Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 31 in total

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  1. Salmonella serotypes isolated in Malaysia over the ten-year period 1983-1992
    Yasin RM, Jegathesan MM, Tiew CC
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 1996;9:1-5.
    PMID: 10050191
    From January 1983 to December 1992 a total of 20,874 salmonella were serotyped in the Bacteriology Division IMR, which showed an increase of 100% compared to the previous ten-years. There were 97 serotypes which belonged to 22 Kauffmann-white groups. Twenty two serotypes hitherto were seen in this study period. S. typhi was the commonest serotype isolated. Overall there was a rise in the isolation of non-typhoidal salmonella particularly S. enteritidis which increased by 760% and S. blockley which increased by 720%. However there is a drop in the isolation of S typhimurium by 223% and S. paratyphi B by 319%.
    Publication year=1996-1997
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology*
  2. Macrorestriction analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of Salmonella enterica at a University Teaching Hospital, Kuala Lumpur
    Tiong V, Thong KL, Yusof MY, Hanifah YA, Sam JI, Hassan H
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2010 Sep;63(5):317-22.
    PMID: 20858996
    The genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance rates of clinical Salmonella isolates (2007-2008) at the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, were investigated and the genetic diversity of the isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR. XbaI-PFGE analysis generated 57 profiles (Dice coefficient, F=0.08-1.00), whereas REP-PCR using the REP primer generated only 35 (F=0.34-1.00). PFGE was therefore the more discriminative and reproducible method for assessing the genetic diversity of salmonellae. The antibiograms of 78 Salmonella isolates were assessed against 19 antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method. Twenty serotypes were identified, with the most common being S. Enteritidis (18%) followed by S. Typhimurium (14%), S. Paratyphi B var Java (9%), S. Weltevreden (9%), and S. Corvallis (9%). A total of 38 resistant profiles were defined, with 53.8% of the isolates being resistant to three or more antimicrobials. The highest resistance rates were observed for cephalothin (55.1%), tetracycline (47.4%), and nalidixic acid (35.9%). The presence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains is a cause for concern as it may limit the treatment of severe salmonellosis. One multidrug-resistant S. Enteritidis strain was a putative extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producer, based on a double disk diffusion analysis, and was resistant to ceftriaxone (MIC>32 microg/mL). The data generated by this study will contribute towards epidemiological monitoring and investigations of Salmonella infections in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  3. Quinolone Resistance Mechanisms Among Salmonella enterica in Malaysia
    Thong KL, Ngoi ST, Chai LC, Teh CS
    Microb Drug Resist, 2016 Jun;22(4):259-72.
    PMID: 26683630 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0158
    The prevalence of quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica is on the rise worldwide. Salmonella enterica is one of the major foodborne pathogens in Malaysia. Therefore, we aim to investigate the occurrence and mechanisms of quinolone resistance among Salmonella strains isolated in Malaysia. A total of 283 Salmonella strains isolated from food, humans, and animals were studied. The disk diffusion method was used to examine the quinolone susceptibility of the strains, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were also determined. DNA sequencing of the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes and the plasmid-borne qnr genes was performed. The transfer of the qnr gene was examined through transconjugation experiment. A total of 101 nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella strains were identified. In general, all strains were highly resistant to nalidixic acid (average MICNAL, 170 μg/ml). Resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed in 30.7% of the strains (1 ≤ MICCIP ≤ 2 μg/ml). Majority of the strains contained missense mutations in the QRDR of gyrA (69.3%). Silent mutations were frequently detected in gyrB (75.2%), parC (27.7%), and parE (51.5%) within and beyond the QRDRs. Novel mutations were detected in parC and parE. The plasmid-borne qnrS1 variant was found in 36.6% of the strains, and two strains were found to be able to transfer the qnrS1 gene. Overall, mutations in gyrA and the presence of qnrS1 genes might have contributed to the high level of quinolone resistance among the strains. Our study provided a better understanding on the status of quinolone resistance among Salmonella strains circulating in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  4. Antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed: field Gel Electrophoretic analysis of Salmonella in a tertiary hospital in northern Malaysia
    Thong KL, Lai WL, Dhanoa A
    J Infect Public Health, 2011 Jun;4(2):65-72.
    PMID: 21663875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2011.03.003
    Salmonella infections remain a major public health problem in developing countries. The occurrence of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has been on the rise complicating the available therapeutic options. The study aimed to determine the antibiograms and genotypes of prevalent Salmonella serotypes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology*
  5. Fulltext Development and evaluation of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction for the detection of Salmonella species
    Thong KL, Teh CS, Chua KH
    Trop Biomed, 2014 Dec;31(4):689-97.
    PMID: 25776594 MyJurnal
    The present study aims to develop a system which consists of four pairs of primers that specifically detects Salmonella spp., Salmonella serovar Typhi and Salmonella serovar Paratyphi A with an internal amplification control. The system, when applied in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) under specific conditions, reaction mixture and cycling temperatures produced four bands; 784 bp, 496 bp, 332 bp and 187 bp. The DNA band 784 bp is present in all Salmonella spp., while the bands of 496 bp and 332 bp are only present in S. Paratyphi A and S. Typhi, respectively. An internal amplification control as indicated by the 187 bp shows the system is working in optimum condition in all the tests. This multiplex PCR was evaluated on 241 bacterial cultures and 691 naturally contaminated samples. Overall, this multiplex PCR detection system provides a single step for simultaneous detection of DNAs of Salmonella spp., S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  6. Molecular analysis of Salmonella enteritidis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping
    Thong KL, Ngeow YF, Altwegg M, Navaratnam P, Pang T
    J Clin Microbiol, 1995 May;33(5):1070-4.
    PMID: 7615707
    A total of 61 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis were analyzed by the techniques of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping. Twenty-three of the isolates were from Zurich, Switzerland, and 38 isolates were from the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Five of the Malaysian isolates were hospital-related outbreak strains and were shown to be indistinguishable by PFGE analysis following digestion with three different restriction endonucleases, XbaI (5'-TCTAGA-3'), SpeI (5'-ACTAGT-3'), and AvrII (5'-CCTAGG-3'). The PFGE pattern of an isolate from a suspected carrier staff nurse was found to be identical to those of the hospital outbreak isolates. These isolates were also indistinguishable by ribotyping with SmaI and SphI. The same single PFGE pattern was also detected in 29 of 32 sporadic isolates of S. enteritidis. Four closely related ribotypes were detected among these 29 isolates. Similarly, outbreak-related strains from Switzerland showed close genetic identity by PFGE and ribotyping. Strains obtained from poultry showed more variations in their PFGE patterns and ribotypes, although the patterns were still closely related. In addition, SphI ribotypes A and D among the Swiss strains correlated with phage types 4 and 8, respectively. No correlation of phage types with PFGE pattern was noted. Both PFGE and ribotyping indicate that the S. enteritidis strains circulating in Malaysia and Switzerland are very similar and may be clonally related. Comparison of the PFGE patterns with the ribotypes for 23 Swiss and 16 Malaysian isolates showed that there was a 69% concordance in the grouping of isolates. We conclude that the close genetic similarity observed between epidemiologically unrelated and outbreak-related isolates of S. enteritidis suggests that both PFGE and ribotyping are of limited value in the epidemiological analysis of these particular isolates, possibly because of the highly clonal nature of pathogenic strains of S. enteritidis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  7. All-carbon suspended nanowire sensors as a rapid highly-sensitive label-free chemiresistive biosensing platform
    Thiha A, Ibrahim F, Muniandy S, Dinshaw IJ, Teh SJ, Thong KL, et al.
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2018 Jun 01;107:145-152.
    PMID: 29455024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.02.024
    Nanowire sensors offer great potential as highly sensitive electrochemical and electronic biosensors because of their small size, high aspect ratios, and electronic properties. Nevertheless, the available methods to fabricate carbon nanowires in a controlled manner remain limited to expensive techniques. This paper presents a simple fabrication technique for sub-100 nm suspended carbon nanowire sensors by integrating electrospinning and photolithography techniques. Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems (C-MEMS) fabrication techniques allow fabrication of high aspect ratio carbon structures by patterning photoresist polymers into desired shapes and subsequent carbonization of resultant structures by pyrolysis. In our sensor platform, suspended nanowires were deposited by electrospinning while photolithography was used to fabricate support structures. We have achieved suspended carbon nanowires with sub-100 nm diameters in this study. The sensor platform was then integrated with a microfluidic chip to form a lab-on-chip device for label-free chemiresistive biosensing. We have investigated this nanoelectronics label-free biosensor's performance towards bacterial sensing by functionalization with Salmonella-specific aptamer probes. The device was tested with varying concentrations of Salmonella Typhimurium to evaluate sensitivity and various other bacteria to investigate specificity. The results showed that the sensor is highly specific and sensitive in detection of Salmonella with a detection limit of 10 CFU mL-1. Moreover, this proposed chemiresistive assay has a reduced turnaround time of 5 min and sample volume requirement of 5 µL which are much less than reported in the literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  8. Further evaluation of a multiplex PCR for differentiation of Salmonella paratyphi A from other salmonellae
    Teh CS, Chua KH, Puthucheary SD, Thong KL
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2008 Jul;61(4):313-4.
    PMID: 18653978
    Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A is a causative agent of paratyphoid fever. The clinical syndrome caused by paratyphoid fever overlaps with other febrile illnesses and cannot be distinguished from typhoid fever. Conventional methods used for diagnosis are time consuming, costly, and labor-intensive. We evaluated the specificity, sensitivity, and application of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) previously developed by the method (Ou, H.Y., Teh, C.S.J., Thong, K.L., et al., J. Mol. Diagn., 9, 624-630, 2007) using 6 S. Paratyphi A, 22 S. Typhi, and 85 other Salmonella serovars as well as 36 non-Salmonella strains. The detection limit of the multiplex PCR was 4 x 10(4) cfu ml(-1). In a blind test of the other 50 strains, this multiplex PCR correctly identified the only S. Paratyphi A in the panel of strains. The sensitivity of this PCR using spiked blood and stool samples was 1 x 10(5) cfu ml(-1) and 2 x 10(5) cfu ml(-1), respectively, but increased to 1 x 10(4) cfu ml(-1) and 2 x 10(3) cfu ml(-1) after 5-h enrichment. We believe that this multiplex PCR is a promising technique for the specific and sensitive detection of S. Paratyphi A in clinical, environmental, and food samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  9. Fulltext Cervical abscesses due to co-infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei, Salmonella enterica serovar Stanley and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient with diabetes mellitus
    Sulaiman H, Ponnampalavanar S, Mun KS, Italiano CM
    BMC Infect Dis, 2013 Nov 09;13:527.
    PMID: 24209898 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-527
    BACKGROUND: Infections due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei and non-typhoidal Salmonella cause significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. These intracellular pathogens share some common predisposing factors and clinical features. Co-infection with two of these organisms has been reported previously but, to our knowledge, this is the first time that infection with all three has been reported in one person.

    CASE PRESENTATION: In September 2010, a 58-year-old diabetic Malaysian male presented with fever and a fluctuant mass on the right side of his neck. B. pseudomallei was isolated from an aspirate of this lesion and there was radiological evidence of disseminated infection in the liver and spleen. The recurrence of clinical symptoms over ensuing months prompted further aspiration and biopsy of a cervical abscess and underlying lymph nodes. Salmonella enterica serovar Stanley and then M. tuberculosis were identified from these specimens by culture and molecular methods. The patient responded to targeted medical management of each of these infections.

    CONCLUSION: In endemic settings, a high index of suspicion and adequate tissue sampling are imperative in identifying these pathogenic organisms. Diabetes was identified as a predisposing factor in this case while our understanding of other potential risk factors is evolving.

    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology*
  10. Bacteriophage typing of Salmonella weltevreden
    Sood Lr, Basu S
    Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1979;45(4):595-604.
    PMID: 552816
    Salmonella weltevreden has been found to be one of the commonest Salmonella serotypes isolated from diverse sources in India and has also been isolated in a number of other countries. A phage typing scheme was developed for this serotype using a set of six typing phages. These phages had been selected out of 146 phage strains isolated and purified from stool samples of man, laboratory animals and other animals, sewage and surface water sources, and the lytic mutants of temperate phages form S. weltevreden. The phage typing scheme was applied systematically to type the 946 strains from India isolated during 1958-1974 and 148 strains originating from Australia, Burma, England, Gan Island, Holland, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Thailand, The United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971. The scheme was particularly studied to evaluate its utility in mapping the epidemiologically related strains from various sources. The S. weltevreden strains could be classified into ten phage types. Phage types 2 and 7 were found exclusively amongst Indian strains, type 6 from Vietnam and type 8 from Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. Phage types were found to be stable and consistent with the independent epidemiological data available.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  11. Fulltext Long-term trends in the epidemiology of human enteropathogens in Malaysia
    Shunmugam P, Kanapathy S, Chan SE, Singh KK
    Braz J Infect Dis, 2012 Nov-Dec;16(6):603-4.
    PMID: 23158263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.07.005
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  12. Fulltext Characteristics of childhood diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Malaysia
    Samuel S, Vadivelu J, Parasakthi N
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1997 Mar;28(1):114-9.
    PMID: 9322293
    Amongst 107 diarrheal cases studied a bacterial agent was isolated from 71 (66%) cases of which 60 (85%) were due to a single agent and the remaining 11 (15%) were of mixed infections. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was isolated from 65 cases. Other pathogens isolated included Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and rotavirus. There was a higher isolation rate of ETEC from females and rotavirus from males. The infection rate was found to higher for the 0-2 year age group as compared to the 3-5 year age group. Amongst the ETEC isolated the STa 2 toxotype was the predominant type.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  13. Salmonellosis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a report of seven cases from Malaysia
    Puthucheary SD, Ng KP, Hafeez A, Raja NS, Hassan HH
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2004 Jun;35(2):361-5.
    PMID: 15691137
    Persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of salmonellosis when compared to the general population. We describe seven such patients with Salmonella bacteremia, of whom two had recurrent salmonellosis. In the latter two cases the infection was unusually severe, characterized by widespread infection, bacteremia and relapse, despite standard antimicrobial therapy. HIV-infected individuals will benefit from education on the source of Salmonella, mode of acquisition and prevention through safe food handling and food preparation practices. Because of the difficulty of eradicating Salmonella infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, long-term suppressive treatment with antimicrobials is warranted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  14. Fulltext Dissemination of Salmonella enterica sequence types among ASEAN economic community countries
    Patchanee P, Boonkhot P, Kittiwan N, Tadee P, Chotinun S
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2015 Jul;46(4):707-19.
    PMID: 26867391
    Food-borne illness caused by Salmonella enterica remains a public health problem and results in economic loss worldwide. With the up-coming establish- ment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) allowing unrestricted move- ment of labor and goods, there is a higher risk of pathogen transmission among the AEC countries. This study characterized and investigated the spatial and temporal associations of S. enterica strains isolated in AEC countries during 1940- 2012 compared with those isolated in northern-Thailand during 2011-2013. Of the 173 S. enterica strains examined, 68 sequence types (STs) and 32 clonal complexes (CCs) were identified by multi loci sequence typing. Twenty-one strains belonged to four sequence types new to AEC countries, and they constituted only two CCs. A number of strains originated from various countries with multiple hosts, were highlighted. There was evidence of strains circulating in the AEC region well over a decade. Such information will be important in formulating biosecurity measures, as well as in educating regarding the risk of disease transmission in AEC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology*
  15. The great masquerade: Empyema thoracis as an unusual presentation of primary lung malignancy
    Nyanti LE, Kho SS, Tie ST
    Med J Malaysia, 2019 02;74(1):79-81.
    PMID: 30846667
    Primary lung malignancy presenting as empyema is rare, with a reported incidence of 0.3%. We report a case of a 60- year-old man presenting with unilateral pleural effusion; diagnostic thoracocentesis confirmed Salmonella empyema. Post-drainage, chest radiograph showed persisting right hemithorax opacity; subsequent computed tomography revealed a right lung mass with right upper lobe bronchus obliteration. Percutaneous biopsy confirmed advanced stage lung adenocarcinoma. We discuss the mechanism of post-obstructive pneumonia in lung cancerassociated empyema and the utility of bedside ultrasound in diagnosis of lung masses. Clinicians are alerted to the possibility of lung malignancy in elderly patients presenting with empyema.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  16. Fulltext Non-protein coding RNA genes as the novel diagnostic markers for the discrimination of Salmonella species using PCR
    Nithya R, Ahmed SA, Hoe CH, Gopinath SC, Citartan M, Chinni SV, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(3):e0118668.
    PMID: 25774907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118668
    Salmonellosis, a communicable disease caused by members of the Salmonella species, transmitted to humans through contaminated food or water. It is of paramount importance, to generate accurate detection methods for discriminating the various Salmonella species that cause severe infection in humans, including S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A. Here, we formulated a strategy of detection and differentiation of salmonellosis by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay using S. Typhi non-protein coding RNA (sRNA) genes. With the designed sequences that specifically detect sRNA genes from S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, a detection limit of up to 10 pg was achieved. Moreover, in a stool-seeding experiment with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, we have attained a respective detection limit of 15 and 1.5 CFU/mL. The designed strategy using sRNA genes shown here is comparatively sensitive and specific, suitable for clinical diagnosis and disease surveillance, and sRNAs represent an excellent molecular target for infectious disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology*
  17. Molecular characterization showed limited genetic diversity among Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans and animals in Malaysia
    Ngoi ST, Thong KL
    Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2013 Dec;77(4):304-11.
    PMID: 24139970 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.004
    Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the most common causative agent of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in Malaysia. We aimed to characterize S. Enteritidis isolated from humans and animals by analyzing their antimicrobial resistance profiles and genotypes. A total of 111 strains were characterized using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Both typing methods revealed that genetically similar S. Enteritidis strains had persisted among human and animal populations within the period of study (2003-2008). Only 39% of the strains were multi-drug resistant (i.e., resistant to 3 or more classes of antimicrobial agents), with a majority (73%) of these in low-risk phase (multiple antibiotic resistant index <0.20). Limited genetic diversity among clinical and zoonotic S. Enteritidis suggested that animals are possible sources of human salmonellosis. The degree of multi-drug resistance among the strains was generally low during the study period.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology*
  18. Fulltext Overview of Molecular Typing Tools for The Characterization of Salmonella enterica in Malaysia
    Ngoi ST, Teh CS, Chai LC, Thong KL
    Biomed Environ Sci, 2015 Oct;28(10):751-64.
    PMID: 26582097 DOI: 10.3967/bes2015.105
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
  19. Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from human, food, and animal sources in Malaysia
    Ngoi ST, Lindstedt BA, Watanabe H, Thong KL
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2013;66(3):180-8.
    PMID: 23698477
    Salmonella Typhimurium is an important nontyphoidal Salmonella serovar associated with foodborne diseases in many parts of the world. This organism is the major causative agent of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in Malaysia. We aimed to investigate the genetic profiles of the strains isolated from clinical, zoonotic, and dietary sources in Malaysia using multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). By focusing on the 5 common variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci, we found that PFGE (D = 0.99) was more discriminative than MLVA (D = 0.76). The low MLVA score might be because of a lack of VNTR loci STTR6 (81.0%) and STTR10pl (76.2%). Both subtyping methods suggested that our S. Typhimurium strains were largely endemic with limited genetic variation. Furthermore, we observed that biphasic S. Typhimurium strains were dominant (99%) and multidrug resistance was prevalent (50%) within our sample pool. The most frequently observed phenotypes were resistance to compound sulfonamides (49%), tetracycline (51%), and streptomycin (52%). In this study, we documented the genetic relationship, antimicrobial resistance characteristics, and flagellar-phase dominance among S. Typhimurium strains found in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology*
  20. Characterization of Salmonella serovars by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis
    Nair S, Lin TK, Pang T, Altwegg M
    J Clin Microbiol, 2002 Jul;40(7):2346-51.
    PMID: 12089246
    PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analyses were carried out on the 1.6-kb groEL gene from 41 strains of 10 different Salmonella serovars. Three HaeIII RFLP profiles were recognized, but no discrimination between the serovars could be achieved by this technique. However, PCR-SSCP analysis of the groEL genes of various Salmonella serovars produced 14 SSCP profiles, indicating the potential of this technique to differentiate different Salmonella serovars (interserovar differentiation). Moreover, PCR-SSCP could differentiate strains within a subset of serovars (intraserovar discrimination), as three SSCP profiles were produced for the 11 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strains, and two SSCP profiles were generated for the 7 S. enterica serovar Infantis and five S. enterica serovar Newport strains. PCR-SSCP has the potential to complement classical typing methods such as serotyping and phage typing for the typing of Salmonella serovars due to its rapidity, simplicity, and typeability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Infections/microbiology
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