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Carbon nanotube-based aptasensor for sensitive electrochemical detection of whole-cell Salmonella

Hasan MR, Pulingam T, Appaturi JN, Zifruddin AN, Teh SJ, Lim TW, et al.

Anal Biochem, 2018 08 01;554:34-43.
PMID: 29870692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.06.001

In this study, an amino-modified aptasensor using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-deposited ITO electrode was prepared and evaluated for the detection of pathogenic Salmonella bacteria. An amino-modified aptamer (ssDNA) which binds selectively to whole-cell Salmonella was immobilised on the COOH-rich MWCNTs to produce the ssDNA/MWCNT/ITO electrode. The morphology of the MWCNT before and after interaction with the aptamers were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate the electrochemical properties and conductivity of the aptasensor. The results showed that the impedance measured at the ssDNA/MWCNT/ITO electrode surface increased after exposure to Salmonella cells, which indicated successful binding of Salmonella on the aptamer-functionalised surface. The developed ssDNA/MWCNT/ITO aptasensor was stable and maintained linearity when the scan rate was increased from 10 mV s-1 to 90 mV s-1. The detection limit of the ssDNA/MWCNT/ITO aptasensor, determined from the sensitivity analysis, was found to be 5.5 × 101 cfu mL-1 and 6.7 × 101 cfu mL-1 for S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, respectively. The specificity test demonstrated that Salmonella bound specifically to the ssDNA/MWCNT/ITO aptasensor surface, when compared with non-Salmonella spp. The prepared aptasensor was successfully applied for the detection of Salmonella in food samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis/genetics; Salmonella enteritidis/isolation & purification; Salmonella enteritidis/pathogenicity
Extra-intestinal non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in children

Lee WS, Puthucheary SD, Parasakthi N

Ann Trop Paediatr, 2000 Jun;20(2):125-9.
PMID: 10945063

Extra-intestinal non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections are uncommon in developed countries but common in developing ones. The risk factors, clinical features and outcome of children admitted to the Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur from 1978 to 1998 with extra-intestinal NTS infections were reviewed. All positive cultures of NTS, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, synovial, pericardial and other body secretions (except stools), were included. Of the 98 cases reviewed, 56 were boys and 42 girls. The mean age was 2.1 years (range: newborn to 14 years). Twenty-seven children were severely immunocompromised and 21 had underlying chronic medical disorders. Bacteraemia was the most commonly detected type of infection and meningitis the commonest focal infection. The overall mortality rate was 15%. An immunocompromised state or underlying chronic medical disorder was associated with increased mortality. The three serotypes most commonly isolated were S. enteritidis, S. paratyphi B and S. typhimurium. Most isolates were sensitive to antibiotics commonly used in salmonellosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Epigenetic modification: possible approach to reduce Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis susceptibility under stress conditions

Soleimani AF, Zulkifli I, Hair-Bejo M, Ebrahimi M, Jazayeri SD, Hashemi SR, et al.

Avian Pathol, 2012;41(4):351-4.
PMID: 22834548 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.691155

Stressors may influence chicken susceptibility to pathogens such as Salmonella enterica. Feed withdrawal stress can cause changes in normal intestinal epithelial structure and may lead to increased attachment and colonization of Salmonella. This study aimed to investigate modulatory effects of epigenetic modification by feed restriction on S. enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization in broiler chickens subjected to feed withdrawal stress. Chicks were divided into four groups: ad libitum feeding; ad libitum feeding with 24-h feed withdrawal on day 42; 60% feed restriction on days 4, 5, and 6; and 60% feed restriction on days 4, 5, and 6 with 24-h feed withdrawal on day 42. Attachment of S. Enteritidis to ileal tissue was determined using an ex vivo ileal loop assay, and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression was evaluated using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. Feed withdrawal stress increased S. Enteritidis attachment to ileal tissue. However, following feed withdrawal the epigenetically modified chickens had significantly lower attachment of S. Enteritidis than their control counterparts. A similar trend with a very positive correlation was observed for Hsp70 expression. It appears that epigenetic modification can enhance resistance to S. Enteritidis colonization later in life in chickens under stress conditions. The underlying mechanism could be associated with the lower Hsp70 expression in the epigenetically modified chickens.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis/physiology*
The effects of polymorphisms in IL-2, IFN-γ, TGF-β2, IgL, TLR-4, MD-2, and iNOS genes on resistance to Salmonella enteritidis in indigenous chickens

Tohidi R, Idris IB, Panandam JM, Bejo MH

Avian Pathol, 2012 Dec;41(6):605-12.
PMID: 23237374 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.739680

Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of food poisoning worldwide, and poultry products are the main source of S. Enteritidis contamination for humans. Among the numerous strategies for disease control, improving genetic resistance to S. Enteritidis has been the most effective approach. We investigated the association between S. Enteritidis burden in the caecum, spleen, and liver of young indigenous chickens and seven candidate genes, selected on the basis of their critical roles in immunological functions. The genes included those encoding interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2), immunoglobulin light chain (IgL), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Two Malaysian indigenous chicken breeds were used as sustainable genetic sources of alleles that are resistant to salmonellosis. The polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism technique was used to genotype the candidate genes. Three different genotypes were observed in all of the candidate genes, except for MD-2. All of the candidate genes showed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the two populations. The IL-2-MnlI polymorphism was associated with S. Enteritidis burden in the caecum and spleen. The TGF-β2-RsaI, TLR-4-Sau 96I, and iNOS-AluI polymorphisms were associated with the caecum S. Enteritidis load. The other candidate genes were not associated with S. Enteritidis load in any organ. The results indicate that the IL-2, TGF-β2, TLR-4, and iNOS genes are potential candidates for use in selection programmes for increasing genetic resistance against S. Enteritidis in Malaysian indigenous chickens.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis/immunology; Salmonella enteritidis/pathogenicity*
Fulltext Invasive Salmonella infections among children in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: a 6-year retrospective review

Mohan A, Munusamy C, Tan YC, Muthuvelu S, Hashim R, Chien SL, et al.

BMC Infect Dis, 2019 Apr 18;19(1):330.
PMID: 30999894 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3963-x

BACKGROUND: Invasive Salmonella infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In Asia, typhoid and paratyphoid fever are reported to be the major invasive Salmonella infections, while invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections are believed to be uncommon. Data from Sarawak, in Malaysian Borneo, are limited.
METHODS: A retrospective study identifying all children aged Salmonella infections from 2011 to 2016 was conducted in Bintulu Hospital in Sarawak. Population incidences, clinical and bacterial characteristics were examined.
RESULTS: Forty-four patients were identified during the 6-year study period: 43 had iNTS infection and 1 had typhoid fever. The average annual iNTS incidence was 32.4 per 100,000 children aged Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Java were the commonest NTS serovars identified. Pneumonia was the most common manifestation of iNTS disease, present in 20 (47%) children. Other manifestations included gastroenteritis, fever without a source, septic arthritis and meningitis. Salmonella Enteritidis was identified in 76% of those with pneumonia, significantly more frequently than in children with other manifestations. Over 25% of children with iNTS developed severe disease and nearly 10% suffered long term morbidity or mortality. While 78% of Salmonella Java isolates were multi-drug resistant, nearly all other isolates were susceptible to most antimicrobials, including ampicillin.
CONCLUSIONS: Bintulu Division in Sarawak observed a very high incidence of childhood iNTS infections. Enteric fever was uncommon. The epidemiology of invasive Salmonella infections in Malaysian Borneo differs considerably from that of neighbouring countries in Asia.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis/drug effects; Salmonella enteritidis/isolation & purification
Fulltext Analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from chickens and chicken meat products in Malaysia using PFGE, and MLST

Zakaria Z, Hassan L, Sharif Z, Ahmad N, Ali RM, Husin SA, et al.

BMC Vet Res, 2020 Oct 17;16(1):393.
PMID: 33069231 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02605-y

BACKGROUND: Salmonella is a very important foodborne pathogen causing illness in humans. The emergence of drug-resistant strains also constitutes a serious worry to global health and livestock productivity. This study investigated Salmonella isolates from chicken and chicken meat products using the phenotypic antimicrobial screening as well as the molecular characteristics of Salmonella isolates. Upon serotyping of the isolates, the antimicrobial susceptibility profiling using a panel of 9 commonly used antimicrobials was done. Subsequently, the molecular profiles of all the isolates were further determined using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and the Whole Genome Multi-Locus Sequence Type (wgMLST) analysis in order to obtain the sequence types.
RESULTS: The PFGE data was input into FPQuest software, and the dendrogram generated was studied for possible genetic relatedness among the isolates. All the isolates were found to belong to the Salmonella Enteritidis serotype with notable resistance to tetracycline, gentamycin, streptomycin, and sulfadimidine. The S. Enteritidis isolates tested predominantly subtyped into the ST11 and ST1925, which was found to be a single cell variant of ST11. The STs were found to occur in chicken meats, foods, and live chicken cloacal swabs, which may indicate the persistence of the bacteria in multiple foci.
CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate the presence of S. Enteritidis among chickens, indicating its preference and reservoir status for enteric Salmonella pathogens.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis/classification; Salmonella enteritidis/drug effects; Salmonella enteritidis/genetics; Salmonella enteritidis/isolation & purification*
Fulltext Can Salmonella enteritidis cause fatal necrotising fasciitis? A case report

Dhanoa A, Singh VA

BMJ Case Rep, 2009;2009.
PMID: 21686336 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.12.2008.1401

This is a presentation of a case of mono microbial necrotising fasciitis due to the unusual organism Salmonella enteritidis. The patient presented with swelling and blistering of the right calf. There are only five other such cases reported in the literature. This was the only case that had positive blood cultures for the organism. Prompt and appropriate treatment was intuited but the patient died because of multi-organ failure.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Molecular characterization showed limited genetic diversity among Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans and animals in Malaysia

Ngoi ST, Thong KL

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2013 Dec;77(4):304-11.
PMID: 24139970 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.004

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the most common causative agent of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in Malaysia. We aimed to characterize S. Enteritidis isolated from humans and animals by analyzing their antimicrobial resistance profiles and genotypes. A total of 111 strains were characterized using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Both typing methods revealed that genetically similar S. Enteritidis strains had persisted among human and animal populations within the period of study (2003-2008). Only 39% of the strains were multi-drug resistant (i.e., resistant to 3 or more classes of antimicrobial agents), with a majority (73%) of these in low-risk phase (multiple antibiotic resistant index <0.20). Limited genetic diversity among clinical and zoonotic S. Enteritidis suggested that animals are possible sources of human salmonellosis. The degree of multi-drug resistance among the strains was generally low during the study period.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis/classification; Salmonella enteritidis/drug effects; Salmonella enteritidis/genetics*; Salmonella enteritidis/isolation & purification
Fulltext In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Selected Gram-negative Foodborne Pathogens

Loo YY, Rukayadi Y, Nor-Khaizura MA, Kuan CH, Chieng BW, Nishibuchi M, et al.

Front Microbiol, 2018;9:1555.
PMID: 30061871 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01555

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) used in this study were synthesized using pu-erh tea leaves extract with particle size of 4.06 nm. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs against a diverse range of Gram-negative foodborne pathogens was determined using disk diffusion method, resazurin microtitre-plate assay (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration test (MBC). The MIC and MBC of AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Enteritidis were 7.8, 3.9, 3.9, 3.9 and 7.8, 3.9, 7.8, 3.9 μg/mL, respectively. Time-kill curves were used to evaluate the concentration between MIC and bactericidal activity of AgNPs at concentrations ranging from 0×MIC to 8×MIC. The killing activity of AgNPs was fast acting against all the Gram-negative bacteria tested; the reduction in the number of CFU mL-1 was >3 Log10 units (99.9%) in 1-2 h. This study indicates that AgNPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infection including multidrug resistant bacterial infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Fulltext Prevalence, Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Serovars from Retail Beef in Selangor, Malaysia

Thung TY, Radu S, Mahyudin NA, Rukayadi Y, Zakaria Z, Mazlan N, et al.

Front Microbiol, 2017;8:2697.
PMID: 29379488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02697

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in retail beef from different retail markets of Selangor area, as well as, to assess their pathogenic potential and antimicrobial resistance. A total of 240 retail beef meat samples (chuck = 60; rib = 60; round = 60; sirloin = 60) were randomly collected. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) in combination with the most probable number (MPN) method was employed to detect Salmonella spp., S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in the meat samples. The prevalence of Salmonella spp., S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in 240 beef meat samples were 7.50, 1.25, and 0.83%, respectively. The microbial loads of total Salmonella was found in the range of <3 to 15 MPN/g. Eight different serovars of Salmonella were identified among the 23 isolates, and S. Agona was the predominant serovar (26.09%). Interestingly, all the Salmonella isolates were resistant to penicillin, erythromycin and vancomycin, but the sensitivity was observed for tetracycline, gentamicin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. All 23 isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Two S. Typhimurium isolates (8.70%) exhibited the highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value of 0.56 which shown resistance to nine antibiotics. PCR analysis of virulence genes showed that all Salmonella isolates (100%) were positive for the invA gene. Meanwhile, pefA was only identified in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. The findings in this study indicate that retail beef products tested were widely contaminated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella and various virulence genes are present among the isolated Salmonella serovars.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Salmonella thyroid abscess-two case reports

Khoo KS, Koh PS, Ng KL

Gland Surg, 2020 Dec;9(6):2198-2203.
PMID: 33447571 DOI: 10.21037/gs-20-474

Acute suppurative thyroiditis account for <1% of thyroid diseases and is uncommon because of the gland's encapsulation, iodine-rich environment, good vascular supply and extensive lymphatic drainage. It has been reported in patients with underlying goiters, thyroid cancers and in immuno-compromised patients. The usual causative organisms are Staphylococci spp. and Streptococci spp. Rarer organisms include Klebsiella spp. and Salmonella spp. Due to its rarity (as there have been only 28 cases of Salmonella thyroid abscess being reported in the literature till 2020), only case reports are available to guide management. We report two cases of thyroid abscess due to Salmonella enteritidis in our institution that may herald the re-emergence of this uncommon infection of the thyroid gland and to raise awareness for all clinicians. Both patients presented with neck swelling, dysphagia and sepsis. Surgical intervention was warranted in both patients due to the severity of the disease and failed medical therapy. Recovery was uneventful following adequate surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy according to the culture and sensitivity report of the pathogen. This case report highlights that both patients were immunocompromised, and they contracted Salmonella thyroid abscess without any gastrointestinal involvement. Thus, a high index of suspicion for Salmonella thyroid abscess in immunocompromised patients can expedite the diagnosis and appropriate management can be commenced such as antibiotic therapy, percutaneous aspiration and surgical drainage in the event of failed medical therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Fulltext Pre-enrichment effect on PCR Detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in artificially-contaminated raw chicken meat

Mohd Afendy, A.T., Son, R.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(6):2571-2575.
MyJurnal

Salmonella remains to be a major foodborne pathogen for animals and humans and is the
leading cause of foodborne infections and outbreaks in various countries. Salmonella Enteritidis
is one of the most frequently isolated serotypes in poultry and poultry products from human
food poisoning cases. It can cause mild to acute gastroenterititis as well as other common
food poisoning symptoms when infection takes place in human. Nucleic acid amplification
technologies such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a tool that is rapid and sensitive
for detection of bacterial pathogen. We report the successful detection of S. Enteritidis by
PCR in raw chicken meat artificially-contaminated with serial concentration of S. Enteritidis
using crude DNA extracts as DNA template. PCR primers, ENT-F and ENT-R targeted on sdfI
gene were used to amplify DNA region unique to S. Enteritidis with crude DNA extract of the
samples, yielded product with the size of 303 bp. These primers were specific to S. Enteritidis
when tested by in-silico simulation against genome database of targeted bacterial species and
confirmed in PCR as amplification bands were observed with S. Typhimurium, S. Polarum and
S. Gallinarum. The established PCR can detect as few as 9.4 X 101
CFU/ml of inoculated S.
Enteritidis concentration and proved that pre-enrichment effect have significant effect on PCR
detection by increasing 1000-fold of the sensitivity limit compared to the non pre-enriched
samples. The PCR technique indicated that it can be successfully coupled with pre-enrichment
step to offer advantage in routine screening and surveillance of bacterial contamination in food
samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Fulltext Short communication : antibacterial activity of modified sago starch-alginate based edible film incorporated with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil

Maizura, M., Fazilah, A., Norziah, M.H., Karim, A.A.

International Food Research Journal, 2008;15(2):233-236.
MyJurnal

Antibacterial effect of modified sago starch-alginate edible film incorporating lemongrass oil at various concentrations was studied. Edible films were prepared from a mixture of modified sago starch and alginate. Lemongrass oil (0.1 - 0.4%, v/w) and glycerol (0 and 20%, w/w) were incorporated in the films to act as natural antimicrobial agent and plasticizer, respectively. The films were characterized for antibacterial activity against food pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The edible film exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis by using agar diffusion assay method. For films tested against Escherichia coli O157:H7, the zone of inhibition increased significantly (p < 0.05) with addition of lemongrass oil at all levels both in the presence and absence of glycerol. The films also significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the growth of Salmonella enteritidis only with 0.4% lemongrass oil (in the presence and absence of glycerol). However, the films containing lemongrass oil did not show any inhibition effect on Staphylococcus aureus.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Fulltext Detection of enterotoxin targeted entFM and hblA genes by inoculating Bacillus cereus (Strain BC1) into ready-to-eat food (RTF) and drink samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Nooratiny, I., Sahilah, A.M.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(4):1895-1899.
MyJurnal

Detection of enterotoxin by targeting entFM and hblA genes in Bacillus cereus BC1 strain inoculated into ready to eat food (RTF) and drink samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted. The B. cereus BC1 strain was confirmed as a Bacillus diarrhoeal enterotoxin (BDE) when tested by a commercially available Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-BDE immunoassay (ELISA-BDE immunoassay, TECRA). In the specificity study, both enterotoxin genes were detected on chromosomal DNA of B. cereus BC1 strain by showing a specific band of 1269 bp (entFM) and 874 bp (hblA), respectively. However, none of the target genes were detected for the other 15 genomic DNA bacteria (B. cereus (ATCC 11779), B. subtilis (ATCC 6633), Campylobacter jejuni (ATCC 29428), C. coli (Jabatan Kimia Malaysia, JKM), Clostridium perfringen (ATCC 13124), Enterobacter sakazaki (ATCC 51329), Escherichia coli (ATCC 43888), E. coli (ATCC 11735), Legionella pneumophila (ATCC 33152), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 35967), Salmonella typhi (IMR), S. enteritidis (ATCC 13076), S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Shigella flexeneri (ATCC 12022) and Vibrio cholerae bengal (Institute Medical Research (IMR), Malaysia) examined. The detection limit of both genes was 0.1 ng of genomic DNA. Thus, in the presence study it is evidence that the PCR analysis targeting enterotoxin of entFM and hblA genes are suitable and useful in detecting enterotoxic B. cereus in RTFs and drinks contaminated sample.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Fulltext Quantification and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in raw vegetables (ulam)

Najwa, M.S., Rukayadi, Y., Ubong, A., Loo, Y.Y., Chang, W.S., Lye, Y.L., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(5):1761-1769.
MyJurnal

Salmonella has been reported to be presence both in raw and processed foods worldwide. In this study, the prevalence, quantification and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from raw vegetables or locally known as ulam such as asiatic pennywort (Centella asiatica (L) Urb), water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC), long bean (Vigna sinensis EndL), and winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) obtained from retail markets in Selangor, Malaysia were carried out. From 96 samples tested, the overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 97.9%, Salmonella Enteritidis was 54.2% and Salmonella Typhimurium was 82.3% respectively. Samples were contaminated with Salmonella ranging from < 3 to 2400 MPN/g. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolates obtained from the raw vegetables (ulam) were found to exhibit high resistance against ampicillin (100%), erythromycin (100%), amoxicillin/clavunic acid (81.3%), cephalothin (75%), streptomycin (50%) and ciprofloxacin (50%). All Salmonella isolates showed multi drug resistant (MDR) profile with each isolate being resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella isolates ranged from 0.27 to 0.55 for Salmonella Enteritidis and 0.27 to 0.82 for Salmonella Typhimurium. The presence of Salmonella on raw vegetables (ulam) and high antibiotic resistance isolates indicated that raw vegetables could be contaminated and thus imposes possible health risk to local consumers.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Fulltext Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from vegetable farms and retail markets in Malaysia

Kuan, C.H., Rukayadi, Y., Ahmad, S. H., Wan Mohamed Radzi, C.W.J., Kuan, C.S., Yeo, S.K., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(4):1831-1839.
MyJurnal

Listeriosis and salmonellosis are the major foodborne illnesses worldwide. Over the last decade,
increasing reports about the antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella from diverse sources have prompted public health concerns, especially in developing countries with over reliance or misuse of antibiotic drugs in the treatment of humans and animals. In this study, antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 58 L. monocytogenes and 12 Salmonella Enteritidis strains from vegetable farms and retail markets in Malaysia were testedby the standard disk diffusion method. Listeria monocytogenes isolates were found to exhibit 100% resistance to penicillin G. Also, high resistance patterns were observed for meropenem (70.7%) and rifampicin (41.4%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of L. monocytogenes isolates ranged from 0.11 to 0.56. Besides, the antibiogram results revealed that multidrugresistant (MDR) S. Enteritidis were detected and all the S. Enteritidis isolates demonstrated resistance to at least four antibiotics. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprim failed to inhibit all the S. Enteritidis strains. Salmonella Enteritidis isolates also displayed high resistance to nalidixic acid (75.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (75.0%), and chloramphenicol (66.7%). Findings in this study indicated that vegetables could be potential sources of multidrug resistance of L. monocytogenes and S. Enteritidis, which can be a serious issue and a major concern for public health. Thus, there is a great need for surveillance programs in Malaysia to continuously monitor the antibiotic resistance profiles of important pathogens.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Fulltext Construction of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium ghosts isolated from retail chicken meat

Thung, T. Y., Chin, Y. Z., Najwa, M. S., Ubong, A., New, C. Y., Ramzi, O. S. B., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(4):1826-1830.
MyJurnal

Salmonellosis is an important public health problem and causes large economic losses in the poultry industry. The emergence of molecular technology has opened various possibilities for constructing tailor-made proteins, particularly protein E from bacteriophage PhiX174 for the
production of bacterial ghosts (BGs) applied in vaccines purposes. In the present study, the plamdaPRcI-Elysis plasmid carrying the PhiX174 lysis gene E and thermo-sensitive lamda PR-cl857 regulatory system was constructed. Two Salmonella Enteritidis (SE-2 and SE- 4) and one Salmonella Typhimurium (ST-4) isolates were able to uptake the lysis plasmid via electrotransformation. Generation of ghosts was enhanced by increasing the incubation temperature up to 42˚C. Cell viability of SE-2, SE-4 and ST-4 decreased ranging in log 2.7 to log 4.1 cycles after lysis induction. Moreover, SE-2 and SE-4 exhibited the earliest reduction of CFU after 3 h of incubation. Our results may provide a promising avenue for the development of Salmonella BGs vaccines.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Prevalence of multi-antimicrobial resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from filth flies at wet markets in Klang, Malaysia, and their survival in the simulated gastric fluid

Sandrasaigaran P, Mohan S, Segaran NS, Lee TY, Radu S, Hasan H

Int J Food Microbiol, 2023 Dec 16;407:110390.
PMID: 37722349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110390

Filth flies at wet markets can be a vector harbouring multiple antimicrobial-resistant (MAR) nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), and such strains are a significant threat to public health as they may cause severe infections in humans. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant NTS, especially Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium harboured by filth flies at wet markets, and investigate their survival in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Filth flies (n = 90) were captured from wet markets in Klang, Malaysia, and processed to isolate Salmonella spp. The isolates (n = 16) were identified using the multiplex-touchdown PCR and assessed their antimicrobial susceptibility against 11 antimicrobial agents. Finally, three isolates with the highest MAR index were subjected to SGF survival tests. It was observed that 17.8 % of flies (n = 16/90) harbouring Salmonella, out of which 10 % (n = 9/90) was S. Enteritidis, 2.2 % (n = 2/90) was S. Typhimurium, and 5.6 % was unidentified serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. I. 43.8 % (n = 7/16) were confirmed as MAR, and they were observed to be resistant against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and nalidixic acid. Three strains, F35, F75, and F85 demonstrated the highest MAR index and were able to survive (>6-log10) in the SGF (180 min), indicating their potential virulence and invasiveness. This study provides significant insights into the prevalence and severity of MAR nontyphoidal Salmonella harboured by filth flies in wet markets, which may help inform strategies for controlling the spread and outbreak of foodborne disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis
Genetic diversity of human isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Malaysia

Bakeri SA, Yasin RM, Koh YT, Puthucheary SD, Thong KL

J Appl Microbiol, 2003;95(4):773-80.
PMID: 12969291

The study was undertaken to determine clonal relationship and genetic diversity of the human strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated from 1995 to 2002 from different parts of Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis/drug effects; Salmonella enteritidis/genetics*
Molecular analysis of Salmonella enteritidis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping

Thong KL, Ngeow YF, Altwegg M, Navaratnam P, Pang T

J Clin Microbiol, 1995 May;33(5):1070-4.
PMID: 7615707

A total of 61 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis were analyzed by the techniques of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping. Twenty-three of the isolates were from Zurich, Switzerland, and 38 isolates were from the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Five of the Malaysian isolates were hospital-related outbreak strains and were shown to be indistinguishable by PFGE analysis following digestion with three different restriction endonucleases, XbaI (5'-TCTAGA-3'), SpeI (5'-ACTAGT-3'), and AvrII (5'-CCTAGG-3'). The PFGE pattern of an isolate from a suspected carrier staff nurse was found to be identical to those of the hospital outbreak isolates. These isolates were also indistinguishable by ribotyping with SmaI and SphI. The same single PFGE pattern was also detected in 29 of 32 sporadic isolates of S. enteritidis. Four closely related ribotypes were detected among these 29 isolates. Similarly, outbreak-related strains from Switzerland showed close genetic identity by PFGE and ribotyping. Strains obtained from poultry showed more variations in their PFGE patterns and ribotypes, although the patterns were still closely related. In addition, SphI ribotypes A and D among the Swiss strains correlated with phage types 4 and 8, respectively. No correlation of phage types with PFGE pattern was noted. Both PFGE and ribotyping indicate that the S. enteritidis strains circulating in Malaysia and Switzerland are very similar and may be clonally related. Comparison of the PFGE patterns with the ribotypes for 23 Swiss and 16 Malaysian isolates showed that there was a 69% concordance in the grouping of isolates. We conclude that the close genetic similarity observed between epidemiologically unrelated and outbreak-related isolates of S. enteritidis suggests that both PFGE and ribotyping are of limited value in the epidemiological analysis of these particular isolates, possibly because of the highly clonal nature of pathogenic strains of S. enteritidis.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella enteritidis/classification; Salmonella enteritidis/genetics*; Salmonella enteritidis/isolation & purification

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