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  1. Fulltext Effectiveness of Diabetes Community Sharp Disposal Education Module in Primary Care: An Experimental Study in North-East Peninsular Malaysia
    Hasan UA, Mohd Hairon S, Yaacob NM, Daud A, Abdul Hamid A, Hassan N, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 09 11;16(18).
    PMID: 31514391 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183356
    Background: Structured education is needed to cultivate safe sharp disposal behavior among diabetic patients. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Diabetes Community Sharp Disposal Education Module in improving knowledge and sharp disposal practice among Malaysian Type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at primary health clinics in two districts in Kelantan, a state in the North-East Region of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 132 Type 2 diabetic patients on insulin therapy were involved, with 68 participants in each control and intervention group. The health education intervention was based on the validated Diabetes Community Sharp Disposal Education Module. The knowledge and practices were measured using a validated questionnaire at baseline, one month, and three months after the intervention. Results: There was a significant increment in the mean knowledge score for intervention group; from baseline to one month follow up and from baseline to three months follow up [Greenhouse-Geisser; F(1.5, 199.7) = 62.38, p < 0.001; effect size (η2) = 0.318]. Intervention group had significantly higher mean knowledge score as compared to control group; at one month and three months follow up [F(1, 134) = 17.38, p < 0.001; effect size (η2) = 0.115]. There was a statistically significant increment in the proportion of participants in the intervention group who practiced the proper community sharp disposal method over time, X2(2) = 52.061, p < 0.001. Conclusions: The Diabetes Community Sharp Disposal Education Module was an effective health education tool to improve knowledge and encourage Malaysian diabetic patients to engage with proper sharp disposal practices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  2. Fulltext Safety of Ramadan fasting in young patients with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Loh HH, Lim LL, Loh HS, Yee A
    J Diabetes Investig, 2019 Nov;10(6):1490-1501.
    PMID: 30938074 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13054
    AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Although patients with type 1 diabetes are medically exempt, many insist on fasting during Ramadan. Multiple daily insulin injections (MDI), premixed insulin and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) are commonly used. To date, little is known about the safety of Ramadan fasting in these patients.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: We pooled data from 17 observational studies involving 1,699 patients treated with either CSII or non-CSII (including premixed and MDI) regimen. The study outcomes were the frequencies of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and/or ketosis. Given the lack of patient-level data, separate analyses for premixed and MDI regimen were not carried out.

    RESULTS: The CSII-treated group (n = 203) was older (22.9 ± 6.9 vs 17.8 ± 4.0 years), and had longer diabetes duration (116.7 ± 66.5 vs 74.8 ± 59.2 months) and lower glycated hemoglobin (7.8 ± 1.1% vs 9.1 ± 2.0%) at baseline than the non-CSII-treated group (n = 1,496). The non-CSII-treated group had less non-severe hypoglycemia than the CSII-treated group (22%, 95% CI 13-34 vs 35%, 95% CI 17-55). Of the non-CSII-treated group, 7.1% (95% CI 5.8-8.5) developed severe hypoglycemia, but none from the CSII-treated group did. The non-CSII-treated group was more likely to develop hyperglycemia (12%, 95% CI 3-25 vs 8.8%, 95% CI 0-31) and ketosis (2.5%, 95% CI 1.0-4.6 vs 1.6%, 95% CI 0.1-4.7), and discontinue fasting (55%, 95% CI 34-76 vs 31%, 95% CI 9-60) than the CSII-treated group.

    CONCLUSIONS: The CSII regimen had lower rates of severe hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia/ketosis, but a higher rate of non-severe hyperglycemia than premixed/MDI regimens. These suggest that appropriate patient selection with regular, supervised fine-tuning of the basal insulin rate with intensive glucose monitoring might mitigate the residual hypoglycemia risk during Ramadan.

    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  3. Fulltext A randomized placebo-controlled trial of alphacalcidol on the preservation of beta cell function in children with recent onset type 1 diabetes
    Ataie-Jafari A, Loke SC, Rahmat AB, Larijani B, Abbasi F, Leow MK, et al.
    Clin Nutr, 2013 Dec;32(6):911-7.
    PMID: 23395257 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.01.012
    This participant-blinded parallel-group randomized placebo-controlled study demonstrated that alfacalcidol (vitamin D analogue) preserves beta cell function in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage
  4. Nanoparticulate assembly of mannuronic acid- and guluronic acid-rich alginate: oral insulin carrier and glucose binder
    Kadir A, Mokhtar MT, Wong TW
    J Pharm Sci, 2013 Dec;102(12):4353-63.
    PMID: 24258282 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23742
    The relationship of high and low molecular weight mannuronic acid (M)- and guluronic acid (G)-rich alginate nanoparticles as oral insulin carrier was elucidated. Nanoparticles were prepared through ionotropic gelation using Ca(2+) , and then in vitro physicochemical attributes and in vivo antidiabetic characteristics were examined. The alginate nanoparticles had insulin release retarded when the matrices had high alginate-to-insulin ratio or strong alginate-insulin interaction via OH moiety. High molecular weight M-rich alginate nanoparticles were characterized by assemblies of long polymer chains that enabled insulin encapsulation with weaker polymer-drug interaction than nanoparticles prepared from other alginate grades. They were able to encapsulate and yet release and have insulin absorbed into systemic circulation, thereby lowering rat blood glucose. High molecular weight G- and low molecular weight M-rich alginate nanoparticles showed remarkable polymer-insulin interaction. This retarded the drug release and negated its absorption. Blood glucose lowering was, however, demonstrated in vivo with insulin-free matrices of these nanoparticles because of the strong alginate-glucose binding that led to intestinal glucose retention. Alginate nanoparticles can be used as oral insulin carrier or glucose binder in the treatment of diabetes as a function of its chemical composition. High molecular weight M-rich alginate nanoparticles are a suitable vehicle for future development into oral insulin carrier.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  5. Design of oral insulin delivery systems
    Wong TW
    J Drug Target, 2010 Feb;18(2):79-92.
    PMID: 19968567 DOI: 10.3109/10611860903302815
    The possibility of administering insulin orally in replacement of painful subcutaneous route has been investigated over years but with varying degree of success. Nanoparticles, microparticles, hydrogel, capsule, tablet, and film patch are designed to deliver insulin orally. They are largely formulated with polymeric adhesive, protease inhibitor, insulin aggregation inhibitor, and functional excipients to induce transcellular, paracellular, Peyer's patches, or receptor-mediated transport of insulin in gastrointestinal tract. Superporous matrix, intestinal patches, and charged-coupled micromagnet microparticles are recent formulation strategies to promote oral insulin absorption. The formulation emphasizes on assembly of insulin and excipients into a physical structure which provides an element of drug targeting to maintain stability and increase bioavailability of insulin. The overview of various strategies applied in oral insulin delivery system design denotes the significance of mucoadhesiveness whereby a prolonged retention of dosage form in intestinal tract translates to cumulative insulin release and absorption, overcoming the intestinal transport capacity limit. Synthesis and use of mucoadhesive excipients, chemical modification of insulin to promote its physicochemical and biological stability for encapsulation in dosage form with prolonged retention characteristics and identification of potential insulin adjuncts are efforts needed to accelerate the speed of obtaining a functional oral insulin delivery system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  6. Chitosan and its use in design of insulin delivery system
    Wong TW
    Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul, 2009 Jan;3(1):8-25.
    PMID: 19149726 DOI: 10.2174/187221109787158346
    The global burden of diabetes is estimated to escalate from about 171 million in 2000 to 366 million people in 2030. The routine of diabetes treatment by injection of insulin incurs pain and has been one major factor negating the quality of life of diabetic patients. The possibility of administering insulin via alternative routes such as oral and nasal pathways has been investigated over the years, but with insulin experiencing risks of enzymatic degradation and poor transmucosal absorption. This leads to the rising needs to develop new formulation strategies emphasizing on the assembly of insulin and excipients into a physical structure to maintain the stability and increase the bioavailability of insulin. Chitosan and its derivatives or salts have been widely investigated as functional excipients of delivering insulin via oral, nasal and transdermal routes. The overview of various recent patented strategies on non-injection insulin delivery denotes the significance of chitosan for its mucoadhesive and able to protect the insulin from enzymatic degradation, prolong the retention time of insulin, as well as, open the inter-epithelial tight junction to facilitate systemic insulin transport. The chitosan can be employed to strengthen the physicochemical stability of insulin and multi-particulate matrix. The introduction of chitosan coat or co-formulation of chitosan with cationic gelatin or electrolytes which provide solidified or partially crosslinked structures retain and/or enhance the positive charges of dosage form necessary to induce mucoadhesiveness. The chitosan is modifiable chemically to produce water-soluble low molecular weight polymer which renders insulin able to be processed under mild conditions, and sulphated chitosan which markedly opens the paracellular channels for insulin transport. Combination of chitosan and fatty acid as hydrophobic nanoparticles promotes the insulin absorption via lymphoid tissue. Attainment of optimized formulations with higher levels of pharmacological bioavailability is deemed possible in future through targeted delivery of insulin using chitosan with specific adhesiveness to the intended absorption mucosa.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  7. Fulltext Sliding-scale versus basal-bolus insulin in the management of severe or acute hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients: a retrospective study
    Zaman Huri H, Permalu V, Vethakkan SR
    PLoS One, 2014;9(9):e106505.
    PMID: 25181406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106505
    Sliding-scale and basal-bolus insulin regimens are two options available for the treatment of severe or acute hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Although its use is not recommended, sliding-scale insulin therapy is still being used widely. The aims of the study were to compare the glycemic control achieved by using sliding-scale or basal-bolus regimens for the management of severe or acute hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and to analyze factors associated with the types of insulin therapy used in the management of severe or acute hyperglycemia. This retrospective study was conducted using the medical records of patients with acute or severe hyperglycemia admitted to a hospital in Malaysia from January 2008 to December 2012. A total of 202 patients and 247 admissions were included. Patients treated with the basal-bolus insulin regimen attained lower fasting blood glucose (10.8 ± 2.3 versus 11.6 ± 3.5 mmol/L; p = 0.028) and mean glucose levels throughout severe/acute hyperglycemia (12.3 ± 1.9 versus 12.8 ± 2.2; p = 0.021) compared with sliding-scale insulin regimens. Diabetic ketoacidosis (p = 0.043), cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.005), acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma (p = 0.010), and the use of corticosteroids (p = 0.037) and loop diuretics (p = 0.016) were significantly associated with the type of insulin regimen used. In conclusion, type 2 diabetes patients with severe and acute hyperglycemia achieved better glycemic control with the basal-bolus regimen than with sliding-scale insulin, and factors associated with the insulin regimen used could be identified.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  8. Low prevalence of autoimmune diabetes markers in a mixed ethnic population of Singaporean diabetics
    Todd AL, Ng WY, Lui KF, Thai AC
    Intern Med J, 2004 Jan-Feb;34(1-2):24-30.
    PMID: 14748910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0903.2004.00482.x
    BACKGROUND: Circulating antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADab) and tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule IA-2 (IA-2ab) are major indicators for auto-immune destruction of pancreatic islet cells. They identify a majority of Caucasians with type 1 diabetes and approximately 50% of Asians, providing evidence of an idiopathic aetiology in the latter. The present study investigated these autoantibodies in a mixed ethnic group.
    METHODS: Hospital clinic patients with clinically defined type 1 (n = 93) and type 2 (n = 300) diabetes and representing Singapore's major ethnic groups--Chinese, Indians and Malays--were studied. GADab and IA-2ab frequencies, and association of autoimmunity status with clinical and biochemical profiles were analysed.
    RESULTS: Radio-immunoprecipitation assays detected either or both antibodies (seropositivity) in 41.9% of subjects with type 1 diabetes. GADab was detected in 36.6% and IA-2ab in 23.7% of type 1 diabetics. Prevalence of IA-2ab showed a reduction in frequency with disease duration (P = 0.026). In clinical type 2 diabetics, seropositivity was 10.0% with higher frequency in Malays (17.5%) than Chinese (9.7%) and Indians (4.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that low fasting C-peptide was associated with seropositivity (odds ratio (OR) = 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.04-0.58). A significant relationship (OR = 13.5; 95% CI = 5.0-36.7) between insulin requirement and duration (>5 years) was also revealed. In patients with type 2 diabetes there was a trend of gradual progression to insulin dependency. However, there was considerable variation in body mass index between ethnic subgroups of type 2 diabetics, particularly for Chinese (mean (SD) = 26.0 (4.7)) and Malays (mean (SD) = 29.2 (5.9); P < 0.001).
    CONCLUSIONS: Presence of both antibodies in our mixed ethnic group of type 1 diabetes patients was much lower than in Caucasians. Significant numbers of patients were seronegative for antibodies. Influences due to ethnicity and adiposity would require further investigations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage
  9. Oral calcium pectinate-insulin nanoparticles: influences of alginate, sodium chloride and Tween 80 on their blood glucose lowering performance
    Wong TW, Sumiran N
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2014 May;66(5):646-57.
    PMID: 24329400 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12192
    Objective: Examine the formation of pectin-insulin nanoparticles and their blood glucose lowering properties.

    Methods: The calcium pectinate nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation method, with alginate, sodium chloride or Tween 80 as additive. Their in vitro physicochemical, drug release and in vivo blood glucose lowering characteristics were evaluated.

    Key findings: Spherical calcium pectinate-insulin nanoparticles were characterized by size, zeta potential, insulin content and insulin association efficiency of 348.4 ± 12.9 nm, -17.9 ± 0.8 mV, 8.4 ± 1.0% and 63.8 ± 7.4%, respectively. They released less than 25% insulin following 24 h in simulated intestinal medium and exhibited delayed blood glucose lowering effect in rats. Incorporation of solubilizer sodium chloride or Tween 80 into nanoparticles did not enhance blood glucose lowering capacity owing to sodium chloride reduced matrix insulin content and Tween 80 interacted with water and had its blood glucose dilution effect negated. Combination of nanoparticles with alginate gel to allow prolonged intestinal residence and more insulin release did not enhance their blood glucose lowering capacity because of calcium alginate-cross-linked gel formation that could retard insulin release and migration into systemic circulation.

    Conclusion: Physicochemical responses of additives in vivo affected blood glucose regulation property of pectin-insulin nanoparticles.

    Keywords: Tween 80; alginate; insulin; nanoparticle; pectin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  10. Fulltext Worldwide Injection Technique Questionnaire Study: Injecting Complications and the Role of the Professional
    Frid AH, Hirsch LJ, Menchior AR, Morel DR, Strauss KW
    Mayo Clin Proc, 2016 Sep;91(9):1224-30.
    PMID: 27594186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.012
    From February 1, 2014, through June 30, 2015, 13,289 insulin-injecting patients from 423 centers in 42 countries participated in one of the largest surveys ever performed in diabetes. The first results of this survey are published elsewhere in this issue. Herein we report that the most common complication of injecting insulin is lipohypertrophy (LH), which was self-reported by 29.0% of patients and found by physical examination in 30.8% by health care professionals (HCPs). Patients with LH consumed a mean of 10.1 IU more insulin daily than patients without LH. Glycated hemoglobin levels averaged 0.55% higher in patients with vs without LH. Lipohypertrophy was associated with higher rates of unexplained hypoglycemia and glycemic variability as well as more frequent diabetic ketoacidosis, incorrect rotation of injection sites, use of smaller injection zones, longer duration of insulin use, and reuse of pen needles (each Pinsulin injection practices.
    Study sites: 423 centers in 42 countries (Malaysia contributed 51 patients from two hospital study sites)
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  11. Fulltext Worldwide Injection Technique Questionnaire Study: Population Parameters and Injection Practices
    Frid AH, Hirsch LJ, Menchior AR, Morel DR, Strauss KW
    Mayo Clin Proc, 2016 Sep;91(9):1212-23.
    PMID: 27594185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.011
    From February 1, 2014, through June 30, 2015, 13,289 insulin-injecting patients from 423 centers in 42 countries took part in one of the largest surveys ever performed in diabetes. The goal was to assess patient characteristics, as well as historical and practical aspects of their injection technique. Results show that 4- and 8-mm needle lengths are each used by nearly 30% of patients and 5- and 6-mm needles each by approximately 20%. Higher consumption of insulin (as measured by total daily dose) is associated with having lipohypertrophy (LH), injecting into LH, leakage from the injection site, and failing to reconstitute cloudy insulin. Glycated hemoglobin values are, on average, 0.5% higher in patients with LH and are significantly higher with incorrect rotation of sites and with needle reuse. Glycated hemoglobin values are lower in patients who distribute their injections over larger injection areas and whose sites are inspected routinely. The frequencies of unexpected hypoglycemia and glucose variability are significantly higher in those with LH, those injecting into LH, those who incorrectly rotate sites, and those who reuse needles. Needles associated with diabetes treatment are the most commonly used medical sharps in the world. However, correct disposal of sharps after use is critically suboptimal. Many used sharps end up in public trash and constitute a major accidental needlestick risk. Use of these data should stimulate renewed interest in and commitment to optimizing injection practices in patients with diabetes.
    Study sites: 423 centers in 42 countries (Malaysia contributed 51 patients from two hospital study sites)
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  12. Management of pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus: experience at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur
    Dutta R, Kulenthran A, Sivanesaratnam V, Chan SP, Zaini A, Sinnathuray TA
    Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol, 1988 Sep;14(3):307-11.
    PMID: 3052393
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage
  13. Influencing factors of glycaemic control in patients attending different types of urban health care settings in Malaysia
    Ahmad B, Khalid BA, Zaini A, Hussain NA, Quek KF
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2011 Jul;93(1):e12-4.
    PMID: 21397969 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.02.020
    The objective of this study was to elucidate influencing factors of HbA1C in various health care settings. The glycaemic control was suboptimal in all settings. Multivariate analysis confirmed three factors were significant in HbA1C outcome; insulin (p=0.000), medication (p=0.043) and ethnicity (p=0.000).
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage
  14. Fulltext Managing diabetes during the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan
    Menon V
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Jun;67(3):353-4; quiz 355.
    PMID: 23082439 MyJurnal
    Target blood sugar levels in diabetes are achieved through manipulation of diet, exercise and medication. A change in any one of these three things can skew blood sugar levels and create complications associated with hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Fasting during the month of Ramadan is a religious activity that devout Muslims practice whether they are diabetic or not. Since such fasting involves abstinence from food and water for twelve hours or more during the day from dawn to dusk, it is evident that advice regarding exercise and medication will have to be modified during this period.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage
  15. Fulltext The effects of short-term, rapid glycemic control on the peroneal nerve function and serum VCAM-1 and AGE in type 2 diabetic patients in Malaysia
    Norlinah MI, Hamizah R, Md Isa SH, Wan Nazaimoon WM, Khalid BA
    Indian J Med Sci, 2009 Apr;63(4):131-8.
    PMID: 19414982
    BACKGROUND: The role of endothelial injury and circulating adhesion molecule in the development and progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the long-term has been established previously.
    AIMS: To study the effects of short-term glycemic control using insulin and oral hypoglycemic agent therapy (OHA) on the peroneal nerve function and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) levels in type 2 diabetic patients.
    SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A randomized controlled study involving poorly controlled (HbA1c, 7.5%-11%) type 2 diabetic patients attending the endocrinology outpatient center in a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients were randomized to receive insulin (n=15) or OHA (n=14) for 8 weeks. The glycemic variables (HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose [FPG], fructosamine), VCAM-1, serum AGE and the peroneal motor conduction velocity (PMCV) were measured at baseline and at 4-week intervals.
    STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Paired 't' test or Kruskal Wallis test; and the unpaired 't' test or Mann-Whitney U test were used for within-group and between-group analyses, respectively. Correlation was analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient.
    RESULTS: Within-group analysis showed significant progressive improvement in HbA1c at weeks 4 and 8 in the insulin group. The PMCV improved significantly in both groups by week 8, and by week 4 (P = 0.01) in the insulin group. PMCV correlated negatively with VCAM-1 (P = 0.031) and AGE (P = 0.009) at week 8.
    CONCLUSION: Aggressive glycemic control with insulin improves the peroneal nerve function within 4 weeks. Improvement in the serum VCAM-1 and AGE levels correlated significantly with improvement in peroneal nerve conduction velocity only in the insulin group.
    Study site: Tertiary endocrinology outpatient center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage
  16. Comparative study of two insulin regimes in pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus
    Nor Azlin MI, Nor NA, Sufian SS, Mustafa N, Jamil MA, Kamaruddin NA
    Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2007;86(4):407-8.
    PMID: 17486460
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage
  17. Blood glucose lowering property of water in oral insulin-fed diabetic rats
    Wong TW, Sumiran N, Mokhtar MT, Kadir A
    Pharm Biol, 2012 Nov;50(11):1463-6.
    PMID: 22889006 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.679985
    In oral insulin delivery, blood glucose profiles of a subject can be a function of complicated transfer of water and insulin between gastrointestinal and blood compartments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage
  18. Partial remission in type 1 diabetes and associated factors: Analysis based on the insulin dose-adjusted hemoglobin A1c in children and adolescents from a regional diabetes center, Auckland, New Zealand
    Chiavaroli V, Derraik JGB, Jalaludin MY, Albert BB, Ramkumar S, Cutfield WS, et al.
    Pediatr Diabetes, 2019 11;20(7):892-900.
    PMID: 31237756 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12881
    BACKGROUND: Partial remission (PREM) by the insulin dose-adjusted HbA1c (IDAA1c) method has not been evaluated for the combined associations of ethnicity and socioeconomic status in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate prevalence and predictors of PREM defined by IDAA1c.

    METHODS: Six hundred fourteen of 678 children (aged <15 years) with new-onset T1D (2000-2013) from a regional pediatric diabetes service (Auckland, New Zealand).

    RESULTS: Overall rate of PREM at 3 months was 42.4%, and lower in Māori/Pacific children (28.6%; P = .006) and those of other ethnicities (28.8%; P = .030) compared with New Zealand Europeans (50.4%). Comparing the most and least deprived socioeconomic quintiles, the odds of PREM were lower among the most deprived (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.44; P = .019). Lower rates of PREM were seen in children aged 0 to 4.9 years (23.8%) and 10 to 14 years (40.9%) than in children aged 5 to 9.9 years (57.4%; P

    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  19. Recent Updates on Novel Approaches in Insulin Drug Delivery: A Review of Challenges and Pharmaceutical Implications
    Pandey M, Choudhury H, Yi CX, Mun CW, Phing GK, Rou GX, et al.
    Curr Drug Targets, 2018;19(15):1782-1800.
    PMID: 29792143 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180523092100
    Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder of glucose metabolism, is mainly associated with insulin resistance to the body cells, or impaired production of insulin by the pancreatic β-cells. Insulin is mainly required to regulate glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients; however, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus also require insulin, especially when their condition cannot be controlled solely by oral hypoglycemic agents. Hence, major research is ongoing attempting to improve the delivery of insulin in order to make it more convenient to patients who experience side effects from the conventional treatment procedure or non-adherence to insulin regimen due to multiple comorbid conditions. Conventionally, insulin is administered via subcutaneous route which is also one of the sole reasons of patient's non-compliance due to the invasiveness of this method. Several attempts have been done to improve patient compliance, reduce side effects, improve delivery adherence, and to enhance the pharmaceutical performance of the insulin therapy. Despite facing substantial challenges in developing efficient delivery systems for insulin, vast research studies have been carried out for the development of smart delivery systems to deliver insulin via ocular, buccal, pulmonary, oral, transdermal, as well as rectal routes. Therefore, the present review was aimed to overview the challenges encountered with the current insulin delivery systems and to summarize recent advancements in technology of various novel insulin delivery systems being discovered and introduced in the current market.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
  20. Oral Insulin: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
    Chellappan DK, Yenese Y, Wei CC, Chellian J, Gupta G
    J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2017;36(4):283-291.
    PMID: 29431061 DOI: 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2017020182
    Oral delivery of insulin is one of the most promising and anticipated areas in the treatment of diabetes, primarily because it may significantly improve the quality of life of diabetics who receive insulin regularly. Several problems have been reported regarding the subcutaneous delivery of insulin, ranging from cardiovascular complications to weight gain. One of the approaches to overcoming these issues is to administer insulin through the oral route. However, there are several challenges in developing an oral route for insulin delivery; insulin has extremely poor bioavailability and a low diffusion rate through the mucus layer. A wide range of oral insulin delivery techniques have recently been researched, ranging from nanoparticles to liposomes, self-emulsifying systems, and hydrogels. These techniques have shown promising potential in the oral delivery of insulin. This review considers the current literature on the advances and challenges in the development of oral insulin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insulin/administration & dosage*
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