in order to establish new pharmacological possibilities for its application.

Matched MeSH terms: Cytotoxins/toxicity*
Assessment of cytotoxicity and toxicity for phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents

Hayyan M, Hashim MA, Al-Saadi MA, Hayyan A, AlNashef IM, Mirghani ME

Chemosphere, 2013 Sep;93(2):455-9.
PMID: 23820537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.013

In this work, the cytotoxicity and toxicity of phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with three hydrogen bond donors, namely glycerine, ethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol were investigated. The cytotoxicity effect was tested using brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The toxicity was investigated using the two Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity of tested DESs was much higher than that of their individual components, indicating their toxicological behavior was different. It was also found that there was toxic effect on the studied bacteria, indicating their potential application as anti-bacterial agents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the cytotoxicity and toxicity of phosphonium-based DESs were studied.

Matched MeSH terms: Cytotoxins/toxicity*
Fulltext Exotoxin profiles of Campylobacters isolated in Malaysia

Tee TS, Devi S, Puthucheary SD, Kautner IM

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Sep;25(3):443-8.
PMID: 7777904

Approximately 57% of clinical and 33% of poultry isolates examined produced a cytotoxin. Cytotoxic activity was detected in 25 (50%) isolates of Campylobacter of which 12 were isolated from bloody diarrhea and 9 from watery stools. The cytotoxin titers were low, ranging from 2 to 16. The crude filtrates from 50 Campylobacter isolates showed no cytotoxic effect in Vero cells, no fluid accumulation in suckling mice and no hemolytic activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Cytotoxins/toxicity
Fulltext Antiviral and virucidal activities of Duabanga grandiflora leaf extract against Pseudorabies virus in vitro

Malik FZ, Allaudin ZN, Loh HS, Nee TK, Hani H, Abdullah R

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2016 May 23;16:139.
PMID: 27216794 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1120-2

Duabanga grandiflora or known in Malaysia as Berembang Bukit, Megawasih, or Pedada Bukit, is a native plant of the Southeast Asian countries. In this study, the anti-viral properties of D. grandiflora were investigated.

Matched MeSH terms: Cytotoxins/toxicity
Fulltext Oxidative stress cytotoxicity induced by platinum-doped magnesia nanoparticles in cancer cells

Al-Fahdawi MQ, Al-Doghachi FAJ, Abdullah QK, Hammad RT, Rasedee A, Ibrahim WN, et al.

Biomed Pharmacother, 2021 Jun;138:111483.
PMID: 33744756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111483

The aim of this study was to prepare, characterize, and determine the in vitro anticancer effects of platinum-doped magnesia (Pt/MgO) nanoparticles. The chemical compositions, functional groups, and size of nanoparticles were determined using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Pt/MgO nanoparticles were cuboid and in the nanosize range of 30-50 nm. The cytotoxicity of Pt/MgO nanoparticles was determined via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on the human lung and colonic cancer cells (A549 and HT29 respectively) and normal human lung and colonic fibroblasts cells (MRC-5 and CCD-18Co repectively). The Pt/MgO nanoparticles were relatively innocuous to normal cells. Pt/MgO nanoparticles downregulated Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax and p53 tumor suppressor proteins in the cancer cells. Pt/MgO nanoparticles also induced production of reactive oxygen species, decreased cellular glutathione level, and increased lipid peroxidation. Thus, the anticancer effects of Pt/MgO nanoparticles were attributed to the induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The study showed the potential of Pt/MgO nanoparticles as an anti-cancer compound.

Matched MeSH terms: Cytotoxins/toxicity*
A preliminary study of the effects of an extract of Ligularia fischeri leaves on type II collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice

Choi EM, Kim YH

Food Chem Toxicol, 2008 Jan;46(1):375-9.
PMID: 17904263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.018

The present study was undertaken to determine whether Ligularia fischeri leaf extract (LF) is efficacious against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen and treated with LF (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 49 days. Mice were assessed regularly for signs of arthritis and the levels of rheumatoid factor, anti-type II collagen antibody, cytokines, AST, ALT, and creatinine in serum were also examined after the animals were killed. The arthritis score and paw edema were markedly suppressed in the groups treated with LF. Moreover, levels of rheumatoid factor, anti-type II collagen antibody, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 in sera were reduced by LF administration. These data suggest that L. fischeri might be effective for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis like human rheumatoid arthritis.

Matched MeSH terms: Cytotoxins/toxicity*
Toxicological evaluation of some Malaysian locally processed raw food products

Sharif R, Ghazali AR, Rajab NF, Haron H, Osman F

Food Chem Toxicol, 2008 Jan;46(1):368-74.
PMID: 17900779

Malaysian locally processed raw food products are widely used as main ingredients in local cooking. Previous studies showed that these food products have a positive correlation with the incidence of cancer. The cytotoxicity effect was evaluated using MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimetil-2-thiazolil)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) against Chang liver cells at 2000 microg/ml following 72 h incubation. Findings showed all methanol extracts caused a tremendous drop in the percentage of cell viability at 2000 microg/ml (shrimp paste - 41.69+/-3.36%, salted fish - 37.2+/-1.06%, dried shrimp - 40.32+/-1.8%, p<0.05). To detect DNA damage in a single cell, alkaline Comet Assay was used. None of the extracts caused DNA damage to the Chang liver cells at 62.5 microg/ml following 24 h incubation, as compared to the positive control, hydrogen peroxide (tail moment - 9.50+/-1.50; tail intensity - 30.50+/-2.50). Proximate analysis which was used for the evaluation of macronutrients in food showed that shrimp paste did not comply with the protein requirement (<25%) as in Food Act 1983. Salt was found in every sample with the highest percentage being detected in shrimp paste which exceeded 20%. Following heavy metal analysis (arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury), arsenic was found in every sample with dried shrimps showing the highest value as compared to the other samples (6.16 mg/kg). In conclusion, several food extracts showed cytotoxic effect but did not cause DNA damage against Chang liver cells. Salt was found as the main additive and arsenic was present in every sample, which could be the probable cause of the toxicity effects observed.

Matched MeSH terms: Cytotoxins/toxicity*