Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 64 in total

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  1. Fulltext Isolation of a pigment-producing strain of Staphylococcus kloosii from the respiratory tree of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt 1835) from Malaysian waters
    Kamarul Rahim Kamarudin, Nurziana Ngah, Haziyamin Abdul Hamid, Deny Susanti
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2013;24(1):85-100.
    MyJurnal
    Staphylococcus kloosii, an orange pigment-producing bacterium, was isolated from the respiratory tree of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt 1835) from Teluk Nipah, Pangkor Island, Perak, Malaysia. This report is the first documentation of this Gram-positive strain, referred to as Strain 68 in Malaysia. A partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence of the mesophilic strain has been registered with GenBank (National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National Library of Medicine) with accession number JX102547. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbour-joining method further supported the identification of Strain 68 as S. kloosii. The circular strain produced orange pigments on tryptone glucose yeast extract agar (TGYEA) and in nutrient broth (NB) at approximately pH 7. The visible spectra of ethanolic and methanolic pigment extracts of the bacterial strain were considered identical with λmax at 426, 447 and 475 nm and λmax at 426, 445 and 473 nm, respectively. Both visible spectra resemble the visible spectra of lutein, which is a commercial carotenoid; however, further analyses are required to confirm the identity of this pigment. The methanolic extracts of the intracellular pigments comprised at least three pigment compounds: an orange pigment compound (major compound), a yellow pigment compound (the least polar) and a pink pigment compound (the most polar). These findings are the first documentation of the pigment composition of S. kloosii as no such record could be found to date.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  2. Fulltext Leaf Anatomy and Micromorphology Characteristics of Ketum [Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.] (Rubiaceae)
    Ghazalli MN, Md Sah MS, Mat M, Awang K, Jaafar MA, Mirad R, et al.
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2021 Mar;32(1):107-117.
    PMID: 33936554 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2021.32.1.7
    Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. or locally known as ketum/daun sebiak/biak-biak belongs to Rubiaceae family and generally occurs in secondary forest or disturbed areas in tropical and subtropical region. This research enumerated the characterisation of Mitragyna speciosa leaf anatomy and micromorphology features which is still not well documented. This medium to large sized tree species characterised with opposite arrangement, ovate-acuminate leaf and with 12-17 pairs of veins. Transverse sections of petioles showed that this species has petiole outlines with slightly convex at the middle of the adaxial part and 'U'-shaped on abaxial side. Results also showed that this species has paracytic and hypostomatic stomata, combination of non-glandular (majority) and glandular trichomes (minority), with observation on the secretory cells present in petiole and midrib parenchyma cells. Cuticle on the abaxial and adaxial epidermal surfaces showed the presence granule and wax films with periclinal and anticlinal walls can be differentiated clearly. The results obtained in this study can be used to providing additional systematics information of Mitragyna speciosa with the documentation of the leaf anatomy and micromorphology characters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  3. Fulltext Fly artifact documentation of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) - a forensically important blowfly species in Malaysia
    Zuha RM, Supriyani M, Omar B
    Trop Biomed, 2008 Apr;25(1):17-22.
    PMID: 18600200
    Analysis on fly artifacts produced by forensically important blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera:Calliphoridae), revealed several unique patterns. They can be divided into fecal spots, regurgitation spots and swiping stains. The characteristics of fecal spots are round with three distinct levels of pigmentation; creamy, brownish and darkly pigmented. Matrix of the spots appears cloudy. The round spots are symmetrical and non-symmetrical, delineated by irregular and darker perimeter which only visible in fairly colored fecal spots. Diameter of these artifacts ranged from 0.5 mm to 4 mm. Vomit or regurgitation spots are determined by the presence of craters due to sucking activity of blowflies and surrounded by thickly raised and darker colored perimeter. The size of these specks ranged from 1 mm to 2 mm. Matrix of the spots displays irregular surface and reflective under auxiliary microscope light. Swiping stains due to defecation by flies consists of two distinguishable segments, the body and tail. It can be seen as a tear drop-like, sperm-like, snake-like and irregular tadpole-like stain. The direction of body and tail is inconsistent and length ranged between 4.8 mm to 9.2 mm. A finding that should be highlighted in this observation is the presence of crater on tadpole-like swiping stain which is apparent by its raised border characteristic and reflective under auxiliary microscope light. The directionality of this darkly brown stain is random. This unique mix of regurgitation and swiping stain has never been reported before. Highlighting the features of artifacts produced by flies would hopefully add our understanding in differentiating them from blood spatters produced from victims at crime scenes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation*
  4. Motorcycle helmet visor-related facial injury and its potential mechanism of injury: Evidence-based case study
    Ramli R, Oxley JA
    Traffic Inj Prev, 2019;20(3):332-335.
    PMID: 30995129 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1557640
    Objectives: We encountered an unusual facial laceration wound in relation to motorcycle helmet visor use during our clinical practice. We aimed to assess the prevalence of this unusual facial injury among motorcyclists who sustained facial injuries in selected hospitals and to determine the possible mechanism involved. Methods: We used our prospective cross-sectional substudy involving injured motorcyclists presenting at major trauma hospitals in Southern Klang Valley, Malaysia, between March 2010 and March 2011. of 391 subjects with facial injuries, 2 male motorcyclists sustained this laceration. The wounds were assessed and we believed that each was associated with the helmet visor. One of the visors was collected and the edge was inspected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The prevalence of this unusual injury was 0.51% (95% confidence interval, 0.002-0.012) among motorcyclists who sustained facial injuries. Both cases were involved in a head-on collision with their colliding partners and their helmets were intact throughout the crash. The visor in case 1 was intact, but the visor in case 2 was broken. SEM analysis showed that the visor in case 1 had a potential cutting surface. We postulated that with helmet rotation in the forward and downward position and with some degree of visor bending or with a dislodged visor, the sharp-edged visor could potentially severely lacerate the face. Conclusion: This injury affects facial aesthetics and early referral to the facial surgery team is advocated. Documentation of the mechanism of injury, the patient's helmet and visor is obligatory, so that this information can be delivered to the regional road safety authority for preventive measures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  5. Fulltext An audit of inpatient case records and suggestions for improvements
    Arshad AR, Ganesananthan S, Ajik S
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55(3):331-40.
    PMID: 11200713
    A study was carried out in Kuala Lumpur Hospital to review the adequacy of documentation of bio-data and clinical data including clinical examination, progress review, discharge process and doctor's identification in ten of our clinical departments. Twenty criteria were assessed in a retrospective manner to scrutinize the contents of medical notes and subsequently two prospective evaluations were conducted to see improvement in case notes documentation. Deficiencies were revealed in all the criteria selected. However there was a statistically significant improvement in the eleven clinical data criteria in the subsequent two evaluations. Illegibility of case note entries and an excessive usage of abbreviations were noted during this audit. All clinical departments and hospitals should carry out detailed studies into the contents of their medical notes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  6. Fulltext Occupational diseases in Malaysia: the need for better notification
    Lim HH
    Med J Malaysia, 1982 Jun;37(2):98-101.
    PMID: 7132840
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  7. A national audit on the utilisation and documentation of dabigatran checklist for patients initiated on dabigatran
    Doris G, Devaraj NK, Shakirin SR, Sahimi M, Noraini M
    Med J Malaysia, 2019 Oct;74(5):425-430.
    PMID: 31649220
    BACKGROUND: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) especially dabigatran, have gain popularity for their efficacy, fixed dosing and favourable safety profile. A dabigatran prescribing checklist has been prepared by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH) to ensure rational and safe prescribing of dabigatran. This study therefore aimed to audit the utilization and documentation of this checklist and use of dabigatran in the government healthcare facilities.

    METHODS: This is a nationwide retrospective audit on the documentation of Dabigatran Prescribing and Dispensing Checklist for a period of two years from January 2013 till December 2014. Data from these Dabigatran Checklists (indication, dose, duration, renal function and adverse drug reactions encountered) were extracted by the pharmacist at MOH healthcare facilities.

    RESULTS: A total of 52 out of 56 (92.9%) of MOH facilities complied to usage of checklist at their centres involving a total of 582 patients of which 569 (97.7%) patients were initiated on dabigatran for the approved indications. The recommended dose of dabigatran was used correctly in 501 (99.6%) of patients. Reason for switching to DOACs use was only documented in 76.7% (131/171) of patients. The most common reason for switching from warfarin was poor INR control (n=39), history of bleeding/overwarfarinisation (n=22) and unable to attend regular INR clinic (n=21). There were 75 cases of adverse events reported. The most common adverse event reported were abdominal discomfort (n=10) followed by gum bleeding (n=9) and dizziness (n=5).

    CONCLUSIONS: Compliance to the dabigatran check list was high with 70% of patients prescribed the appropriate dosing.

    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  8. Guidelines on retention of pathology records and materials, Part I (version 1/2005)
    College of Pathologists, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia, Ministry of Health Malaysia
    Malays J Pathol, 2005 Jun;27(1):51-6.
    PMID: 16676694
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation/standards
  9. Autopsy examination of firearm fatalities
    Subramaniam S
    Malays J Pathol, 1991 Jun;13(1):5-15.
    PMID: 1795562
    As general pathologists in Malaysia are required to perform medico-legal autopsies, this paper is written with the hope that it may serve as a guide to the less initiated. An account of elementary ballistics is included because it is essential for understanding the features of wounds produced by firearms. A complete autopsy examination including a systematic approach to the injuries is advocated. The recognition and interpretation of firearm injuries can often be difficult and it is essential that all features of injuries and other relevant findings are carefully observed and recorded. Relevant observations, documentation and opinions necessary for accurate determination of the true circumstances of death are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  10. Fulltext Love tragedy, she wrote
    Mat Esa MS, Othman Z, Jamil Yaacob M
    Malays J Med Sci, 2004 Jan;11(1):86-9.
    PMID: 22977365
    A case of a 53-year old-single, Kelantanese lady with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia for 28 years is reported with aims to illustrate the influence of life experiences particularly based on education and intelligent on delusion illustrate the evolving nature of the complexity of delusions as well as to show the importance of documentation in psychiatric practice. We concluded that this patient had used defense mechanism of suppression, reaction formation and persecution throughout her delusion. The final persecutory delusion evolved through series of transformation via object of admirations. We postulated that in-depth emotional insight about effects of schizophrenia might have contributed to her self-reflection that have made her frustrated with her poor achievement in life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  11. A grim contradiction: the practice and consequences of corporate social responsibility by British American Tobacco in Malaysia
    Barraclough S, Morrow M
    Soc Sci Med, 2008 Apr;66(8):1784-96.
    PMID: 18304713 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.001
    In the wake of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is among the few remaining mechanisms for tobacco corporations publicly to promote their interests. Health advocates may be unaware of the scale, nature and implications of tobacco industry CSR. This investigation aimed to construct a typology of tobacco industry CSR through a case study of the evolution and impact of CSR activities of a particular tobacco corporation in one country - British American Tobacco, Malaysia (BATM), the Malaysian market leader. Methods included searching, compiling and critically appraising publicly available materials from British American Tobacco, BATM, published literature and other sources. The study examined BATM's CSR strategy, the issues which it raises, consequences for tobacco control and potential responses by health advocates. The investigation found that BATM's CSR activities included assistance to tobacco growers, charitable donations, scholarships, involvement in anti-smuggling measures, 'youth smoking prevention' programs and annual Social Reports. BATM has stated that its model is predominantly motivated by social and stakeholder obligations. Its CSR activities have, however, had the additional benefits of contributing to a favourable image, deflecting criticism and establishing a modus vivendi with regulators that assists BATM's continued operations and profitability. It is imperative that health advocates highlight the potential conflicts inherent in such arrangements and develop strategies to address the concerns raised.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  12. Pull-out and tensile strength properties of two selected tropical trees
    Normaniza Osman, Mohamad Nordin Abdullah, Che Hassandi Abdullah
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1123-1127.
    A bioengineering technique is gradually being used as an alternative for slope stabilisation design. The effect of vegetation on soil strength, particularly in terms of root reinforcement aspects has therefore become a major interest. However, there is a lack of documentation on the root mechanical properties available especially in Malaysia. In this study, both pull-out and tensile strength of two tropical trees namely Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia mangium were investigated on different stem sizes. L. leucocephala performs the higher pullout strength than A. mangium. The results also show that pullout resistance is much affected by the root than the shoot profiles. In terms of tensile strength, the tensile strength decreases with increasing root diameter, implying the finer root diameter contribute to the higher tensile strength. In both parameters, L. leucocephala exhibits the highest value. The study suggests that L. leucocephala has an added value as a good potential slope plant for slope stabilization work as it exhibits outstanding root mechanical properties. Interestingly, the results also showed that the pullout force was much affected by the tensile strength. It can be concluded that some root and shoot properties do have a great impact on root mechanical properties such as tensile and pullout strengths.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  13. Development of the compact UV illuminator with single UV lamp
    Lee DJ, Kim SY, Kim JD, Kim YS, Song HJ, Park CY
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1693-1699.
    This paper presents a low-cost method of constructing the compact UV illuminator, which is considered as an important
    component of a gel documentation system. The procedure involves using a smallest-possible UV lamp and a motor which
    moves the UV lamp in the UV illuminator instead of conventional 4 UV lamps. A comparative analysis of images produced
    by using the commercial gel documentation system and our prototype was carried out. These comparisons were done
    in real DNA gel as well as a reference plate made of quantum dot. The plate was composed of the chambers filled with
    various densities of the quantum dot instead of the Agarose gel containing the ETBR in order to increase the accuracy of
    comparison and the convenience of experiments. Despite the use of only 1 UV lamp, the proposed system demonstrated
    a similar imaging performance compared with the conventional gel documentation system equipped with 4 UV lamps,
    resulting in the great reduction of the system cost.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  14. Fulltext A low-cost solution for documenting distribution and abundance of endangered marine fauna and impacts from fisheries
    Pilcher NJ, Adulyanukosol K, Das H, Davis P, Hines E, Kwan D, et al.
    PLoS One, 2017;12(12):e0190021.
    PMID: 29284017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190021
    Fisheries bycatch is a widespread and serious issue that leads to declines of many important and threatened marine species. However, documenting the distribution, abundance, population trends and threats to sparse populations of marine species is often beyond the capacity of developing countries because such work is complex, time consuming and often extremely expensive. We have developed a flexible tool to document spatial distribution and population trends for dugongs and other marine species in the form of an interview questionnaire supported by a structured data upload sheet and a comprehensive project manual. Recognising the effort invested in getting interviewers to remote locations, the questionnaire is comprehensive, but low cost. The questionnaire has already been deployed in 18 countries across the Indo-Pacific region. Project teams spent an average of USD 5,000 per country and obtained large data sets on dugong distribution, trends, catch and bycatch, and threat overlaps. Findings indicated that >50% of respondents had never seen dugongs and that 20% had seen a single dugong in their lifetimes despite living and fishing in areas of known or suspected dugong habitat, suggesting that dugongs occurred in low numbers. Only 3% of respondents had seen mother and calf pairs, indicative of low reproductive output. Dugong hunting was still common in several countries. Gillnets and hook and line were the most common fishing gears, with the greatest mortality caused by gillnets. The questionnaire has also been used to study manatees in the Caribbean, coastal cetaceans along the eastern Gulf of Thailand and western Peninsular Malaysia, and river dolphins in Peru. This questionnaire is a powerful tool for studying distribution and relative abundance for marine species and fishery pressures, and determining potential conservation hotspot areas. We provide the questionnaire and supporting documents for open-access use by the scientific and conservation communities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation*
  15. Fulltext First record of multi-species synchronous coral spawning from Malaysia
    Chelliah A, Amar HB, Hyde J, Yewdall K, Steinberg PD, Guest JR
    PeerJ, 2015;3:e777.
    PMID: 25737817 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.777
    Knowledge about the timing and synchrony of coral spawning has important implications for both the ecology and management of coral reef ecosystems. Data on the timing of spawning and extent of synchrony, however, are still lacking for many coral reefs, particularly from equatorial regions and from locations within the coral triangle. Here we present the first documentation of a multi-species coral spawning event from reefs around Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia, a popular diving and tourist destination located on the edge of the coral triangle. At least 8 coral species from 3 genera (Acropora, Montipora and Porites) participated in multi-species spawning over five nights in April 2014, between two nights before and two nights after the full moon. In addition, two Acropora species were witnessed spawning one night prior to the full moon in October 2014. While two of the Acropora species that reproduced in April (A. millepora and A. nasuta) exhibited highly synchronous spawning (100% of sampled colonies), two other common species (A. hyacinthus and A. digitifera) did not contain visible eggs in the majority of colonies sampled (i.e., <15% of colonies) in either April or October, suggesting that these species spawn at other times of the year. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed documented observation of multi-species coral spawning from reefs in Malaysia. These data provide further support for the contention that this phenomenon is a feature of all speciose coral assemblages, including equatorial reefs. More research is needed, however, to determine the seasonal cycles and extent of spawning synchrony on these reefs and elsewhere in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  16. Comparable Clinical and Radiologic Outcomes Between an Anatomic Tunnel and a Low Tibial Tunnel in Remnant-Preserving Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
    Yoon KH, Kim JS, Park JY, Park SY, Kiat RYD, Kim SG
    Orthop J Sports Med, 2021 Feb;9(2):2325967120985153.
    PMID: 33709007 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120985153
    Background: There is currently no consensus on the optimal placement of the tibial tunnel for remnant-preserving posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction.

    Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiologic outcomes of remnant-preserving PCL reconstruction using anatomic versus low tibial tunnels. We hypothesized that the outcomes of low tibial tunnel placement would be superior to those of anatomic tibial tunnel placement at the 2-year follow-up after remnant-preserving PCL reconstruction.

    Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

    Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data for patients who underwent remnant-preserving PCL reconstruction between March 2011 and January 2018 with a minimum follow-up of 2 years (N = 63). On the basis of the tibial tunnel position on postoperative computed tomography, the patients were divided into those with anatomic placement (group A; n = 31) and those with low tunnel placement (group L; n = 32). Clinical scores (International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score, Lysholm score, and Tegner activity level), range of motion, complications, and stability test outcomes at follow-up were compared between the 2 groups. Graft signal on 1-year follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans was compared between 22 patients in group A and 17 patients in group L.

    Results: There were no significant differences between groups regarding clinical scores or incidence of complications, no between-group differences in posterior drawer test results, and no side-to-side difference on Telos stress radiographs (5.2 ± 2.9 mm in group A vs 5.1 ± 2.8 mm in group L; P = .900). Postoperative 1-year follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans showed excellent graft healing in both groups, with no significant difference between them.

    Conclusion: The clinical and radiologic outcomes and complication rate were comparable between anatomic tunnel placement and low tibial tunnel placement at 2-year follow-up after remnant-preserving PCL reconstruction. The findings of this study suggest that both tibial tunnel positions are clinically feasible for remnant-preserving PCL reconstruction.

    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  17. Simulated electronic health documentation: A cross-sectional exploration of factors influencing nursing students' intention to use
    Chan KG, Pawi S, Ong MF, Kowitlawakul Y, Goy SC
    Nurse Educ Pract, 2020 Oct;48:102864.
    PMID: 32920369 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102864
    The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing nursing students' intention to use a simulated web-application 'Integrated Nursing Education System' for practicing electronic health documentation. The cross-sectional study was conducted at a Malaysian University that provides undergraduate nursing degree program. A total of 133 undergraduate nursing students in their year 2 to year 4 of the program were recruited. They had accessed the simulated web-application as part of the teaching-learning activities during the academic year 2016/2017. Technology Acceptance Model was used to guide the study. Validated questionnaires were used to measure the students' perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitudes and intention to use the application. Data collection was done at the end of the semester. Data analysis was done using SPSS (19.0) and AMOS (23.0). Perceived usefulness was the most influential factor of the students' intention to use the simulated web-application. Perceived ease of use influenced their perceived usefulness significantly. Nurse educators should explain the usefulness of the simulated web-application before assigning students to access it to practice electronic health documentation. The availability of a stable internet access and IT support is important to influence students' perceived ease of use and intention to use the application.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  18. Fulltext Descemet membrane detachment postphacoemulsification
    Muhammad Najmi, K., Logeswary, K., Rona Asnida, N., Wan Haslina Wah, Umi Kalthum, M.N., Aida Zairani, M.Z.
    Medicine & Health, 2018;13(1):208-214.
    MyJurnal
    We report the case series of phacoemulsification-related Descemet membrane detachment (DMD) encountered at a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur. Case 1 was an iatrogenic DMD which was detected intraoperatively and managed early with good outcome. Case 2 and case 3 described unusual presentation of DMD which was initially undiagnosed. This report highlights the use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) in detecting and confirming the correct diagnosis for DMD. With the aid of an experienced corneal specialist, the higher threshold for suspicious occurrence of DMD was confirmed using ASOCT. Treatment was tailored accordingly, with successful clearance of corneal oedema and visual recovery. This case series highlighted the importance of proper operative documentation and high threshold for suspicion for DMD in focal corneal oedema following an otherwise uneventful cataract surgery. It is concluded that ASOCT is an excellent tool to confirm diagnosis of DMD and success of treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  19. Fulltext Randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of audible timed reminders for simulated serial pain score documentation in an emergency department
    Ng, V.H., Ahmad Khaldun, I., Siti Sarah, M.Z., Ida Zarina, Z.
    Medicine & Health, 2018;13(2):114-121.
    MyJurnal
    Pain is one of commonest presentations at Emergency Department (ED). Previous studies showed inadequate pain control in ED. However, few have addressed specific, practical methods of improving the timeliness and frequency of pain control in emergency setting. This study was a randomized controlled trial in a simulated environment of an actual functioning ED using a timer device to remind care personnel to assess pain and provide analgesia at set intervals versus a “standard therapy” group without visual/audio aids. The mean documentation performance scores between timer and control groups were 94.45% + 5.85 vs 72.22% + 17.57 (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
  20. Fulltext Paediatric pharmacology: adverse drug reactions in children
    Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
    Medical Health Reviews, 2010;2010(1):65-76.
    MyJurnal
    The safety and efficacy of drugs may be different in children compared to adults. The available documentation at the time of approval for drug use in humans invariably lack data for use in children as generally children are not exposed to medicines in clinical trials. As such, in order to clarify a safety profile in children and to limit the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADR), long term data collection is necessary. There is a need to consider how pharmacovigilance is conducted for medicines used by children. It is the ethical responsibility of all health professionals to report ADR. Currently, ADRs in children does not appear to be at a critical level. Certainly, a high standard of care could be a reason but the possibility of health professionals underreporting ADRs has to be considered. Furthermore, many drugs used in children are not licensed for use in this age group. This may further limit the reporting of suspected ADRs to the pharmacovigilance systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Documentation
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