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Fulltext The influence of agitation on oil substrate dispersion and oxygen transfer in Pseudomonas aeruginosa USM-AR2 fermentation producing rhamnolipid in a stirred tank bioreactor

Nur Asshifa MN, Zambry NS, Salwa MS, Yahya ARM

3 Biotech, 2017 Jul;7(3):189.
PMID: 28664380 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0828-0

Water-immiscible substrate, diesel, was supplied as the main substrate in the fermentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa USM-AR2 producing rhamnolipid biosurfactant, in a stirred tank bioreactor. In addition to the typical gas-aqueous system, this system includes gas-hydrocarbon-aqueous phases and the presence of surfactant (rhamnolipid) in the fermentation broth. The effect of diesel dispersion on volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, k L a, and thus oxygen transfer, was evaluated at different agitations of 400, 500 and 600 rpm. The oxygen transfer in this oil-water-surfactant system was shown to be affected by different oil dispersion at those agitation rates. The highest diesel dispersion was obtained at 500 rpm or impeller tip speed of 1.31 m/s, compared to 400 and 600 rpm, which led to the highest k L a, growth and rhamnolipid production by P. aeruginosa USM-AR2. This showed the highest substrate mixing and homogenization at this agitation speed that led to the efficient substrate utilization by the cells. The oxygen uptake rate of P. aeruginosa USM-AR2 was 5.55 mmol/L/h, which showed that even the lowest k L a (48.21 h-1) and hence OTR (57.71 mmol/L/h) obtained at 400 rpm was sufficient to fulfill the oxygen demand of the cells. The effect of rhamnolipid concentration on k L a showed that k L a increased as rhamnolipid concentration increased to 0.6 g/L before reaching a plateau. This trend was similar for all agitation rates of 400, 500 and 600 rpm, which might be due to the increase in the resistance to oxygen transfer (k L decrease) and the increase in the specific interfacial area (a).

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids
Fulltext Imidazolium-Linked Azido-Functionalized Guerbet Glycosides: Multifunctional Surfactants for Biofunctionalization of Vesicles

Goh EW, Heidelberg T, Duali Hussen RS, Salman AA

ACS Omega, 2019 Oct 15;4(16):17039-17047.
PMID: 31646251 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02809

Aiming for glycolipid-based vesicles for targeted drug delivery, cationic Guerbet glycosides with spacered click functionality were designed and synthesized. The cationic charge promoted the distribution of the glycolipids during the formulation, thereby leading to homogeneously small vesicles. The positive surface charge of the vesicles stabilizes them against unwanted fusion and promotes interactions of the drug carriers with typical negative charge-dominated target cells. High bioconjugation potential of the functionalized glycolipids based on the copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition makes them highly valuable components for targeted drug delivery systems.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids
Fluorene biodegradation and identification of transformation products by white-rot fungus Armillaria sp. F022

Hadibarata T, Kristanti RA

Biodegradation, 2014 Jun;25(3):373-82.
PMID: 24114532 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-013-9666-x

A diverse surfactant, including the nonionic Tween 80 and Brij 30, the anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate, the cationic surfactant Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and biosurfactant Rhamnolipid were investigated under fluorine-enriched medium by Armilaria sp. F022. The cultures were performed at 25 °C in malt extract medium containing 1 % of surfactant and 5 mg/L of fluorene. The results showed among the tested surfactants, Tween-80 harvested the highest cell density and obtained the maximum specific growth rate. This due Tween-80 provide a suitable carbon source for fungi. Fluorane was also successfully eliminated (>95 %) from the cultures within 30 days in all flasks. During the experiment, laccase production was the highest among other enzymes and Armillaria sp. F022-enriched culture containing Non-ionic Tween 80 showed a significant result for laccase activity (1,945 U/L). The increased enzyme activity was resulted by the increased biodegradation activity as results of the addition of suitable surfactants. The biotransformation of fluorene was accelerated by Tween 80 at the concentration level of 10 mg/L. Fluorene was initially oxidized at C-2,3 positions resulting 9-fluorenone. Through oxidative decarboxylation, 9-fluorenone subjected to meta-cleavage to form salicylic acid. One metabolite detected in the end of experiment, was identified as catechol. Armillaria sp. F022 evidently posses efficient, high effective degrader and potential for further application on the enhanced bioremediation technologies for treating fluorene-contaminated soil.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/pharmacology
Production and characterization of rhamnolipid using palm oil agricultural refinery waste

Radzuan MN, Banat IM, Winterburn J

Bioresour Technol, 2017 Feb;225:99-105.
PMID: 27888734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.052

In this research we assess the feasibility of using palm oil agricultural refinery waste as a carbon source for the production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant through fermentation. The production and characterization of rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 grown on palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) under batch fermentation were investigated. Results show that P. aeruginosa PAO1 can grow and produce 0.43gL(-1) of rhamnolipid using PFAD as the sole carbon source. Identification of the biosurfactant product using mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of monorhamnolipid and dirhamnolipid. The rhamnolipid produced from PFAD were able to reduce surface tension to 29mNm(-1) with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) 420mgL(-1) and emulsify kerosene and sunflower oil, with an emulsion index up to 30%. Results demonstrate that PFAD could be used as a low-cost substrate for rhamnolipid production, utilizing and transforming it into a value added biosurfactant product.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/biosynthesis*; Glycolipids/metabolism; Glycolipids/chemistry
Fulltext Effect of rhamnolipid on the physicochemical properties and interaction of bacteria and fungi

Hamzah N, Kasmuri N, Tao W, Singhal N, Padhye L, Swift S

Braz J Microbiol, 2020 Sep;51(3):1317-1326.
PMID: 32399689 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00295-0

Bacterial adhesion on surfaces is an essential initial step in promoting bacterial mobilization for soil bioremediation process. Modification of the cell surface is required to improve the adhesion of bacteria. The modification of physicochemical properties by rhamnolipid to Pseudomonas putida KT2442, Rhodococcus erythropolis 3586 and Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 strains was analysed using contact angle measurements. The surface energy and total free energy of adhesion were calculated to predict the adhesion of both bacteria strains on the A. brasiliensis surface. The study of bacterial adhesion was carried out to evaluate experimental value with the theoretical results. Bacteria and fungi physicochemical properties were modified significantly when treated with rhamnolipid. The adhesion rate of P. putida improved by 16% with the addition of rhamnolipid (below 1 CMC), while the increase of rhamnolipid concentration beyond 1 CMC did not further enhance the bacterial adhesion. The addition of rhamnolipid did not affect the adhesion of R. erythropolis. A good relationship has been obtained in which water contact angle and surface energy of fungal surfaces are the major factors contributing to the bacterial adhesion. The adhesion is mainly driven by acid-base interaction. This finding provides insight to the role of physicochemical properties in controlling the bacterial adhesion on the fungal surface to enhance bacteria transport in soil bioremediation.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/pharmacology*
Human Milk Fat Globule Membrane Contains Hundreds of Abundantly Expressed and Nutritionally Beneficial Proteins That Are Generally Lacking in Caprine Milk

Juvarajah T, Wan-Ibrahim WI, Ashrafzadeh A, Othman S, Hashim OH, Fung SY, et al.

Breastfeed Med, 2018 11;13(9):631-637.
PMID: 30362820 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.0057

BACKGROUND: Bioactive proteins from milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) play extensive roles in cellular processes and defense mechanisms in infants. The aims of this study were to identify differences in protein compositions in human and caprine MFGM using proteomics and evaluate possible nutritional benefits of caprine milk toward an infant's growth, as an alternative when breastfeeding or human milk administration is not possible or inadequate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human and caprine MFGM proteins were isolated and analyzed, initially by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and subsequently by quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This was then followed by database search and gene ontology analysis. In general, this method selectively analyzed the abundantly expressed proteins in milk MFGM.
RESULTS: Human MFGM contains relatively more abundant bioactive proteins compared with caprine. While a total of 128 abundant proteins were detected in the human MFGM, only 42 were found in that of the caprine. Seven of the bioactive proteins were apparently found to coexist in both human and caprine MFGM.
RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Among the commonly detected MFGM proteins, lactotransferrin, beta-casein, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthase, and butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 were highly expressed in human MFGM. On the other hand, alpha-S1-casein and EGF factor 8 protein, which are also nutritionally beneficial, were found in abundance in caprine MFGM. The large number of human MFGM abundant proteins that were generally lacking in caprine appeared to mainly support human metabolic and developmental processes.
CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated superiority of human MFGM by having more than one hundred nutritionally beneficial and abundantly expressed proteins, which are clearly lacking in caprine MFGM. The minor similarity in the abundantly expressed bioactive proteins in caprine MFGM, which was detected further, suggests that it is still nutritionally beneficial, and therefore should be included when caprine milk-based formula is used as an alternative.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/chemistry*
Counterpoint. Cancer vaccines: single-epitope anti-idiotype vaccine versus multiple-epitope antigen vaccine

Bhattachary-Chatterjee M, Nath Baral R, Chatterjee SK, Das R, Zeytin H, Chakraborty M, et al.

Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2000 Jun;49(3):133-41.
PMID: 10881692

Anti-idiotype (Id) vaccine therapy has been tested and shown to be effective, in several animal models, for triggering the immune system to induce specific and protective immunity against bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. The administration of anti-Id antibodies as surrogate tumor-associated antigens (TAA) also represents another potential application of the concept of the Id network. Limited experience in human trials using anti-Id to stimulate immunity against tumors has shown promising results. In this "counter-point" article, we discuss our own findings showing the potential of anti-Id antibody vaccines to be novel therapeutic approaches to various human cancers and also discuss where anti-Id vaccines may perform better than traditional multiple-epitope antigen vaccines.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/immunology
Functional glycolipid-crown-ethers by click chemistry

Salman AA, Tabandeh M, Heidelberg T, Duali Hussen RS

Carbohydr Res, 2015 Apr 10;406:41-5.
PMID: 25658065 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.12.015

A series of glycolipid crown ether analogs was prepared by bis-propargylation of lauryl glycoside followed by subsequent click-coupling with ethylene glycol-based diazides. The triazole-linked macrocycles were obtained in remarkable high yields. While the surfactant assembly was affected by presence of sodium ions, suggesting the formation of complexes, no ion-selectivity was observed for the macrocylic ligands. Computational studies suggest a low but significant cation-binding activity of the macrocycle, involving coordination at both oxygen and nitrogen atoms.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/chemical synthesis*
N-linked glycolipids by Staudinger coupling of glycosylated alkyl diazides with fatty acids

Salman SM, Heidelberg T, Bin Tajuddin HA

Carbohydr Res, 2013 Jun 28;375:55-62.
PMID: 23685811 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.03.028

Aiming for new glycolipids with enhanced chemical stability and close structural similarity to natural cell membrane lipids for the development of a drug delivery system, we have synthesized double amide analogs of glyco-glycerolipids. The synthesis applied a Staudinger reaction based coupling of a 1,3-diazide with fatty acid chlorides. While the concept furnished the desired glucosides in reasonable yields, the corresponding lactosides formed a tetrahydropyrimidine based 1:1 coupling product instead. This unexpected coupling result likely originates from steric hindrance at the iminophosphorane intermediate and provides an interesting core structure for potentially bioactive surfactants. The assembly behavior of both glycolipid types was investigated by optical polarizing microscopy, DSC and surface tension studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/chemical synthesis*; Glycolipids/chemistry*
Functionalized glycolipids for potential bioconjugation of vesicles

Tabandeh M, Goh EW, Salman AA, Heidelberg T, Duali Hussen RS

Carbohydr Res, 2018 Nov;469:14-22.
PMID: 30196011 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.08.016

Two azide-terminated oligoethylene oxide spacered glycolipids have been synthesized, and their assembly behavior has been studied in comparison to the corresponding base surfactants. The results suggest potential of the Guerbet lactoside-based compound for targeted drug delivery, while a coiling of the ethylene oxide linker disfavors the application of the glucoside.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/chemistry*
Cation-stimulated drug delivery via lipid assembly comprising macrocyclized disaccharides - A DFT study

Mazlee MTF, Heidelberg T, Ariffin A, Zain SM

Carbohydr Res, 2023 Oct;532:108923.
PMID: 37598565 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108923

In the attempt to create a delivery system for an alkali-cation stimulated drug release, a computational study was conducted, aiming for the evaluation of synthetic access towards glycolipid crown ethers analogs and their potential for coordination-induced changes of packing constraints for molecular assemblies. The results disfavor amide-linkages for the creation of macrocycles around the inter-glycosidic bond of a disaccharide. Conformational changes upon cation coordination of the macrocycle decrease the intersection area for easily accessible macrocycles based on lactose. This leads to shrinking intersection areas upon alkali complexation. Maltose-based analogs, on the other hand, exhibited the targeted increase of the glycolipid intersection area and, hence, may be considered as a promising resource.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids
Renewable resources-based approach to biantennary glycolipids

Tabandeh M, Salman AA, Goh EW, Heidelberg T, Hussen RSD

Chem Phys Lipids, 2018 05;212:111-119.
PMID: 29409839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.01.011

A new synthesis approach towards biantennary lipids of Guerbet glycoside type was developed based on oleic acid as sustainable resource. Functionalization of the double bond provided access to primary alcohols with α-branched C19-skeleton. Formulation studies with corresponding lactosides indicated formation of vesicles with high assembly stability. A relatively narrow bimodal size distribution of the latter, which turns into a narrow unimodal distribution of small vesicles upon addition of an ionic cosurfactant, suggests potential for a vesicular drug delivery system.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/chemical synthesis; Glycolipids/chemistry*
Influence of nonionic branched-chain alkyl glycosides on a model nano-emulsion for drug delivery systems

Ahmad N, Ramsch R, Llinàs M, Solans C, Hashim R, Tajuddin HA

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2014 Mar 1;115:267-74.
PMID: 24384142 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.013

The effect of incorporating new nonionic glycolipid surfactants on the properties of a model water/nonionic surfactant/oil nano-emulsion system was investigated using branched-chain alkyl glycosides: 2-hexyldecyl-β(/α)-D-glucoside (2-HDG) and 2-hexyldecyl-β(/α)-D-maltoside (2-HDM), whose structures are closely related to glycero-glycolipids. Both 2-HDG and 2-HDM have an identical hydrophobic chain (C16), but the former consists a monosaccharide glucose head group, in contrast to the latter which has a disaccharide maltose unit. Consequently, their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) is different. The results obtained have shown that these branched-chain alkyl glycosides affect differently the stability of the nano-emulsions. Compared to the model nano-emulsion, the presence of 2-HDG reduces the oil droplet size, whereas 2-HDM modify the properties of the model nano-emulsion system in terms of its droplet size and storage time stability at high temperature. These nano-emulsions have been proven capable of encapsulating ketoprofen, showing a fast release of almost 100% in 24h. Thus, both synthetically prepared branched-chain alkyl glycosides with mono- and disaccharide sugar head groups are suitable as nano-emulsion stabilizing agents and as drug delivery systems in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/chemistry
The effect of the head group on branched-alkyl chain surfactants in glycolipid/n-octane/water ternary system

Nainggolan I, Radiman S, Hamzah AS, Hashim R

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2009 Oct 1;73(1):84-91.
PMID: 19540095 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.05.021

Two novel glycolipids have been synthesized and their phase behaviour studied. They have been characterized using FT-IR, FAB and 13C NMR and 1H NMR to ensure the purity of novel glycolipids. The two glycolipids are distinguished based on the head group of glycolipids (monosaccharide/glucose and disaccharide/maltose). These two novel glycolipids have been used as surfactant to perform two phase diagrams. Phase behaviours that have been investigated are 2-hexyldecyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2-HDG)/n-octane/water ternary system and 2-hexyldecyl-beta-D-maltoside (2-HDM)/n-octane/water ternary system. SAXS and polarizing optical microscope have been used to study the phase behaviours of these two surfactants in ternary phase diagram. Study of effect of the head group on branched-alkyl chain surfactants in ternary system is a strategy to derive the structure-property relationship. For comparison, 2-HDM and 2-HDG have been used as surfactant in the same ternary system. The phase diagram of 2-hexyldecyl-beta-D-maltoside/n-octane/water ternary system exhibited a Lalpha phase at a higher concentration regime, followed with two phases and a micellar solution region in a lower concentration regime. The phase diagram of 2-HDG/water/n-octane ternary system shows hexagonal phase, cubic phase, rectangular ribbon phase, lamellar phase, cubic phase as the surfactant concentration increase.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/chemistry*
Fulltext Proteomic analysis of milk fat globule membrane proteins in mature human milk of women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus

Yao D, Shen C, Yu J, Tang J, Zhang H, Xu X, et al.

Food Chem, 2024 Jul 01;445:138691.
PMID: 38354646 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138691

Milk fat globule membrane proteins (MFGMP) in human milks have positive effects on infant's health. As gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) causes variations in MFGMP, it is essential to understand the effects of GDMon MFGMP. This study aims to investigate and compare the MFGMP (>3 months postpartum) of GDM and non-GDM (NGDM) women using four-dimensional-data-independent-acquisition proteomics technology. Principal component analysis shows significant differences in the MFGMP of GDM and NGDM women. A total of 4747 MFGMP were identified in maturehuman milk of GDM and NGDM women. Among these proteins, 174 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in MFGM of GDM and NGDM women. Albumin (FC = 7.96) and transthyretin (FC = 2.57) which are related to insulin resistance and involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, are significantly up-regulated in MFGMP of GDM mothers indicating insulin resistance, imbalance of glucose homeostasis and poor glucose metabolism might persist in postpartum period.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids*
Fulltext Newly Isolated Paenibacillus tyrfis sp. nov., from Malaysian Tropical Peat Swamp Soil with Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity

Aw YK, Ong KS, Lee LH, Cheow YL, Yule CM, Lee SM

Front Microbiol, 2016;7:219.
PMID: 26973605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00219

Emergence of antimicrobial resistance coupled with the slowdown in discovery of new antimicrobial compounds points to serious consequences for human health. Therefore, scientists are looking for new antimicrobial compounds from unique and understudied ecosystems such as tropical peat swamp forests. Over the course of isolating antimicrobial producing bacteria from North Selangor tropical peat swamp forest, Malaysia, a Gram variable, rod shaped, endospore forming, facultative anaerobic novel strain MSt1(T) that exerts potent and broad spectrum antimicrobial activity was isolated. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MSt1(T) belonged to the genus Paenibacillus with the highest similarity to Paenibacillus elgii SD17(T) (99.5%). Whole genome comparison between strain MSt1(T) with its closely related species using average nucleotide identity (ANI) revealed that similarity between strain MSt1(T) with P. elgii B69 (93.45%) and Paenibacillus ehimensis A2 (90.42%) was below the recommended threshold of 95%. Further analysis using in silico pairwise DDH also showed that similarity between strain MSt1(T) with P. elgii B69 (55.4%) and P. ehimensis A2 (43.7%) was below the recommended threshold of 70%. Strain MSt1(T) contained meso-diaminopilemic acid in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major menaquinone. The major fatty acids of strain MSt1(T) were anteiso-C15:0 (48.2%) and C16:0 (29.0%) whereas the polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unknown lipid, two unknown glycolipids, and one unknown phospholipid. Total DNA G+C content of strain MSt1(T) was 51.5 mol%. The extract from strain MSt1(T) exerted strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC = 1.5 μg/mL), MRSA ATCC 700699 (MIC = 25 μg/mL) and Candida albicans IMR (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL). Partially purified active fraction exerted a strong effect against E. coli ATCC 25922 resulting in cell rupture when viewed with SEM. Based on distinctive taxonomic differences between strain MSt1(T) when compared to its closely related type species, we propose that strain MSt1(T) represents a novel species within the genus of Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus tyrfis sp. nov. (= DSM 100708(T) = MCCC 1K01247(T)) is proposed.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids
Fulltext Antiangiogenic activity of sophorolipids extracted from refined bleached deodorized palm olein

Kithur Mohamed S, Asif M, Nazari MV, Baharetha HM, Mahmood S, Yatim ARM, et al.

Indian J Pharmacol, 2019 4 30;51(1):45-54.
PMID: 31031467 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_312_18

OBJECTIVES: Sophorolipids (SLs) are a group of surface-active glycolipids produced by a type of nonpathogenic yeast Candida bombicola in the presence of vegetable oil through fermentation technology. SLs have shown antitumor activity; however, the mechanism of action underlying the anticancer activity of SLs is poorly understood. This work evaluated the anticancer activity of SLs fermented from palm oil by exploring its antiangiogenic activity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The SLs that were fermented and further characterized for their biochemical activities. Cytotoxicity study was performed to assess cytostatic properties. A series of in vitro and ex vivo angiogenesis assay was also carried out. The relative fold change in the expression of p53 mRNA by SLs was also studied.
RESULTS: Altogether, the data show that SLs derived from palm oil fermentation process inhibited neovascularization in the ex vivo tissue segments and also the endothelial cell proliferation between 50% and 65% inhibition as a whole. The palm oil derived SLs also caused downregulation of the suppression level of vascular endothelial growth factor and also upregulate the p53 mRNA level. The analytical studies revealed the presence of high amount of phenolic compounds but with relatively weak antioxidant activity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies revealed abundant amount of palmitic and oleic acid, the latter an established antiangiogenic agent, and the former being proangiogenic.
CONCLUSION: Therefore, it can be concluded from this study that SLs derived from fermented palm oil have potent antiangiogenic activity which may be attributed by its oleic acid component.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/pharmacology*
Fulltext Serum antibodies to defined carbohydrate antigens during the course of treated leprosy

Gelber RH, Li F, Cho SN, Byrd S, Rajagopalan K, Brennan PJ

Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis., 1989 Dec;57(4):744-51.
PMID: 2681457

Sequential monitoring of 724 sera for antibodies to a neoantigen based on phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I) and native lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in 90 leprosy patients undergoing therapy in San Francisco was conducted. Untreated lepromatous patients frequently (91%) had significant antibodies to both moieties. Antibodies were less frequently found in tuberculoid patients (74% to neoantigen and 37% to LAM). In the first 3 years of treatment, average serum antibodies to both moieties fell significantly. Antibodies to LAM fell during each of the first 4 years of therapy, but decreasing antibody levels to the PGL-I neoantigen did not appear to fall consistently after the third year of treatment. A wide variation in the rate of fall of serum antibodies was noted. Sequential changes in the amounts of serum antibodies to the neoantigen and LAM in general paralleled one another but were at times discrepant. Both in San Francisco and Malaysia, skin-smear negative, long-term treated, lepromatous leprosy patients frequently harbored significant antibodies to both PGL-I and LAM.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/immunology*
Fulltext Selection of phage-displayed human antibody fragments specific for CD1b presenting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycolipid Ac2SGL

Camacho F, Sarmiento ME, Reyes F, Kim L, Huggett J, Lepore M, et al.

Int J Mycobacteriol, 2016 06;5(2):120-7.
PMID: 27242221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.12.002

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The development of new tools capable of targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells have potential applications in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis. In Mtb-infected cells, CD1b molecules present Mtb lipids to the immune system (Mtb lipid-CD1b complexes). Because of the lack of CD1b polymorphism, specific Mtb lipid-CD1b complexes could be considered as universal Mtb infection markers. 2-Stearoyl-3-hydroxyphthioceranoyl-2'-sulfate-α-α'-d-trehalose (Ac2SGL) is specific for Mtb, and is not present in other mycobacterial species. The CD1b-Ac2SGL complexes are expressed on the surface of human cells infected with Mtb. The aim of this study was to generate ligands capable of binding these CD1b-Ac2SGL complexes.
METHODS: A synthetic human scFv phage antibody library was used to select phage-displayed antibody fragments that recognized CD1b-Ac2SGL using CD1b-transfected THP-1 cells loaded with Ac2SGL.
RESULTS: One clone, D11-a single, light-variable domain (kappa) antibody (dAbκ11)-showed high relative binding to the Ac2SGL-CD1b complex.
CONCLUSION: A ligand recognizing the Ac2SGL-CD1b complex was obtained, which is a potential candidate to be further tested for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/immunology*
Vitellibacter aquimaris sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from seawater

Thevarajoo S, Selvaratnam C, Goh KM, Hong KW, Chan XY, Chan KG, et al.

Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2016 Sep;66(9):3662-3668.
PMID: 27334651 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001248

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, yellow-orange-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium designated D-24T was isolated from seawater from sandy shoreline in Johor, Malaysia. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain D-24T is affiliated with the genus Vitellibacter. It shared more than 96 % sequence similarity with the types of some of the validly published species of the genus: Vitellibactervladivostokensis KMM 3516T (99.5 %), Vitellibactersoesokkakensis RSSK-12T (97.3 %), VitellibacterechinoideorumCC-CZW007T (96.9 %), VitellibacternionensisVBW088T (96.7 %) and Vitellibacteraestuarii JCM 15496T (96.3 %). DNA-DNA hybridization and genome-based analysis of average nucleotide identity (ANI) of strain D-24T versus V.vladivostokensisKMM 3516T exhibited values of 35.9±0.14 % and 89.26 %, respectively. Strain D-24T showed an even lower ANI value of 80.88 % with V. soesokkakensis RSSK-12T. The major menaquinone of strain D-24T was MK-6, and the predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. Strain D-24T contained major amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, two lipids and two aminolipids, and a phosphoglycolipid that was different to that of other species of the genus Vitellibacter. The genomic DNA G+C content was 40.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic properties, DNA-DNA relatedness, ANI value and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain D-24T represents a novel species of the genus Vitellibacter, for which the name Vitellibacter aquimaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D-24T (=KCTC 42708T=DSM 101732T).

Matched MeSH terms: Glycolipids/chemistry

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