Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 78 in total

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  1. Application of acid-modified Imperata cylindrica powder for latent fingerprint development
    Low WZ, Khoo BE, Aziz ZB, Low LW, Teng TT, bin Abdullah AF
    Sci Justice, 2015 Sep;55(5):347-54.
    PMID: 26385718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.04.008
    A novel powdering material that utilizes acid-modified Imperata cylindrica (IC) powder for the development of fingermarks was studied. Experiments were carried out to determine the suitability, adherence quality and sensitivity of the acid-modified IC powder. Fingermarks of different constituents (eccrine, sebaceous and natural fingermarks) on different types of surfaces were used. Acid-modified IC powder was also used to develop fingermarks of different ages as well as aged fingermarks recovered from the water. From the visual inspection, acid-modified IC powder was able to interact with different fingermark constituents and produced distinct ridge details on the examined surfaces. It was also able to develop aged fingermarks and fingermarks that were submerged in water. A statistical comparison was made against the Sirchie® Hi-Fi black powder in terms of the powders' sensitivity and quality of the developed natural fingermarks. The image quality was analyzed using MITRE's Image Quality of Fingerprint (IQF) software. From the experiments, acid-modified IC powder has the potential as a fingermark development powder, although natural fingermarks developed by Sirchie® black powder showed better quality and sensitivity based on the results of the statistical comparison.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae*
  2. Fulltext Molecular identification of endophytic fungi in lawn grass (Axonopus compressus) and their pathogenic ability
    Azuddin NF, Mohamad Noor Azmy MS, Zakaria L
    Sci Rep, 2023 Mar 14;13(1):4239.
    PMID: 36918601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31291-7
    Lawn grass (Axonopus compressus) is a widely distributed grass species from the family Poaceae that is ubiquitous in Malaysia. We isolated endophytic fungi from the leaves of A. compressus and molecularly identified them as Fusarium parceramosum, Colletotrichum siamense, C. gigasporum, C. endophyticum, Curvularia lunata, Stagonospora bicolor, Calonectria gracilis, and Albifimbria verrucari. These fungal endophytes are considered host generalists, as they have been isolated from other plants and have also been reported to be latent plant pathogens. We tested the pathogenicity of selected endophytic fungal isolates on A. compressus leaves, chili (Capsicum annum), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and found that they were pathogenic to wounded A. compressus leaves with low to moderate virulence, and several were pathogenic to wounded and unwounded chili and tomato fruits. This indicated that the endophytes could infect both vegetable fruits with low to very high virulence. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that endophytic fungi from the leaves of A. compressus can become pathogenic and infect the host and other plant species. The findings also indicated that leaves of A. compressus may harbor pathogens with latent ability that can become active due to changes in environmental conditions, thereby disrupting the balance between host-endophyte antagonism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  3. Evaluation of transfer factors of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radionuclides from soil to grass and mango in the northern region of Bangladesh
    Siraz MMM, Das SK, Mondol MS, Alam MS, Al Mahmud J, Rashid MB, et al.
    Environ Monit Assess, 2023 Apr 17;195(5):579.
    PMID: 37067680 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11223-8
    Bangladesh is a rapidly developing country, which is vulnerable to various types of pollution due to the large-scale industrial and associated human activities that might potentially affect the locally harvested foodstuffs. Therefore, the transfer factor is an essential tool to assess the safety of foodstuffs due to the presence of natural radioactivity in environmental matrix and/or strata. This is a first study of its kind conducted in a well-known region for mango farming in Bangladesh, measuring the uptake of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) by grass and mango from soil to assess the ingestion doses to humans. The HPGe gamma-ray detector was used to determine the concentrations of NORMs in samples of soil (20), grass (10), and mango (10), which were then used to calculate the transfer factors of soil to grass and soil to mango. Average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in associated soil samples (47.27 ± 4.10, 64.49 ± 4.32, 421.60 ± 28.85) of mango and 226Ra and 232Th in associated soil samples (45.07 ± 3.93, 52.17 ± 3.95) of grass were found to exceed the world average values. The average transfer factors (TFs) for mango were obtained in the order of 40K(0.80) > 226Ra (0.61) > 232Th (0.31), and for grass, it shows the order of 40K (0.78) > 232Th (0.64) > 226Ra (0.56). However, a few values (3 mango samples and 3 grass samples) of the estimated TFs exceeded the recommended limits. Moreover, Bangladesh lacks the transfer factors for most of the food crops; therefore, calculation of TFs in the major agricultural products is required all over Bangladesh, especially the foodstuffs produced near the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, which is scheduled to be commissioned in 2023.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  4. Fulltext Extensive Genetic Variation at the Sr22 Wheat Stem Rust Resistance Gene Locus in the Grasses Revealed Through Evolutionary Genomics and Functional Analyses
    Md Hatta MA, Ghosh S, Athiyannan N, Richardson T, Steuernagel B, Yu G, et al.
    Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 2020 Nov;33(11):1286-1298.
    PMID: 32779520 DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-01-20-0018-R
    In the last 20 years, severe wheat stem rust outbreaks have been recorded in Africa, Europe, and Central Asia. This previously well controlled disease, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, has reemerged as a major threat to wheat cultivation. The stem rust (Sr) resistance gene Sr22 encodes a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor which confers resistance to the highly virulent African stem rust isolate Ug99. Here, we show that the Sr22 gene is conserved among grasses in the Triticeae and Poeae lineages. Triticeae species contain syntenic loci with single-copy orthologs of Sr22 on chromosome 7, except Hordeum vulgare, which has experienced major expansions and rearrangements at the locus. We also describe 14 Sr22 sequence variants obtained from both Triticum boeoticum and the domesticated form of this species, T. monococcum, which have been postulated to encode both functional and nonfunctional Sr22 alleles. The nucleotide sequence analysis of these alleles identified historical sequence exchange resulting from recombination or gene conversion, including breakpoints within codons, which expanded the coding potential at these positions by introduction of nonsynonymous substitutions. Three Sr22 alleles were transformed into wheat cultivar Fielder and two postulated resistant alleles from Schomburgk (hexaploid wheat introgressed with T. boeoticum segment carrying Sr22) and T. monococcum accession PI190945, respectively, conferred resistance to P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK, thereby unequivocally confirming Sr22 effectiveness against Ug99. The third allele from accession PI573523, previously believed to confer susceptibility, was confirmed as nonfunctional against Australian P. graminis f. sp. tritici race 98-1,2,3,5,6.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  5. Environmental 238U and 232Th concentration measurements in an area of high level natural background radiation at Palong, Johor, Malaysia
    Ramli AT, Hussein AW, Wood AK
    J Environ Radioact, 2005;80(3):287-304.
    PMID: 15725504
    Concentrations of uranium-238 and thorium-232 in soil, water, grass, moss and oil-palm fruit samples collected from an area of high background radiation were determined using neutron activation analysis (NAA). U-238 concentration in soil ranged from 4.9 mg kg(-1) (58.8 Bq kg(-1)) to 40.4 mg kg(-1) (484.8 Bq kg(-1)), Th-232 concentration ranged from 14.9 mg kg(-1) (59.6 Bq kg(-1)) to 301.0 mg kg(-1) (1204 Bq kg(-1)). The concentration of U-238 in grass samples ranged from below the detection limit to 0.076 mg kg(-1) (912 mBq kg(-1)), and Th-232 ranged from 0.008 mg kg(-1) (32 mBq kg(-1)) to 0.343 mg kg(-1) (1.372 Bq kg(-1)). U-238 content in water samples ranged from 0.33 mg kg(-1) (4.0 Bq L(-1)) to 1.40 mg kg(-1) (16.8 Bq L(-1)), and Th-232 ranged from 0.19 mg kg(-1) (0.76 Bq L(-1)) to 0.66 mg kg(-1) (2.64 Bq L(-1)). It can be said that the concentrations of environmental U-238 and Th-232 in grass and water samples in the study area are insignificant. Mosses were found to be possible bio-radiological indicators due to their high absorption of the heavy radioelements from the environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/chemistry
  6. Differential capacity of phragmites ecotypes in remediation of inorganic contaminants in coastal ecosystems: Implications for climate change
    Akhter N, Aqeel M, Shazia, Irshad MK, Shehnaz MM, Lee SS, et al.
    Environ Res, 2024 Apr 15;247:118127.
    PMID: 38220075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118127
    Remediating inorganic pollutants is an important part of protecting coastal ecosystems, which are especially at risk from the effects of climate change. Different Phragmites karka (Retz) Trin. ex Steud ecotypes were gathered from a variety of environments, and their abilities to remove inorganic contaminants from coastal wetlands were assessed. The goal is to learn how these ecotypes process innovation might help reduce the negative impacts of climate change on coastal environments. The Phragmites karka ecotype E1, found in a coastal environment in Ichkera that was impacted by residential wastewater, has higher biomass production and photosynthetic pigment content than the Phragmites karka ecotypes E2 (Kalsh) and E3 (Gatwala). Osmoprotectant accumulation was similar across ecotypes, suggesting that all were able to successfully adapt to polluted marine environments. The levels of both total soluble sugars and proteins were highest in E2. The amount of glycine betaine (GB) rose across the board, with the highest levels being found in the E3 ecotype. The study also demonstrated that differing coastal habitats significantly influenced the antioxidant activity of all ecotypes, with E1 displaying the lowest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, while E2 exhibited the lowest peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Significant morphological changes were evident in E3, such as an expansion of the phloem, vascular bundle, and metaxylem cell areas. When compared to the E3 ecotype, the E1 and E2 ecotypes showed striking improvements across the board in leaf anatomy. Mechanistic links between architectural and physio-biochemical alterations are crucial to the ecological survival of different ecotypes of Phragmites karka in coastal environments affected by climate change. Their robustness and capacity to reduce pollution can help coastal ecosystems endure in the face of persistent climate change.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/metabolism; Poaceae/chemistry
  7. Effects of Running Surface Stiffness on Three-Segment Foot Kinematics Responses with Different Shod Conditions
    Abdul Yamin NAA, Basaruddin KS, Salleh AF, Salim MS, Wan Muhamad WZA
    Appl Bionics Biomech, 2021;2021:8842591.
    PMID: 33603827 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8842591
    Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of surface stiffness on multisegment foot kinematics and temporal parameters during running.

    Methods: Eighteen male subjects ran on three different surfaces (i.e., concrete, artificial grass, and rubber) in both heeled running shoes (HS) and minimal running shoes (MS). Both these shoes had dissimilar sole profiles. The heeled shoes had a higher sole at the heel, a thick base, and arch support, whereas the minimal shoes had a flat base sole. Indeed, the studied biomechanical parameters responded differently in the different footwear during running. Subjects ran in recreational mode speed while 3D foot kinematics (i.e., joint rotation and peak medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle) were determined using a motion capture system (Qualysis, Gothenburg, Sweden). Information on stance time and plantar fascia strain (PFS) was also collected.

    Results: Running on different surface stiffness was found to significantly affect the peak MLA angles and stance times for both HS and MS conditions. However, the results showed that the joint rotation angles were not sensitive to surface stiffness. Also, PFS showed no relationship with surface stiffness, as the results were varied as the surface stiffness was changed.

    Conclusion: The surface stiffness significantly contributed towards the effects of peak MLA angle and stance time. These findings may enhance the understanding of biomechanical responses on various running surfaces stiffness in different shoe conditions.

    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  8. Fulltext Effects of plyometric training on grass surface and concrete surface on jumping performance among volleyball athletes
    Mohamad Hariff Ramlan, Pitil, Patricia Pawa, Wan Juliana Emeih Wahed
    Movement Health & Exercise, 2018;7(2):127-134.
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 4 weeks of
    plyometric training on grass surface group and concrete surface on jumping
    performance among volleyball athletes. The vertical jump was evaluated in
    two types of jump; squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ). The
    results of this study indicate that 4 weeks of intervention led to a significant
    improvement in post-tests of SJ and CMJ (p < 0.05) for both grass surface
    and concrete surface. However, in comparing the grass and concrete
    surfaces, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). These findings
    suggest that plyometric training on different surfaces may be associated with
    similar training-induced effects on neuromuscular factors related to the
    efficiency of the stretch-shortening cycle.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  9. Characterization, optimization and stability studies on Candida rugosa lipase supported on nanocellulose reinforced chitosan prepared from oil palm biomass
    Elias N, Chandren S, Razak FIA, Jamalis J, Widodo N, Wahab RA
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Jul 15;114:306-316.
    PMID: 29578010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.095
    The contribution of chitosan/nanocellulose (CS-NC) to the enzymatic activity of Candida rugosa lipase covalently bound on the surface of CS-NC (CRL/CS-NC) was investigated. Cellulosic material from oil palm frond leaves (OPFL) were bleached, alkaline treated and acid hydrolyzed to obtain the purified NC and used as nano-fillers in CS. XRD, Raman spectroscopy and optical fluorescence microscopic analyses revealed existence of strong hydrogen bonds between CS and the NC nanofillers. The CRLs were successfully conjugated to the surface of the CS-NC supports via imine bonds that occurred through a Schiff's based mechanism. Process parameters for the immobilization of CRL were assessed for factors temperature, concentration of glutaraldehyde and pH, to afford the highest enzyme activity to achieve maximum conversion of butyl butyrate within 3h of incubation. Conversion as high as 88% was reached under an optimized condition of 25°C, 0.3% glutaraldehyde concentration and buffer at pH7. Thermal stability of CRL/CS-NCs was 1.5-fold greater than that of free CRL, with biocatalysts reusability for up to 8 successive esterification cycles. This research provides a promising approach for expanding the use of NC from OPFL for enhancing enzyme activity in favour of an alternative eco-friendly means to synthesize butyl butyrate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/chemistry*
  10. Fulltext High intrinsic biosorption efficiency of Cattle Manure on Cr(VI): a potential low-cost fibre-rich biosorbent
    Yap, K.L., Lee, C.M., Tang, T.K., Lee, Y.Y., Gan, Y.L., Lai, O.M., et al.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2018;26(1):193-214.
    MyJurnal
    Fibre-rich manure derived from grass-fed cattle showed significantly higher intrinsic sorption efficiency on Cr(VI) solution as compared to corncob, sawdust and cogon grass. This observation could be attributed to the ligneous nature and rough surface morphology of the cattle manure. Four-factor, three-level, face-centred composite design (FCCD) suggested the process was greatly affected by initial pH of the solution, contact time and sorbent dosage (p50% adsorption efficiency. It is predicted that both physisorption and chemisorption are involved in the sorption process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  11. Organic matter and nitrogen removal at planted wetlands treating domestic septage with varying operational strategies
    Jong VS, Tang FE
    Water Sci Technol, 2014;70(2):352-60.
    PMID: 25051484 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.237
    A two-staged engineered wetland-based system was designed and constructed to treat raw domestic septage. Hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) of 8.75 and 17.5 cm/d were studied with four and eight daily dosings at the second stage of the system to investigate the influence of the regimes on septage treatment. Removal of organic matter (OM) was found to be HLR dependent, where the results indicated that the increase of HLR from 8.75 to 17.5 cm/d impaired the overall level of treatment in the wetland units. Effluent of wetland fed at HLR 17.5 cm/d presented significantly lower oxygen reduction potential and dissolved oxygen values than wetland fed at 8.75 cm/d, indicative of the occurrence of less aerobic and reductive conditions in the bed. The reoxygenation capability of the wetland units was found to be heavily affected by the dosing frequency especially under high hydraulic load (17.5 cm/d). NH3-N degradation was found to decrease with statistical importance when the wetland was flushed two times more frequently with smaller batches of influent. The number of hydraulic load fractionings did not seem to affect the level of treatments of OM and ammonia for both the wetlands fed under the lower HLR of 8.75 cm/d. Prediction of hydraulic limits and management of the feeding strategies are important in the vertical type of engineered wetlands to guarantee the treatment performance and minimize the chances of filter clogging.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/physiology*
  12. The use of palm kernel shell (PKS) as substrate material in vertical-flow engineered wetlands for septage treatment in Malaysia
    Jong VS, Tang FE
    Water Sci Technol, 2015;72(1):84-91.
    PMID: 26114275 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.186
    In this study, the treatment of septage (originating from septic tanks) was carried out in a pilot-scale, two-staged, vertical-flow engineered wetland (VFEW). Palm kernel shells (PKS) were incorporated as part of the VFEW's substrate (B-PKS), to compare its organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) removal efficiency against wetlands with only sand substrates (B-SD). The results revealed satisfactory OM removal with >90% reduction efficiencies at both wetlands B-PKS and B-SD. No increment of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was observed in the effluent of B-PKS. Ammonia load removal efficiencies were comparable (>91% and 95% in wetland B-PKS and B-SD, respectively). However, nitrate accumulation was observed in the effluent of B-SD where PKS was absent. This was due to the limited denitrification in B-SD, as sand is free of carbon. A lower nitrate concentration was associated with higher COD concentration in the effluent at B-PKS. This study has shown that the use of PKS was effective in improving the N removal efficiency in engineered wetlands.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/chemistry*
  13. Evidence of sibling species between two host-associated populations of brown planthopper, N. lugens (stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidea) complex based on morphology and host-plant relationship studies
    Latif MA, Omar MY, Rafii MY, Malek MA, Tan SG
    C. R. Biol., 2013 Jul;336(7):354-63.
    PMID: 23932255 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.06.006
    Morphological and host-plant relationship studies were conducted to differentiate two sympatric populations of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, one from rice (Oryza sativa) and the other from Leersia hexandra, a weed grass. In morphometric studies based on esterase activities, an UPGMA dendrogram using 17 quantitative morphological characters, including stridulatory organs (courtship signal-producing organs) between two sympatric populations of N. lugens, one from rice and the other from L. hexandra, a weed grass revealed that both populations were separated from each other. An out-group, N. bakeri, was found to be completely different from the two sympatric populations of N. lugens. Rice plants were best suited for the establishment of the rice-infesting population, and L. hexandra was a favourable host for the Leersia-infesting population. The individuals derived from one host did not thrive on the other host, as shown by a significant reduction in survival and nymphal development, ovipositional preferences, ovipositional response, and egg hatchability. Therefore, morphological and host-plant relationship studies indicate that rice-associated population with high esterase activities and L. heaxandra-associated population with low esterase activities are two closely related sibling species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  14. Fulltext Genetic dissection of sympatric populations of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), using DALP-PCR molecular markers
    Latif MA, Rafii MY, Mazid MS, Ali ME, Ahmed F, Omar MY, et al.
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2012;2012:586831.
    PMID: 22593700 DOI: 10.1100/2012/586831
    Direct amplified length polymorphism (DALP) combines the advantages of a high-resolution fingerprint method and also characterizing the genetic polymorphisms. This molecular method was also found to be useful in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens species complex for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms. A total of 11 populations of Nilaparvata spp. were collected from 6 locations from Malaysia. Two sympatric populations of brown planthopper, N. lugens, one from rice and the other from a weed grass (Leersia hexandra), were collected from each of five locations. N. bakeri was used as an out group. Three oligonucleotide primer pairs, DALP231/DALPR'5, DALP234/DALPR'5, and DALP235/DALPR'5 were applied in this study. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on genetic distances for the 11 populations of Nilaparvata spp. revealed that populations belonging to the same species and the same host type clustered together irrespective of their geographical localities of capture. The populations of N. lugens formed into two distinct clusters, one was insects with high esterase activities usually captured from rice and the other was with low esterase activities usually captured from L. hexandra. N. bakeri, an out group, was the most isolated group. Analyses of principal components, molecular variance, and robustness also supported greatly to the findings of cluster analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/parasitology
  15. Life cycle inventory of institutional medium-scaled co-composting of food waste and yard waste in tropical country
    Chee Guan Ng, Sumiani Yusoff
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:517-527.
    The main objective of the present study was to provide a comprehensive LCI of medium scale composting of food waste
    and yard waste at institutional level, based on substance flow analysis (SFA). A secondary objective was to present the
    composition and assess the quality of the final compost product from composting of typical Asian organic waste (food
    waste and yard waste). The experiments were designed to represent a batch situation in an institutional medium size
    composting scenario with input material of food waste mixed with grass clippings and dried leaves. Two composting
    runs were carried out with the intention to showcase the heterogeneity of organic waste and study the effect of windrow
    size on the performance of the process. The input and output material were sampled and characterized in order to
    quantify the substance balance of the process. SFA was performed by means of the mass balance model STAN 2.5 to
    compute unknown parameters (gaseous emissions). SFAs have been performed for C, N, K, P, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb. The
    composting windrows were fed with 212.4 and 393 kg, respectively. VS content reduction is greater in composting pile
    with larger size (Run 2). The loss of C during composting was recorded in the range of 0.146-0.166 kg/kg ww. The C
    losses via leachate were insignificant (0.02% of the total input C). The total N loss during the process was 0.005-0.012
    kg/kg ww. The leachate generation was measured as 0.012-0.013 kg/kg ww. The flows of selected heavy metals were
    assessed. Heavy metals were of minor significance due to low concentrations in the inputs (food waste and yard waste).
    Heavy metals were found to be released to the atmosphere. However, majority of heavy metals remain in the finished
    compost. The C/N reduction during the process was in the range of 10-23%. In general, the compost composition was
    considered to be within the ranges previously reported in literature and thus ready for application in gardening. The LCI
    presented in the present study can be used as a starting point for making environmental assessments of medium-scale
    co-composting of food waste and yard waste in tropical environment. No major environmental problems were identified
    from the process, except for the emissions of GHGs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  16. Fulltext Nutritional compositions, biological activities, and phytochemical contents of the edible bamboo shoot, Dendrocalamus asper, from Malaysia
    Kong, C. K., Tan, Y. N., Chye, F. Y., Sit, N. W.
    International Food Research Journal, 2020;27(3):546-556.
    MyJurnal
    The edible shoots of Dendrocalamus asper (family Poaceae) is an underutilised food. The
    present work was conducted to evaluate the nutritional compositions, biological activities, and
    phytochemical contents of the shoots of D. asper obtained from different regions of Malaysia,
    Peninsular (DP) and East Malaysia (DS). The nutritional analysis was conducted using the
    Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC International. All minerals were quantified using
    an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer, except for potassium which was measured
    using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined
    using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were assayed using
    a colourimetric broth microdilution method, while antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH
    radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays. Enzyme inhibitory activities were examined using α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Both bamboo shoots (boiled at 100°C for 20 min) were high in moisture (> 93 g/100 g
    FW), crude protein (> 21 g/100 g DW), and crude fibre contents (> 9 g/100 g DW), but low in
    fat content (< 4 g/100 g DW). Potassium was the most abundant mineral at 205.67 and 203.83
    µg/100 g DW of bamboo shoots of DP and DS, respectively. The extracts (hexane, ethyl
    acetate, ethanol, and water) of both shoots showed stronger antifungal activity than antibacterial activity against selected human pathogens. All extracts of DP shoots demonstrated higher
    CAA in HeLa cells and α-amylase inhibitory activity than that of DS shoots. In contrast, the
    extracts of DS shoots exhibited stronger inhibition on α-glucosidase and contained higher
    TPC than that of DP shoots. The D. asper shoots obtained from the Peninsular Malaysia and
    East Malaysia contained different types of secondary metabolites which account for the differences in the biological activities. In conclusion, D. asper shoots have potential as a nutritional
    and functional food.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  17. Production of major mycotoxins by Fusarium species isolated from wild grasses in Peninsular Malaysia
    Nor Azliza I, Hafizi R, Nurhazrati M, Salleh B
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:89-94.
    The Fusarium species are notoriously known for causing various plants and animal diseases and producing a number of harmful mycotoxins. The mycotoxins production by species recovered from non-agricultural hosts such as wild grasses have hitherto never been given attention. We examined 30 strains representing 12 Fusarium species i.e. F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. semitectum, F. nelsonii, F. compactum, F. equiseti, F. chlamydosporum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, F. sacchari, F. lateritium and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex isolated from wild grasses in Peninsular Malaysia for the production of four major mycotoxins i.e. moniliformin (MON), fumonisin BI (FB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and beauvericin (BEA) using TLC and HPLC techniques. BEA was the highest frequency of mycotoxin detected, followed by MON, ZEN and FB1. This study also presented the first report of BEA production by F. solani, F. compactum and F. chlamydosporum. All mycotoxins were not produced by F. nelsonii and F. lateritium. All Fusarium species were isolated from asymptomatic grasses, hence they are likely to exist as endophytes or latent pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  18. The effect of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) on drug-metabolizing enzymes in sheep and comparison with normal cells
    Khairi HM, Elsheikh HA, Salam Abdullah A
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 2000 Aug;42(4):193-5.
    PMID: 10928679
    The effect of Brachiaria decumbens (signal grass) on drug-metabolizing enzymes was studied in sheep. After 14 d of grazing a pure signal grass pasture, significant declines were observed in hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline 4-hydroxylase (phase I biotransformation) and in conjugative enzymes UDP-glucuronyltransferase and glutathione S-transferase. Kidney enzymes were significantly decreased except for UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Enzyme activities were also compared for normal sheep and cattle livers and kidneys. Lower activities were found in cattle, indicating that factors other than biotransformation are responsible for the clincial tolerance of cattle to B. decumbens toxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/poisoning*
  19. Toward understanding of rice innate immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae
    Azizi P, Rafii MY, Abdullah SN, Nejat N, Maziah M, Hanafi MM, et al.
    Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2016;36(1):165-74.
    PMID: 25198435 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.946883
    The blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, causes serious disease on a wide variety of grasses including rice, wheat and barley. The recognition of pathogens is an amazing ability of plants including strategies for displacing virulence effectors through the adaption of both conserved and variable pathogen elicitors. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) were reported as two main innate immune responses in plants, where PTI gives basal resistance and ETI confers durable resistance. The PTI consists of extracellular surface receptors that are able to recognize PAMPs. PAMPs detect microbial features such as fungal chitin that complete a vital function during the organism's life. In contrast, ETI is mediated by intracellular receptor molecules containing nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine rich repeat (LRR) domains that specifically recognize effector proteins produced by the pathogen. To enhance crop resistance, understanding the host resistance mechanisms against pathogen infection strategies and having a deeper knowledge of innate immunity system are essential. This review summarizes the recent advances on the molecular mechanism of innate immunity systems of rice against M. oryzae. The discussion will be centered on the latest success reported in plant-pathogen interactions and integrated defense responses in rice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae
  20. [Taxonomy and evolution of the genus Pratylenchoides (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)]
    Ryss AIu
    Parazitologia, 2007 Mar-Jun;41(3):161-94.
    PMID: 17722638
    The amended diagnosis of the genus Pratylenchoides and list of its valid species with synonyms are given. All the efficient diagnostic characters are listed. Modern taxonomic standard for the description of Pratylenchoides species is proposed; it may be used also in taxonomic databases. Tabular and text keys for all species of the genus are given. Five following groups are considered within the genus Pratylenchoides. The group arenicola differs from other groups in the primitive adanal bursa type; the groups magnicauda, crenicauda, ritteri, and megalobatus differ from each other in the position of cardium along the body axis in relation to the pharyngeal gland nuclei, pharynx types are named according to the stages of its evolution from the primitive tylenchoid pharynx (cardium situated posteriorly) to the advanced hoplolaimoid one (cardium situated anteriorly). Diagnoses and species compositions of the groups are given. Basing on the matrix of species characters, the dendrogram has been generated for all species of Pratylenchoides and for all characters (UPGMA, distance, mean character difference, random, characters ordered). Taking in view that the PAUP software gives equal weights to all characters, including the most important ones which define the prognostic species groups, the separate dendrograms for each prognostic species group were generated using the same above mentioned tree parameters. On the base of the records of Pratylenchoides species the matrices of plant host ranges, geographic distribution, and preferred soil-climatic conditions were developed. The dendrograms of the faunal similarities were generated using these matrices, with conclusions on a possible origin and evolution of the genus. The genus evolved from the flood lands with swampy soils and prevalence of dicotyledons (herbaceous Lamiaceae and woody Salicaceae families) to the forest mainland communities with balanced humidity and predominance of herbaceous Poaceae and Fabaceae with woody Fagaceae, Betulaceae, and Oleaceae. The leading factor of the evolutional adaptation to soil-climatic conditions was the factor of humidity, but its significance gradually decreased with the host change to more advanced plant taxa adapted to the communities with more dry balanced humidity. The genus took its origin on the south shores of Laurasia in the Cainozoe. Later, when Hindistant and Arabian Peninsula joined with Laurasia creating the Himalayas barrier, the Pratylenchoides spp. distributed by two branches: the northern one moved into Central Asia, East Europe and North America, and the south branch came into Indo-Malaya, West Asia and the north of Africa. The remnants of the ancient species groups remain in West Europe and East Asia. In the North America the genus gave an origin to its sister genus Apratylenchoides, which spread to the south up to Antarctica; another advanced branch spread in the North America reaching Alaska.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poaceae/parasitology
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