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Patterns of recognition of Arabic consonants by non-native children with cochlear implants and normal hearing

Anis FN, Umat C, Ahmad K, Hamid BA

Cochlear Implants Int, 2019 01;20(1):12-22.
PMID: 30293522 DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2018.1530420

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the patterns of recognition of Arabic consonants, via information transmission analysis for phonological features, in a group of Malay children with normal hearing (NH) and cochlear implants (CI).
METHOD: A total of 336 and 616 acoustic tokens were collected from six CI and 11 NH Malay children, respectively. The groups were matched for hearing age and duration of exposure to Arabic sounds. All the 28 Arabic consonants in the form of consonant-vowel /a/ were presented randomly twice via a loudspeaker at approximately 65 dB SPL. The participants were asked to repeat verbally the stimulus heard in each presentation.
RESULTS: Within the native Malay perceptual space, the two groups responded differently to the Arabic consonants. The dispersed uncategorized assimilation in the CI group was distinct in the confusion matrix (CM), as compared to the NH children. Consonants /ħ/, /tˁ/, /sˁ/ and /ʁ/ were difficult for the CI children, while the most accurate item was /k/ (84%). The CI group transmitted significantly reduced information, especially for place feature transmission, then the NH group (p

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
Arabic phoneme-grapheme correspondence by non-native, deaf children with cochlear implants and normal hearing children

Anis FN, Umat C, Ahmad K, Abdul Hamid B

Cochlear Implants Int, 2022 Nov;23(6):347-357.
PMID: 36005236 DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2022.2114583

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the error patterns of Arabic phoneme-grapheme correspondence by a group of Malay children with cochlear implants (CIs) and normal hearing (NH) and the effects of the visual graphical features of Arabic graphemes (no-dot, single-dot, and multiple-dots) on the phoneme-grapheme correspondence.
METHODS: Participants were matched for hearing age (Mean, M = 7 ± 1.03 years) and duration of exposure to Arabic sounds (M = 2.7 ± 1.2 years). All 28 Arabic phonemes were presented through a loudspeaker and participants pointed to the graphemes associated with the presented phonemes.
RESULTS: A total of 336 and 616 tokens were collected for six children with CI and 11 NH children for each task, i.e., phonemes repetition and phoneme-grapheme correspondence. Both groups found it easier to repeat phonemes than the phoneme-grapheme correspondence. The children with CIs showed more confusion ([ظ, ز, ذ, ض, خ, ب, ه, س, ع, & ث] >10% correct scores) in phoneme-grapheme correspondence than the NH children ([ظ:14%] and [ث: 27%]). There was a significant interaction (p = 0.001) among the three visual graphical features and hearing status (CI and NH).
CONCLUSION: Our results infer that non-native Malay children with CIs and NH use different strategies to process the Arabic graphemes' visual features for phoneme-grapheme correspondence.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
Fulltext Acoustic change complex in background noise: phoneme level and timing effects

Billings CJ, Grush LD, Maamor N

Physiol Rep, 2017 Nov;5(20).
PMID: 29051305 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13464

The effects of background noise on speech-evoked cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) can provide insight into the physiology of the auditory system. The purpose of this study was to determine background noise effects on neural coding of different phonemes within a syllable. CAEPs were recorded from 15 young normal-hearing adults in response to speech signals /s/, /ɑ/, and /sɑ/. Signals were presented at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The effects of SNR and context (in isolation or within syllable) were analyzed for both phonemes. For all three stimuli, latencies generally decreased and amplitudes generally increased as SNR improved, and context effects were not present; however, the amplitude of the /ɑ/ response was the exception, showing no SNR effect and a significant context effect. Differential coding of /s/ and /ɑ/ likely result from level and timing differences. Neural refractoriness may result in the lack of a robust SNR effect on amplitude in the syllable context. The stable amplitude across SNRs in response to the vowel in /sɑ/ suggests the combined effects of (1) acoustic characteristics of the syllable and noise at poor SNRs and (2) refractory effects resulting from phoneme timing at good SNRs. Results provide insights into the coding of multiple-onset speech syllables in varying levels of background noise and, together with behavioral measures, may help to improve our understanding of speech-perception-in-noise difficulties.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics*
Digital noise reduction in hearing aids and its acoustic effect on consonants /s/ and /z/

Chong FY, Jenstad LM

Med J Malaysia, 2018 12;73(6):365-370.
PMID: 30647205

INTRODUCTION: Modulation-based noise reduction (MBNR) is one of the common noise reduction methods used in hearing aids. Gain reduction in high frequency bands may occur for some implementations of MBNR and fricatives might be susceptible to alteration, given the high frequency components in fricative noise. The main objective of this study is to quantify the acoustic effect of MBNR on /s, z/.
METHODS: Speech-and-noise signals were presented to, and recorded from, six hearing aids mounted on a head and torso simulator. Test stimuli were nonsense words mixed with pink, cafeteria, or speech-modulated noise at 0 dB SNR. Fricatives /s, z/ were extracted from the recordings for analysis.
RESULTS: Analysis of the noise confirmed that MBNR in all hearing aids was activated for the recordings. More than 1.0 dB of acoustic change occurred to /s, z/ when MBNR was turned on in four out of the six hearing aids in the pink and cafeteria noise conditions. The acoustics of /s, z/ by female talkers were affected more than male talkers. Significant relationships between amount of noise reduction and acoustic change of /s, z/ were found. Amount of noise reduction accounts for 42.8% and 16.8% of the variability in acoustic change for /s/ and /z/ respectively.
CONCLUSION: Some clinically-available implementations of MBNR have measurable effects on the acoustics of fricatives. Possible implications for speech perception are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
Cross-linguistic transfer of phonological skills: a Malaysian perspective

Gomez C, Reason R

Dyslexia, 2002 Jan-Mar;8(1):22-33.
PMID: 11990222

This study examined the phonological and reading performance in English of Malaysian children whose home language was Bahasa Malaysia (BM). A sample of 69 Malaysian Standard Two pupils (aged 7-8 years) was selected for the study. Since commencing school at the age of 6 years, the children had been learning to read in BM and had subsequently also been learning to read in English for some 12 months. The study was part of a larger scale research programme that fully recognized the limitations of tests that had not been developed and standardized in Malaysia. Nevertheless, as a first step to developing such tests, a comparison with existing norms for the Phonological Assessment Battery (PhAB) and the Wechsler Objective Reading Dimension (WORD) was undertaken in relation to information about the children's L1 and L2 language competencies. Results showed that the children's performance on PhAB was at least comparable to the UK norms while, not surprisingly, they fared less well on WORD. The results are discussed in terms of L1 and L2 transfer, whereby the transparency of written BM and the structured way in which reading is taught in BM facilitates performance on phonological tasks in English. This has implications for identifying children with phonologically based reading difficulties.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics*
Normative nasalance scores for the Malay language

Ibrahim HM, Reilly S, Kilpatrick N

Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2012 Sep;49(5):e61-3.
PMID: 21787239 DOI: 10.1597/11-001

To establish normative nasalance scores for a set of newly developed stimuli in Malay.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics*
Fulltext Phonological acquisition among Malaysian English child speakers of Indian descent

Joseph, Pamela Thomas

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2006;4(2):13-26.
MyJurnal

This preliminary study aims to provide an initial description of phonological acquisition among Malaysian Children of Indian descent aged two to six years. The description of the consonantal phonemic inventory as well as various Phonological processes evidenced by subjects is also reported. The mothers’ phonemic inventory was obtained as the representation of the children’s most active environmental linguistic input. Speech samples of the mothers as well as the subjects were obtained from a single word test and narrative test. The speech sample was recorded and transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The results of the tests revealed a significant correspondence between the subjects' phonemic inventory and their mothers’ except for the following phonemes: /ð/ , /θ/ , /v/ and /w/. Both mothers and subjects demonstrated free variation for the production of /v/ and /w/. The mothers displayed a range of 21-23 phonemes in their inventories whereas the subjects displayed a range of 17-21 phonemes. The age acquisition for some phonemes, namely the affricates which was evidenced by subject aged 2;4 were noted to be earlier than that of subjects in past studies. Rapid phonological development was evidenced at the age of 2;4- 3;7.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
Lexical analyses of the function and phonology of Papuan Malay word stress

Kaland C, Kluge A, van Heuven VJ

Phonetica, 2021 04 27;78(2):141-168.
PMID: 33892529 DOI: 10.1515/phon-2021-2003

The existence of word stress in Indonesian languages has been controversial. Recent acoustic analyses of Papuan Malay suggest that this language has word stress, counter to other studies and unlike closely related languages. The current study further investigates Papuan Malay by means of lexical (non-acoustic) analyses of two different aspects of word stress. In particular, this paper reports two distribution analyses of a word corpus, 1) investigating the extent to which stress patterns may help word recognition and 2) exploring the phonological factors that predict the distribution of stress patterns. The facilitating role of stress patterns in word recognition was investigated in a lexical analysis of word embeddings. The results show that Papuan Malay word stress (potentially) helps to disambiguate words. As for stress predictors, a random forest analysis investigated the effect of multiple morpho-phonological factors on stress placement. It was found that the mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ play a central role in stress placement, refining the conclusions of previous work that mainly focused on /ɛ/. The current study confirms that non-acoustic research on stress can complement acoustic research in important ways. Crucially, the combined findings on stress in Papuan Malay so far give rise to an integrated perspective to word stress, in which phonetic, phonological and cognitive factors are considered.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics*
Fulltext The role of f0 shape and phrasal position in Papuan Malay and American English word identification

Kaland C, Gordon MK

Phonetica, 2022 Jun 27;79(3):219-245.
PMID: 35981718 DOI: 10.1515/phon-2022-2022

The prosodic structure of under-researched languages in the Trade Malay language family is poorly understood. Although boundary marking has been uncontroversially shown as the major prosodic function in these languages, studies on the use of pitch accents to highlight important words in a phrase remain inconclusive. In addition, most knowledge of pitch accents is based on well-researched languages such as the ones from the Western-Germanic language family. This paper reports two word identification experiments comparing Papuan Malay with the pitch accent language American English, in order to investigate the extent to which the demarcating and highlighting function of prosody can be disentangled. To this end, target words were presented to native listeners of both languages and differed with respect to their position in the phrase (medial or final) and the shape of their f0 movement (original or manipulated). Reaction times for the target word identifications revealed overall faster responses for original and final words compared to manipulated and medial ones. The results add to previous findings on the facilitating effect of pitch accents and further improve our prosodic knowledge of underresearched languages.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
The development of tone discrimination in infancy: Evidence from a cross-linguistic, multi-lab report

Kalashnikova M, Singh L, Tsui A, Altuntas E, Burnham D, Cannistraci R, et al.

Dev Sci, 2024 May;27(3):e13459.
PMID: 37987377 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13459

We report the findings of a multi-language and multi-lab investigation of young infants' ability to discriminate lexical tones as a function of their native language, age and language experience, as well as of tone properties. Given the high prevalence of lexical tones across human languages, understanding lexical tone acquisition is fundamental for comprehensive theories of language learning. While there are some similarities between the developmental course of lexical tone perception and that of vowels and consonants, findings for lexical tones tend to vary greatly across different laboratories. To reconcile these differences and to assess the developmental trajectory of native and non-native perception of tone contrasts, this study employed a single experimental paradigm with the same two pairs of Cantonese tone contrasts (perceptually similar vs. distinct) across 13 laboratories in Asia-Pacific, Europe and North-America testing 5-, 10- and 17-month-old monolingual (tone, pitch-accent, non-tone) and bilingual (tone/non-tone, non-tone/non-tone) infants. Across the age range and language backgrounds, infants who were not exposed to Cantonese showed robust discrimination of the two non-native lexical tone contrasts. Contrary to this overall finding, the statistical model assessing native discrimination by Cantonese-learning infants failed to yield significant effects. These findings indicate that lexical tone sensitivity is maintained from 5 to 17 months in infants acquiring tone and non-tone languages, challenging the generalisability of the existing theoretical accounts of perceptual narrowing in the first months of life. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This is a multi-language and multi-lab investigation of young infants' ability to discriminate lexical tones. This study included data from 13 laboratories testing 5-, 10-, and 17-month-old monolingual (tone, pitch-accent, non-tone) and bilingual (tone/non-tone, non-tone/non-tone) infants. Overall, infants discriminated a perceptually similar and a distinct non-native tone contrast, although there was no evidence of a native tone-language advantage in discrimination. These results demonstrate maintenance of tone discrimination throughout development.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
Perceptual processing of Mandarin nasals by L1 and L2 Mandarin speakers

Lai YH

J Psycholinguist Res, 2012 Aug;41(4):237-52.
PMID: 22089521 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-011-9190-2

Nasals are cross-linguistically susceptible to change, especially in the syllable final position. Acoustic reports on Mandarin nasal production have recently shown that the syllable-final distinction is frequently dropped. Few studies, however, have addressed the issue of perceptual processing in Mandarin nasals for L1 and L2 speakers of Mandarin Chinese. The current paper addressed to what extent and in what directions L1 and L2 speakers of Mandarin differed in perceiving Mandarin nasals. Possible variables, including the linguistic backgrounds (i.e. L1 vs. L2 speakers of Mandarin Chinese), the vocalic contexts (i.e. [i, ə, a, y, ua, uə, ia]) and the phonetic settings (i.e. syllable-initial vs. syllable-final), were discussed. Asymmetrical findings in the current investigation indicated limitations of speech learning theories developed from European languages in the context of Mandarin nasals. A tri-dimensional model was thus suggested for interpreting the cognitive mechanism in Mandarin nasal perception.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics*
Acquisition of Malay word recognition skills: lessons from low-progress early readers

Lee LW, Wheldall K

Dyslexia, 2011 Feb;17(1):19-37.
PMID: 21241030 DOI: 10.1002/dys.421

Malay is a consistent alphabetic orthography with complex syllable structures. The focus of this research was to investigate word recognition performance in order to inform reading interventions for low-progress early readers. Forty-six Grade 1 students were sampled and 11 were identified as low-progress readers. The results indicated that both syllable awareness and phoneme blending were significant predictors of word recognition, suggesting that both syllable and phonemic grain-sizes are important in Malay word recognition. Item analysis revealed a hierarchical pattern of difficulty based on the syllable and the phonic structure of the words. Error analysis identified the sources of errors to be errors due to inefficient syllable segmentation, oversimplification of syllables, insufficient grapheme-phoneme knowledge and inefficient phonemic code assembly. Evidence also suggests that direct instruction in syllable segmentation, phonemic awareness and grapheme-phoneme correspondence is necessary for low-progress readers to acquire word recognition skills. Finally, a logical sequence to teach grapheme-phoneme decoding in Malay is suggested.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
Fulltext High variability phonetic training in adaptive adverse conditions is rapid, effective, and sustained

Leong CXR, Price JM, Pitchford NJ, van Heuven WJB

PLoS One, 2018;13(10):e0204888.
PMID: 30300372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204888

This paper evaluates a novel high variability phonetic training paradigm that involves presenting spoken words in adverse conditions. The effectiveness, generalizability, and longevity of this high variability phonetic training in adverse conditions was evaluated using English phoneme contrasts in three experiments with Malaysian multilinguals. Adverse conditions were created by presenting spoken words against background multi-talker babble. In Experiment 1, the adverse condition level was set at a fixed level throughout the training and in Experiment 2 the adverse condition level was determined for each participant before training using an adaptive staircase procedure. To explore the effectiveness and sustainability of the training, phonemic discrimination ability was assessed before and immediately after training (Experiments 1 and 2) and 6 months after training (Experiment 3). Generalization of training was evaluated within and across phonemic contrasts using trained and untrained stimuli. Results revealed significant perceptual improvements after just three 20-minute training sessions and these improvements were maintained after 6 months. The training benefits also generalized from trained to untrained stimuli. Crucially, perceptual improvements were significantly larger when the adverse conditions were adapted before each training session than when it was set at a fixed level. As the training improvements observed here are markedly larger than those reported in the literature, this indicates that the individualized phonetic training regime in adaptive adverse conditions (HVPT-AAC) is highly effective at improving speech perception.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
Orthography-phonology consistency in English: Theory- and data-driven measures and their impact on auditory vs. visual word recognition

Lim A, O'Brien B, Onnis L

Behav Res Methods, 2024 Mar;56(3):1283-1313.
PMID: 37553536 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02094-5

Research on orthographic consistency in English words has selectively identified different sub-syllabic units in isolation (grapheme, onset, vowel, coda, rime), yet there is no comprehensive assessment of how these measures affect word identification when taken together. To study which aspects of consistency are more psychologically relevant, we investigated their independent and composite effects on human reading behavior using large-scale databases. Study 1 found effects on adults' naming responses of both feedforward consistency (orthography to phonology) and feedback consistency (phonology to orthography). Study 2 found feedback but no feedforward consistency effects on visual and auditory lexical decision tasks, with the best predictor being a composite measure of consistency across grapheme, rime, OVC, and word-initial letter-phoneme. In Study 3, we explicitly modeled the reading process with forward and backward flow in a bidirectionally connected neural network. The model captured latent dimensions of quasi-regular mapping that explain additional variance in human reading and spelling behavior, compared to the established measures. Together, the results suggest interactive activation between phonological and orthographic word representations. They also validate the role of computational analyses of language to better understand how print maps to sound, and what properties of natural language affect reading complexity.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics*
Rate of multilingual phonological acquisition: Evidence from a cross-sectional study of English-Mandarin-Malay

Lim HW, Wells B, Howard S

Clin Linguist Phon, 2015;29(11):793-811.
PMID: 26237032

Early child multilingual acquisition is under-explored. Using a cross-sectional study approach, the present research investigates the rate of multilingual phonological acquisition of English-Mandarin-Malay by 64 ethnic Chinese children aged 2;06-4;05 in Malaysia--a multiracial-multilingual country of Asia. The aims of the study are to provide clinical norms for speech development in the multilingual children and to compare multilingual acquisition with monolingual and bilingual acquisition. An innovative multilingual phonological test which adopts well-defined scoring criteria drawing upon local accents of English, Mandarin and Malay is proposed and described in this article. This procedure has been neglected in the few existing Chinese bilingual phonological acquisition studies resulting in peculiar findings. The multilingual children show comparable phonological acquisition milestones to that of monolingual and bilingual peers acquiring the same languages. The implications of the present results are discussed. The present findings contribute to the development of models and theories of child multilingual acquisition.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics*
Multilingual English-Mandarin-Malay phonological error patterns: An initial cross-sectional study of 2 to 4 years old Malaysian Chinese children

Lim HW

Clin Linguist Phon, 2018;32(10):889-912.
PMID: 29993293 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2018.1459852

Child multilingual phonological errors are under-explored. Cross-linguistic studies suggest monolingual children make phonological errors that are subject to effects of language universality and ambient language characteristics. Bilingual Chinese children were observed to use not only typical, but also atypical phonological errors compared to monolingual peers acquiring similar languages. Atypical errors are a result of specific bilingual pair effects. Close-language-relatedness (Cantonese-Mandarin) is claimed to be responsible for the nonexistence of atypical errors in both languages, whilst distant-language-relatedness (Cantonese-English) is observed to cause atypical errors in both languages. The present novel cross-sectional study investigated phonological acquisition in three typologically distant languages: English-Mandarin-Malay by 64 multilingual Chinese children aged 2½-4½. The present research aimed to explore if multilingual Chinese children exhibit phonological errors which commensurate to that of monolingual and bilingual Chinese children acquiring similar languages as described in the literature. The single-word phonological test results revealed that the multilinguals exhibited typical and atypical phonological patterns which largely commensurate with the monolinguals and bilinguals. Similar to bilingual children, the multilingual children showed more atypical errors in English than in Mandarin, demonstrating effects of individual language irrespective of potential interaction with additional languages. The present result did not fully support the link between closeness in typology of languages and the absence of atypical errors. Rare atypical errors were found in Mandarin and Malay, two typologically different languages, and both were also interacting with English, another typologically different language. The present findings provided useful preliminary multilingual speech norms for the use of speech therapists.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics*
Fulltext An Inventory of Vowel Phonemes of the Melanau Rajang dialect

MARINA KAWI, DAYANG SARIAH ABANG SUHAI

Trends in Undergraduate Research, 2018;1(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

The study aims to identify an inventory of vowel phonemes of Melanau Rajang dialect in Belawai under the administration of Tanjung Manis District, Sarawak. This study is a field survey using interview methods to obtain data. A total 250 Swadesh list (Samarin, 1967) are used as a guide for data collection. In this study, two infotmants of different genders aged between 40 and 60 years old were selected based on criteria of informant selections according to Asmah Haji Omar (2001). In analysis data, qualitative method is used based on structural approaches. The findings show that there are eight (8) vowel phonemes have been identified; four (4) front vowels [i, e, ε, a]; one (1) central vowel [ə]; and three (3) back vowels [u, o, ɔ]. Besides that, the distribution/alternation of all vowel phonemes of Melanau Rajang dialect in Belawai are also discussed in this study. The findings also indicate that active vowel phonemes are vowels [a, i, u], while inactive vocal phonemes are vowels [ɔ, o, ε, ə, e].

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
Fulltext Differential coding of perception in the world's languages

Majid A, Roberts SG, Cilissen L, Emmorey K, Nicodemus B, O'Grady L, et al.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2018 Nov 06;115(45):11369-11376.
PMID: 30397135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720419115

Is there a universal hierarchy of the senses, such that some senses (e.g., vision) are more accessible to consciousness and linguistic description than others (e.g., smell)? The long-standing presumption in Western thought has been that vision and audition are more objective than the other senses, serving as the basis of knowledge and understanding, whereas touch, taste, and smell are crude and of little value. This predicts that humans ought to be better at communicating about sight and hearing than the other senses, and decades of work based on English and related languages certainly suggests this is true. However, how well does this reflect the diversity of languages and communities worldwide? To test whether there is a universal hierarchy of the senses, stimuli from the five basic senses were used to elicit descriptions in 20 diverse languages, including 3 unrelated sign languages. We found that languages differ fundamentally in which sensory domains they linguistically code systematically, and how they do so. The tendency for better coding in some domains can be explained in part by cultural preoccupations. Although languages seem free to elaborate specific sensory domains, some general tendencies emerge: for example, with some exceptions, smell is poorly coded. The surprise is that, despite the gradual phylogenetic accumulation of the senses, and the imbalances in the neural tissue dedicated to them, no single hierarchy of the senses imposes itself upon language.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics
Speech stimuli and nasalance scores for the assessment of resonance in in Mandarin speaking Malaysian children

Mohd Ibrahim H, Lim HW, Ahmad Rusli Y, Lim CT

Clin Linguist Phon, 2020 06 02;34(6):554-565.
PMID: 31537131 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2019.1668480

This study was designed to develop language-specific stimuli for the assessment of resonance and to obtain nasalance scores using the newly developed speech stimuli in Mandarin. Gender and age influences on nasalance scores for each of the stimulus were also examined. Participants recruited were typically developing Mandarin-speaking ethnic Chinese children aged 6;00-7;11 growing up in Malaysia. Perceptual ratings of nasality were made based on the GOS.SP.ASS.'98 (revised) for children while nasalance scores were recorded for each stimulus using the Nasometer II (Model 6400). Fifty Mandarin-speaking children (24 males and 26 females) were recruited. None of the participants were perceived with abnormal nasality on the three stimuli. The mean nasalance scores for the Mandarin stimuli were 16.08% (SD = 2.57, 95% CI = 15.35-16.81) for the Oral passage, 25.20% (SD = 3.63, 95% CI = 24.17-26.23) for the Oral-Nasal passage and 55.44% (SD = 4.17, 95% CI = 54.25-56.63) for the Nasal passage. No significant age- and gender-related differences were observed for all the three stimuli. This is the first set of Mandarin stimuli and nasalance norms for Mandarin-speaking children in Malaysia. The influence of phonetic content on nasalance is supported. Findings call for language-specific normative nasalance data and careful selection of stimuli for the assessment of resonance.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics*
Fulltext The development of Malay speech audiometry

Mukari SZ, Said H

Med J Malaysia, 1991 Sep;46(3):262-8.
PMID: 1839923

Speech audiometry is a method for assessing the ability of the auditory system using speech sounds as stimuli. A list of phonemically balanced bisyllabic consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel (c-v-c-v) Malay words was produced. All the bisyllabic words (c-v-c-v) thought to be commonly used in everyday conversations were listed from the Dewan Bahasa dictionary and their suitability assessed. The chosen words were divided into 25 groups containing 10 words each. The list was then recorded by a professional male newscaster in a sound proof studio. A normal speech audiometry curve was obtained by testing 60 normal hearing subjects using the prerecorded speech material. The result of the study showed that the normal Malay speech audiometry curve was comparable to those of English and Arabic speech audiometry, in which it was sigmoidal with the optimum discrimination score of 40 dB and half peak level of 17.5 dB.

Matched MeSH terms: Phonetics

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