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  1. Solid phase microextraction using new sol-gel hybrid polydimethylsiloxane-2-hydroxymethyl-18-crown-6-coated fiber for determination of organophosphorous pesticides
    Wan Ibrahim WA, Farhani H, Sanagi MM, Aboul-Enein HY
    J Chromatogr A, 2010 Jul 23;1217(30):4890-7.
    PMID: 20561627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.050
    A new sol-gel hybrid coating, polydimethylsiloxane-2-hydroxymethyl-18-crown-6 (PDMS-2OHMe18C6) was prepared in-house for use in solid phase microextraction (SPME). The three compositions produced were assessed for its extraction efficiency towards three selected organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) based on peak area extracted obtained from gas chromatography with electron capture detection. All three compositions showed superior extraction efficiencies compared to commercial 100 microm PDMS fiber. The composition showing best extraction performance was used to obtain optimized SPME conditions: 75 degrees C extraction temperature, 10 min extraction time, 120 rpm stirring rate, desorption time 5 min, desorption temperature 250 degrees C and 1.5% (w/v) of NaCl salt addition. The method detection limits (S/N=3) of the OPPs with the new sol-gel hybrid material ranged from 4.5 to 4.8 ng g(-1), which is well below the maximum residue limit set by Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Commission. Percentage recovery of OPPs from strawberry, green apple and grape samples with the new hybrid sol-gel SPME material ranged from 65 to 125% with good precision of the method (%RSD) ranging from 0.3 to 7.4%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/analysis*
  2. Application of continual injection liquid-phase microextraction method coupled with liquid chromatography to the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides
    Raharjo Y, Sanagi MM, Ibrahim WA, Naim AA, Aboul-Enein HY
    J Sep Sci, 2009 Feb;32(4):623-9.
    PMID: 19165835 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800566
    A liquid-phase microextraction coupled with LC method has been developed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (methidation, quinalphos and profenofos) in drinking water samples. In this method, a small amount (3 microL) of isooctane as the acceptor phase was introduced continually to fill-up the channel of a 1.5 cm polypropylene hollow fiber using a microsyringe while the hollow fiber was immersed in an aqueous donor solution. A portion of the acceptor phase (ca. 0.4 microL) was first introduced into the hollow fiber and additional amounts (ca. 0.2 microL) of the acceptor phase were introduced to replenish at intervals of 3 min until set end of extraction (40 min). After extraction, the acceptor phase was withdrawn and transferred into a 2 mL vial for a drying step prior to injection into a LC system. Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency were studied including the organic solvent, length of fiber, volume of acceptor and donor phase, stirring rate, extraction time, and effect of salting out. The proposed method provided good enrichment factors of up to 189.50, with RSD ranging from 0.10 to 0.29%, analyte recoveries of over 79.80% and good linearity ranging from 10.0 to 1.25 mg/L. The LOD ranged from 2.86 to 82.66 microg/L. This method was applied successfully to the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in selected drinking water samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/analysis*; Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry*
  3. Sampling and Sample Preparation Techniques for the Analysis of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Soil Matrices
    Mohamed AH, Noorhisham NA, Yahaya N, Mohamad S, Kamaruzzaman S, Osman H, et al.
    Crit Rev Anal Chem, 2023;53(4):906-927.
    PMID: 34693833 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1992262
    Despite organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) benefits in controlling vector-borne diseases and noxious insects, the bioaccumulation and persistence in the soil system may metamorphose into new substances which could pose a serious threat to the ecosystems and human health. The generally low levels of OPPs residues and often the complexity of the soil matrix are the issues that researcher must deal with. Thus, it is essential to isolate and preconcentrate the OPPs from the matrix to reduce interference effects to obtain a reliable detection. Researchers have reported sample preparation techniques as a promising approach to improve analytical measurement of merits including recovery, precision, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. Under the selected conditions, limits of detection range between 0.001 and 143 ng/mL, and extraction recovery range between 5 and 154% were obtained. This review evaluates the challenges and opportunities, emphasizes the prospects of sampling techniques and various (micro)extraction coupled with chromatographic methods in different soil samples. Based on the finding, the extraction efficiency depended largely on the interaction between OPPs and extraction media. The fate, migration, toxicity impact, sampling procedure, and storage which influenced the sample preparation were comprehensively discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/analysis
  4. Organophosphorus Pesticide Multiresidues in Commercialized Asian Rice
    Azlan NSM, Wee SY, Ismail NAH, Nasir HM, Aris AZ
    Environ Toxicol Chem, 2020 10;39(10):1908-1917.
    PMID: 32621623 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4813
    The organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) commonly used in agricultural practices can pose a risk of potential exposure to humans via food consumption. We describe an analytical method for solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (SPE-HPLC-DAD) for the detection of OPPs (quinalphos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos) in rice grains. The isolation of targeted residues was initiated with double extraction before SPE-HPLC-DAD, crucially reducing matrix interferences and detecting a wide range of multiple residues in rice grains. Coefficients of 0.9968 to 0.9991 showed a strong linearity, with limits of detection and quantification ranging from 0.36 to 0.68 µg/kg and from 1.20 to 2.28 µg/kg, respectively. High recoveries (80.4-110.3%) were observed at 3 spiking levels (50, 100, and 200 µg/kg), indicating good accuracy. The relative standard deviations of all residues (0.19-8.66%) validated the method precision. Sample analysis of 10 rice grain types (n = 30) available in the Asian market revealed that quinalphos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos at concentrations of 1.08, 1.11, and 1.79 µg/kg, respectively, remained far below the maximum residue limits (0.01-0.5 mg/kg). However, regular monitoring is necessary to confirm that multiresidue occurrence remains below permissible limits while controlling pests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1908-1917. © 2020 SETAC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/analysis*
  5. Occurrence and potential risk of organophosphorus pesticides in urbanised Linggi River, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
    Zainuddin AH, Wee SY, Aris AZ
    Environ Geochem Health, 2020 Nov;42(11):3703-3715.
    PMID: 32488800 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00604-4
    The application of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) increased gradually because of the rise in global food demand that triggered the agriculture sector to increase the production, leading to OPP residues in the surface water. This study elucidated the presence of OPPs and estimated its ecological risk in the riverine ecosystem of the urbanised Linggi River, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The OPP concentration in surface water was determined using solid-phase extraction method and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection. Further, the ecological risk was estimated by using the risk quotient (RQ) method. The three OPPs, i.e. chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and quinalphos were detected with mean concentrations of 0.0275 µg/L, 0.0328 µg/L, and 0.0362 µg/L, respectively. The OPPs were at high risk (in general and worst cases) under acute exposure. The estimated risk of diazinon was observed as medium for general (RQm = 0.5857) and high for worst cases (RQex = 4.4678). Notably, the estimated risk for chlorpyrifos was high for both general and worst cases (RQm = 1.9643 and RQex = 11.5643) towards the aquatic ecosystem of the Linggi River. Chronic risk of quinalphos remains unknown because of the absence of toxicity endpoints. This study presented clear knowledge regarding OPP contamination and possible risk for aquatic ecosystems. Hence, OPPs should be listed as one of the main priority contaminants in pesticide mitigation management in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/analysis*; Organophosphorus Compounds/toxicity
  6. Pralidoxime as an insignificant reactivator in severe anticholinesterase (organophosphate insecticide) poisoning
    Ganendran A, Balabaskaran S
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1976 Dec;7(4):543-50.
    PMID: 1030852
    In acute severe anticholinesterase poisoning by organophosphate compounds, pralidoxime (P-2-AM, pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide) used in the recommended doses, intravenously, has not been shown to reactivate the inhibited cholinesterase, as evidenced both clinically and biochemically. In vitro studies using pralidoxime iodide up to ten times the recommended concentrations, produced insignificant reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by the organophosphate insecticide Bidrin (di-methyl-3-hydroxyl-N, N-dimethyl-crotonamide phosphate). This was even so despite prolonged exposure of the inhibited cholinesterases to the oxime. The value of pralidoxime as a reactivator of phosphorylated cholinesterases is therefore in doubt, and should not be used in preference to large doses of atropine and other supportive treatment in poisoning by organophosphate insecticides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds*
  7. Fulltext Accidental organophosphate poisoning: two case reports
    Palam VSP, Abidin Z, Ong G, Loh TJ, Delilkan AE
    Med J Malaysia, 1984 Mar;39(1):85-7.
    PMID: 6513847
    Accidental organophosphate poisoning may occur in persons coming in close contact with animals being treated toitb organophosphate pesticides. The poisoning may manifest itself as a severe systemic disorder, but can be diagnosed by an alert physician and confirmed by specific tests of reduced cholinesterase activity in the blood, plasma and red blood cells. Treatment is with intravenous atropine. Supportive measures may be necessary.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds*
  8. Fulltext Determination of carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides in vegetable samples and the efficiency of gamma-radiation in their removal
    Chowdhury MA, Jahan I, Karim N, Alam MK, Abdur Rahman M, Moniruzzaman M, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:145159.
    PMID: 24711991 DOI: 10.1155/2014/145159
    In the present study, the residual pesticide levels were determined in eggplants (Solanum melongena) (n = 16), purchased from four different markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The carbamate and organophosphorus pesticide residual levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the efficiency of gamma radiation on pesticide removal in three different types of vegetables was also studied. Many (50%) of the samples contained pesticides, and three samples had residual levels above the maximum residue levels determined by the World Health Organisation. Three carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran, and pirimicarb) and six organophosphates (phenthoate, diazinon, parathion, dimethoate, phosphamidon, and pirimiphos-methyl) were detected in eggplant samples; the highest carbofuran level detected was 1.86 mg/kg, while phenthoate was detected at 0.311 mg/kg. Gamma radiation decreased pesticide levels proportionately with increasing radiation doses. Diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and phosphamidon were reduced by 40-48%, 35-43%, and 30-45%, respectively, when a radiation strength of 0.5 kGy was utilized. However, when the radiation dose was increased to 1.0 kGy, the levels of the pesticides were reduced to 85-90%, 80-91%, and 90-95%, respectively. In summary, our study revealed that pesticide residues are present at high amounts in vegetable samples and that gamma radiation at 1.0 kGy can remove 80-95% of some pesticides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/radiation effects*; Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry*
  9. Fulltext Effects of germination conditions on 5'-phosphodiesterase activity of selected seeds
    Pui, L.P., Abdulkarim, S.M., Ghazali, H.M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(4):1641-1648.
    MyJurnal
    5'-Phosphodiesterase (5'-PDE) is an enzyme that hydrolyses RNA to form 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and 5'-guanosine monophosphate (5'-GMP), which function as flavour enhancers. Selection of the best producer of 5'-PDE was made by determining the activity of the enzyme in six seeds that have been germinated, namely mung bean (Vigna radiate), soybean (Glycine max), adzuki/red bean (Vigna angularis L.), chick pea (Cicer arietinum), black eye pea (Vigna unguiculata) and petai (Parkia speciosa). Seeds that were not germinated acted as the control. In order to ensure there is no contamination from potential 5'-PDE-producing microorganisms during germination, microbial growth was reduced by using different surface sterilizing treatments where the seeds were soaked in 100 mL solution containing different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (with or without 0.05% sodium azide) for 5 minutes before rinsing it five times with sterilized distilled water (total 500 mL). The seeds were observed every day for 3 days and the best surface sterilizing treatment was selected based on absence of mold growth and the effects on hypocotyl length. Sodium hypochlorite at 0.3% (v/v) concentration was able to inhibit mold growth in adzuki bean, soybean and chickpea. On the other hand, only 0.1% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite was needed to inhibit mold growth in black eye pea and petai, while mung bean required 0.05% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite to inhibit mold growth. Under these conditions, the growth of hypocotyl (hypocotyls length) was only slightly affected compared to the control. 5'-PDE was extracted from seeds that have been germinated for 24 hours and their control (ungerminated seeds) by homogenization in a blender with 400 mL of 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 4.5. After that, the homogenates were stirred for 30 min and the centrifuged at 9000 rpm for 15 min at 10°C. 5'-PDE activity was determined using thymidine 5'-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester as substrate at pH 7.0 and 55°C. The formation of nucleotide monophosphates, the products of reaction, was determined at 405 nm. As a strong presence of phosphomonoesterase (PME) will reduce the yield of nucleotide monophosphates as the enzyme hydrolyzes these products into nucleosides and orthophosphate, PME activity was also determined using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate at 60°C and pH 5.0. Thus, the seed with the highest 5'-PDE activity and a low PME activity can be selected. Germinated adzuki bean was found to have the highest 5'-PDE activity (0.59 µmol p-nitrophenol/min/mg protein) among the germinated seeds. A time-course study indicated that the level of 5'-PDE in adzuki bean increased with time of germination until 15 hours (0.69 µmol p-nitrophenol/min/mg protein), after which the acitivity decreased until it reached the basal level (0.44 µmol p-nitrophenol/min/mg protein) at 72 hours. On the other hand, PME in the bean was the highest at 9 h germination (0.98 µmol p-nitrophenol/min/mg protein). In general, controls have very low basal level of 5'-PDE activity (0.18- 0.42 µmol p-nitrophenol/min/mg protein).
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds
  10. Predictors of Detected Organophosphorus Pesticides Among Orang Asli Children Living in Malaysia
    Mat Sutris J, Md Isa Z, Sumeri SA, Ghazi HF
    Ann Glob Health, 2017 3 12;82(5):770-778.
    PMID: 28283128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2016.10.008
    BACKGROUND: Increasing use of pesticides in agriculture to control pest may result in permanent damage to the environment and consequently cause harmful health problems especially among infant and children. Due to pesticide's natural toxicity and its widespread use, it causes a serious threat to public health especially to this vulnerable group.

    OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the organophosphorus pesticide urinary metabolite levels and its predictors among Orang Asli children of the Mah Meri tribe living in an agricultural island in Kuala Langat, Selangor.

    METHODS: Data collection was carried out at an island in Kuala Langat, Selangor, where a total of 180 Orang Asli children of the Mah Meri tribe voluntarily participated in the study. Data were collected via a validated, modified questionnaire. Urinary organophosphate metabolites, namely dimethylphosphate, diethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, dimethyldithiophosphate, diethylthiophosphate, and diethyldithiophosphate were measured to assess organophosphate pesticide exposure in children.

    FINDINGS: Eighty-four (46.7%) of the respondents were positive for urine dialkyl phosphate metabolites. In multivariable analysis, children who frequently consumed apples had 4 times higher risk of pesticide detection than those who consumed apple less frequently. In addition, those who frequently ate cucumbers had 4 times higher risk for pesticide detection than those who ate cucumbers less frequently. Children with a father whose occupation involved high exposure to pesticides (agriculture) had 3 times higher risk of pesticide detection than those with a father in a low-risk occupation (nonagriculture).

    CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of the children (46.7%) in the study area tested positive for urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolite levels. Most of the metabolite levels were equal to or higher than that reported in other previous studies. Major factors associated with pesticide detection in children in this study were frequent intake of apple and cucumber and fathers who are working in an agricultural area.

    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/adverse effects; Organophosphorus Compounds/urine*
  11. Insecticides in dry sugar baits for the control of the house-fly, Musca domestica L
    Singh KI, Hooi CW, Ha LS
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1971 Jun;2(2):244-8.
    PMID: 4109414
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology
  12. A new solid phase extraction sorbent developed based on cyanopropyl functionalized silica nanoparticles for organophosphorus pesticides determination
    Korrani ZS, Khalili E, Kamyab H, Wan Ibrahim WA, Hashim H
    Environ Res, 2023 Dec 01;238(Pt 2):117167.
    PMID: 37722580 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117167
    In this work, a simple sol-gel approach was used for the preparation of cyanopropyl (CNPr) functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2-CNPr) that tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and cyanopropyltriethoxysilane (CNPrTEOS) used as precursors. This as-prepared SiO2-CNPr nanoparticle sorbent was first characterized using FESEM, EDX, FTIR, TGA, and BET techniques. Then, the SiO2-CNPr nanoparticle was applied as a new SPE sorbent for determining trace levels of OPPs in environmental water samples. To enhance the simultaneous extraction of non-polar or/and polar OPPs and to obtain the most efficient sorbent, several sol-gel synthesis parameters were studied. In addition, the effect of several effective parameters on SPE performance was investigated toward simultaneous extraction of non-polar or/and polar OPPs. Moreover, the figures of merit such as precision, linearity, LOQ, LOD, and recovery were evaluated for the sorbent. Finally, the designed SiO2-CNPr SPE was used to determine OPPs in real water samples, and its extraction performance was compared to commercial cartridges based on cyanopropyl.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds
  13. The quality of barley husk-caryopsis adhesion is not correlated with caryopsis cuticle permeability
    Brennan M, Paterson L, Baharudin AAA, Stanisz-Migal M, Hoebe PN
    J Plant Physiol, 2019 Dec;243:153054.
    PMID: 31648109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153054
    Adhesion of the barley husk to the underlying caryopsis requires the development of a cuticular cementing layer on the caryopsis surface. Differences in adhesion quality among genotypes have previously been correlated with cementing layer composition, which is thought to influence caryopsis cuticle permeability, the hypothesised mechanism of adhesion mediation. It is not yet known whether differences in adhesion quality among genotypes are determined by changes in caryopsis cuticle permeability. We examined changes in candidate cementing layer biosynthetic and regulatory genes to investigate the genetic mechanisms behind husk adhesion quality. We used both commercially relevant UK malting cultivars and older European lines to ensure phenotypic diversity in adhesion quality. An ethylene responsive transcription factor (NUD) is required for the development of the cementing layer. To examine correlations between gene expression, cementing layer permeability and husk adhesion quality we also treated cultivars with ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) which breaks down to ethylene, and silver thiosulphate which inhibits ethylene reception, and measured caryopsis cuticle permeability. Differential adhesion qualities among genotypes are not determined by NUD expression during development of the cementing material alone, but could result from differences in biosynthetic gene expression during cementing layer development in response to longer-term NUD expression patterns. Altered caryopsis cuticle permeability does result in altered adhesion quality, but the correlation is not consistently positive or negative. Cuticle permeability is therefore not the mechanism that determines husk adhesion quality, but is likely a consequence of the required cuticular compositional changes that determine adhesion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology*
  14. Comparison of HS-SDME with SPME and SPE for the determination of eight organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in food matrices
    Kin CM, Huat TG
    J Chromatogr Sci, 2009 Sep;47(8):694-9.
    PMID: 19772747
    A headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) procedure is optimized for the analysis of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residues in food matrices, namely cucumbers and strawberries by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. The parameters affecting the HS-SDME performance, such as selection of the extraction solvent, solvent drop volume, extraction time, temperature, stirring rate, and ionic strength, were studied and optimized. Extraction was achieved by exposing 1.5 microL toluene drop to the headspace of a 5 mL aqueous solution in a 15-mL vial and stirred at 800 rpm. The analytical parameters, such as linearity, correlation coefficients, precision, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), and recovery, were compared with those obtained from headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and solid-phase extraction. The mean recoveries for all three methods were all above 70% and below 104%. HS-SPME was the best method with the lowest LOD and LOQ values. Overall, the proposed HS-SDME method is acceptable in the analysis of pesticide residues in food matrices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/analysis*
  15. Solid-phase extraction using chloropropyl functionalized sol-gel hybrid sorbent for simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides in selected fruit samples
    Veloo KV, Ibrahim NAS
    J Sep Sci, 2020 Aug;43(15):3027-3035.
    PMID: 32386268 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901237
    A new sol-gel hybrid methyltrimethoxysilane-chloropropyltriethoxysilane was prepared as sorbent for solid-phase extraction. The extraction efficiency of the prepared sol-gel hybrid methyltrimethoxysilane-chloropropyltriethoxysilane was assessed by using three selected organophosphorus pesticides, namely, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, and malathion. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for detection of organophosphorus pesticides. Several vital parameters were optimized to identify the best extraction conditions. Under the optimum extraction conditions, solid-phase extraction-methyltrimethoxysilane-chloropropyltriethoxysilane method showed good linearity range (0.05-1 μg/mL) with coefficient of determination more than 0.995. The limits of detection obtained were in the range of 0.01-0.07 μg/mL and limits of quantification ranging from 0.03 to 0.21 μg/mL. The limits of detection obtained for the developed method were 2.3-6.5× lower than the limits of detection of commercial octadecyl silica sorbent. Real samples analysis was carried out by applying the developed method on red apple and purple grape samples. The developed method exhibited good recoveries (88.33-120.7%) with low relative standard deviations ranging from 1.6 to 3.3% compared to commercial octadecyl silica sorbent, which showed acceptable recoveries (70.3-100.2%) and relative standard deviations (6.3-8.8%). The solid-phase extraction-methyltrimethoxysilane-chloropropyltriethoxysilane method is presented as an alternative extraction method for determination of organophosphorus pesticides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/analysis*
  16. Luminescent Cu4I4-Cu3(Pyrazolate)3Coordination Frameworks: Postsynthetic Ligand Substitution Leads to Network Displacement and Entanglement
    Zhan SZ, Li M, Zheng J, Wang QJ, Ng SW, Li D
    Inorg Chem, 2017 Nov 06;56(21):13446-13455.
    PMID: 29023107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02144
    Six daughter complexes based on two-dimensional (2-D) luminescent Cu4I4-Cu3Pz3(Pz = pyrazolate) coordination networks, which exhibit an uncommon Cu4I4L3L' (L = pyridine; L' = acetonitrile, pyridine, pyrazine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triphenylphosphine, none) local configuration, were prepared through a postsynthetic modification method starting from a parent complex (L' = NH3). This work has successfully implemented the single-site substitution of Cu4I4-based coordination frameworks, which have rarely been reported for isolated Cu4I4-type compounds, by taking advantage of the solvent-assisted ligand substitution strategy recently developed in metal-organic framework (MOF) chemistry. Such a procedure not only resulted in the variation of local geometry in the Cu4I4units but also led to interlayer network displacement and entanglement. Particularly, an interesting topological transformation (from 2-D to 2-D → 3-D interpenetration) occurred when linear bidentate linkers (e.g., pyrazine and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) are inserted between the 2-D layers. Moreover, the variation in the L' sites can effectively tune the emission colors, ranging from green to orange (λemmax540-605 nm at room temperature). The photoluminescence origins are tentatively assigned to be a mixture of3MLCT and3XLCT, different from that of the well-studied isolated Cu4I4-type complexes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds
  17. Assessment of cytotoxicity and toxicity for phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents
    Hayyan M, Hashim MA, Al-Saadi MA, Hayyan A, AlNashef IM, Mirghani ME
    Chemosphere, 2013 Sep;93(2):455-9.
    PMID: 23820537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.013
    In this work, the cytotoxicity and toxicity of phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with three hydrogen bond donors, namely glycerine, ethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol were investigated. The cytotoxicity effect was tested using brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The toxicity was investigated using the two Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity of tested DESs was much higher than that of their individual components, indicating their toxicological behavior was different. It was also found that there was toxic effect on the studied bacteria, indicating their potential application as anti-bacterial agents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the cytotoxicity and toxicity of phosphonium-based DESs were studied.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry*
  18. Relationship Between Alcohol Co-Ingestion and Clinical Outcome in Pesticide Self-Poisoning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Dhanarisi J, Perera S, Wijerathna T, Gawarammana I, Shihana F, Pathiraja V, et al.
    Alcohol Alcohol, 2023 Jan 09;58(1):4-12.
    PMID: 36172715 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac045
    AIM: Alcohol is a commonly co-ingested compound during self-poisoning with pesticides. Clinical experiences suggest alcohol co-ingestion (or withdrawal) makes patient management more difficult after self-poisoning and may contribute to poor clinical outcomes. We aimed to systematically review the world literature to explore the relationship between alcohol co-ingestion and outcome in pesticide self-poisoning.

    METHODS: We searched 13 electronic databases and Google scholar, conducted citation searching and a review of reference lists to find studies which investigated the relationship of alcohol with clinical outcome of pesticide self-poisoning in different countries. Thirteen studies, including 11 case series/reports and two cohort studies were considered for inclusion.

    RESULTS: Meta-analysis showed that alcohol co-ingestion in pesticide self-poisoning was associated with increased risk of death [odds ratio (OR) 4.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9-8.2 P<0.0001] and that alcohol co-ingested group required intubation eight times more often than non-co-ingested group in organophosphorus insecticide self-poisoning (OR 8.0, 95% CI 4.9-13.0 P<0.0001). Cases who co-ingested alcohol were older than non-alcohol group in two studies. One cohort study demonstrated that alcohol co-ingestion was associated with larger pesticide ingestions but did not itself affect the outcome.

    CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review indicates that alcohol co-ingestion may worsen clinical outcome in pesticide self-poisoning.

    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds
  19. Fate, distribution, and bioconcentration of pesticides impact on the organic farms of Cameron Highlands, Malaysia
    Farina Y, Munawar N, Abdullah MP, Yaqoob M, Nabi A
    Environ Monit Assess, 2018 Jun 09;190(7):386.
    PMID: 29884954 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6762-8
    Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and pyrethroid pesticides (PYRs) residues in the leafy vegetables were analyzed together with the soil samples using gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Edible tissues of vegetables showed detectable residues of these compounds indicating the influence of the conventional farms and nearby organic farms. In the vegetables, the OCPs concentrations were recorded as nd-133.3 ng/g, OPPs as nd-200 ng/g, and PYRs as nd-33.3 ng/g. In the soil, the OCPs concentrations were recorded as nd-30.6 ng/g, OPPs as nd-26.6 ng/g, and for PYRs as nd-6.7 ng/g. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) was higher for the OPPs (0.3) than the OCPs and PYRs (1.1). The OCPs concentration in the vegetables decreased in the following order: spinach > celery > broccoli > cauliflower > cabbage > lettuce > mustard. For OPPs, the concentration decreased in the following order: cauliflower > spinach > celery > cabbage > broccoli > lettuce > mustard and for PYRs as spinach > celery > lettuce > cabbage > broccoli. Principal component analysis indicates that the sources of these pesticides are not the same, and the pesticide application on the vegetables depends on the type of crop. There is a significant positive correlation between OPPs and the soil (r = 0.65) as compared to OCPs and PYRs (r = 0.1) as the vegetables accumulated OPPs more efficiently than OCPs and PYRs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds/analysis
  20. Fulltext Organophosphate poisoning: a Malaysian intensive care experience of one hundred cases
    Delilkan AE, Namazie M, Ong G
    Med J Malaysia, 1984 Sep;39(3):229-33.
    PMID: 6544925
    From 1970 to 1984, 100 patients suffering from organophosphate poisoning were treated in the Intensive Care Unit at the University Hospital. These patients developed signs and symptoms of cholinergic over-activity and were treated with continuous intravenous atropine. Many of the patients also developed acute respiratory failure, which necessitated ventilatory support in the form of intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Other measures included the use of inotropes and nutritional support. Daily estimation of serum cholinesterase levels were useful in assessing degree of recovery of the patients from the effects of the organophosphates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organophosphorus Compounds*
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