Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 279 in total

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  1. Fulltext When disordered eating and disordered thinking happen together in a young person? a case report
    Lai, M.H., Tan, Susan M.K.
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2014;15(1):101-105.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: This case report highlights the complexity of eating disorder in schizophrenia and outlines the diagnostic dilemma and challenges associated with the treatment. Methods: We report a 13 years old female with early onset schizophrenia who developed anorexic symptoms and binge eating. Her eating disturbances worsened after olanzapine was commenced. Results: A combination of pharmacological and psychosocial intervention led to remission of schizophrenia co-morbid with eating disorder NOS. Conclusion: Co-morbid diagnosis of schizophrenia and eating disorder is not uncommon. Early diagnosis and evidence-based intervention are imperative as untreated illness greatly impacts the developmental trajectory of young people. Meeting family’s needs improves family functioning which in turn improves patient’s outcome. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 15 (1): January - June 2014: 101-105.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia
  2. Fulltext When all else fails: supervised treatment in outpatient for schizophrenia (STOPS)
    Tan HJR
    BMJ Case Rep, 2017 Sep 23;2017.
    PMID: 28942410 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-221518
    This was about a case of a patient requiring admission to psychiatry ward twice a year for relapse schizophrenia due to medication non-compliance. Medication adherence was previously monitored by her husband. However, following the death of her husband, she stopped treatment. The lack of insight and poor family support further contributed to her relapse. She presented with positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia during her relapse, neglecting her hygiene and oral intake. She was also found to have anaemia as a result of poor diet when she was in relapse. Community psychiatry services had attempted to ensure compliance with postdischarge plan but failed as patient was not present every home visits. Supervised treatment in outpatient for schizophrenia (STOPS) provided an alternative method to ensure compliance in this patient. Patient has remained in remission for 1 year since the use of STOPS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/diagnosis*; Schizophrenia/drug therapy
  3. Weight gain and first-generation antipsychotics: experience from a developing country
    Yoon CK
    J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2008 Oct;28(5):574-6.
    PMID: 18794660 DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181855cbc
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/drug therapy*; Schizophrenia/epidemiology
  4. Fulltext Verbal working memory in schizophrenia: relationship to cigarette smoking and psychopathology
    Hazura, H., Wan Norhaida, W.A., Zahiruddin, O., Ruzita, J.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2012;21(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: A number of researches suggest smoking serves as a form of self-medication to reduce the side effects of antipsychotic medications, to alleviate negative symptoms, and/or to ameliorate a number of cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of cigarette smoking with verbal working memory and psychopathology of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Fifty-three patients with schizophrenia were assessed by a single rater using the Malay Version of Auditory Verbal Learning Test (MVAVLT) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Smokers (n=30) were compared with nonsmokers (n=23) on socio-demographic, clinical, psychopathology and verbal memory variables. Single linear and multiple regression analysis were performed to determine factors associated with verbal memory performance.
    Results: Verbal working memory performance is associated with lower number of admission to ward, lesser severity of the negative symptoms or general psychopathology of schizophrenia and use of atypical antipsychotics in all schizophrenic subjects. Smokers with schizophrenia scored higher than non- smoker in measures that reflect immediate memory, delayed recall and recognition memory. However, the association between verbal working
    memory performance and smoking status was found to be not significant. Conclusion: Verbal working memory performance is associated with negative symptoms but not positive symptoms. This study failed to detect association of smoking on verbal working memory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia
  5. Validation of the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision 4 among chronic schizophrenia patients in Malaysia
    Taha NA, Ibrahim MI, Rahman AF, Shafie AA, Rahman AH
    Value Health Reg Issues, 2012 May;1(1):82-86.
    PMID: 29702832 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2012.03.006
    OBJECTIVES: To explore the validity and reliability of a disease-specific health-related quality-of-life questionnaire-the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision 4 (SQLS-R4)-in patients with schizophrenia in Malaysia.
    METHODS: A total of 222 outpatients with schizophrenia receiving treatment at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre completed the SQLS-R4 in either the Malay or the English language. A generic self-report health-related quality-of-life measure-the EuroQoL group EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire-and a measure of symptom severity-the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia scale-were also administered to assess validity.
    RESULTS: Good internal consistency reliability was found for both the psychosocial and vitality domains (Cronbach's α = 0.95 and 0.85, respectively). Most items were also significantly correlated with their own scale score (rs ranging from 0.29 to 0.74). There was a moderate correlation between the SQLS-R4 "vitality" domain and the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire "usual activities" domain (rs = 0.44) and a large correlation between the SQLS-R4 "psychosocial" domain and the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire "anxiety/depression" domain (rs = 0.44-0.57). Most of the symptom dimensions of the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia scale were also moderately correlated with the SQLS-R4 subscale scores.
    CONCLUSIONS: The SQLS-R4 is a valid and reliable health-related quality-of-life instrument for use in minimally ill patients with schizophrenia in Malaysia, but some of the items may be redundant and irrelevant. Validation of SQLS-R4 in different types of patients and various levels of illness severity is required to further verify its application.
    Study site: Psychiatry clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia
  6. Fulltext Validation of the Malay version of auditory verbal learning test (MVAVLT) among schizophrenia patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Malaysia
    Zahiruddin Othman, Muhammad Najib Muhammad Alwi, Kamarul Imran Musa, Muhammad Najib Muhammad Alwi, Ruzita Jamaluddin
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2009;10(1):54-74.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Many studies have emphasized the significance of verbal memory for the functional outcome in schizophrenia. A preserved capability to encode and recall verbal information is essential for the long-term efficacy of psychoeducational programs and other
    psychological intervention to ensure the successful transfer of newly acquired skills or knowledge into everyday life. Aims of this study aimed to validate the MVALT among schizophrenia patients in HUSM. Methods: The subjects were 15 schizophrenia patients
    conveniently selected from the patients that attended follow up at the psychiatry clinic in HUSM or inpatients who have been admitted during the study period and 15 healthy control subjects as a comparison. Reliability and validity of the MVAVLT were analyzed. Results: The validation study showed that the Malay version Auditory Verbal Learning Test (MVAVLT) had a good validity (factor analysis 0.66 to 0.98) and test-retest reliability (pearson correlation ranged from 0.24 to 0.84) and has been shown to be sensitive in
    discriminating between normal and schizophrenia patients. In line with the previous research, the schizophrenia patients performed significantly worse than healthy control in all indexes measured in MVAVLT. Conclusion: The screening of deficits in verbal learning
    and memory among the schizophrenia patients is important, for early detection and treatment since it can be helpful for clinicians and psychologists in their counseling sessions. Subsequently, it helps patients to reduce such cognitive difficulties and their impact by using specific rehabilitation with the usage of newer antipsychotic agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia
  7. Use of first- and second-generation antipsychotic medications in older patients with schizophrenia in Asia (2001-2009)
    Xiang YT, Kreyenbuhl J, Dickerson FB, Ungvari GS, Wang CY, Si TM, et al.
    Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2012 Dec;46(12):1159-64.
    PMID: 22790175 DOI: 10.1177/0004867412453625
    This study examined the prescribing patterns of several first- (FGAs) and second-generation antipsychotic (SGAs) medications administered to older Asian patients with schizophrenia during the period between 2001 and 2009.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/drug therapy*; Schizophrenia/epidemiology
  8. Use of electroconvulsive therapy for Asian patients with schizophrenia (2001-2009): Trends and correlates
    Xiang YT, Ungvari GS, Correll CU, Chiu HF, Lai KY, Wang CY, et al.
    Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2015 Aug;69(8):489-96.
    PMID: 25708964 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12283
    Little is known about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) use in Asian inpatients with schizophrenia. This study examined trends of ECT use for schizophrenia patients in Asia between 2001 and 2009 and its independent demographic and clinical correlates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/drug therapy; Schizophrenia/therapy*
  9. Fulltext Unfitness to plead among female offenders: when looseness matters
    Loo, Jiann Lin, Eu, Choon Leng, Johari Khamis, Raba'iah Mohd Salleh, Suarn Singh Jasmit Singh
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2018;19(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Pritchard Criteria are adopted in a Malaysian criminal-justice system while assessing fitness to plead. There is limited data on the reason of unfitness to plead for female offenders in Malaysia.

    Methods: A case series of five patients hospitalized to Hospital Bahagia Ulu Kinta, Malaysia due to unfitness to plead was presented and discussed.

    Result: The offences include three homicides, one assault, and one stealing. All of them were diagnosed to have schizophrenia with prominent looseness of association. Four of them subsequently treated as Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) with a minimal response toward clozapine.

    Conclusion: Looseness of association may be a contributing factor for unfitness to plead among Malaysian female offenders, which can result in indeterminate hospitalization. This should be confirmed in a larger prospective study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia
  10. Understanding the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia
    Ghorbani M, Rajandas H, Parimannan S, Stephen Joseph GB, Tew MM, Ramly SS, et al.
    Psychiatr Genet, 2021 Apr 01;31(2):39-49.
    PMID: 33252574 DOI: 10.1097/YPG.0000000000000270
    Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder with marked symptoms of hallucination, delusion, and impaired cognitive behaviors. Although multidimensional factors have been associated with the development of schizophrenia, the principal cause of the disorder remains debatable. Microbiome involvement in the etiology of schizophrenia has been widely researched due to the advancement in sequencing technologies. This review describes the contribution of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia that is facilitated by the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota is connected to the gut-brain axis via several pathways and mechanisms, that are discussed in this review. The role of the oral microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics in shaping the gut microbiota are also highlighted. Lastly, future perspectives for microbiome research in schizophrenia are addressed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/pathology; Schizophrenia/physiopathology*; Schizophrenia/therapy*
  11. Fulltext Tualang honey supplementation as cognitive enhancer in patients with schizophrenia
    Yahaya R, Zahary MN, Othman Z, Ismail R, Nik Him NAS, Abd Aziz A, et al.
    Heliyon, 2020 May;6(5):e03948.
    PMID: 32426546 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03948
    Introduction: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness with clusters of symptoms, including cognitive impairment. This study aimed to explore the effect of Tualang Honey (TH) on cognitive domains, especially as it pertained to the verbal memory of schizophrenia patients.

    Method: This was a cross-sectional study involved 80 individuals, diagnosed with schizophrenia. The Malay Version Auditory Verbal Learning Test (MVAVLT) was used. Data were analysed using SPSS 20.0 software. Intention to treat analysis was applied.

    Result: A comparison of the total learning score at eight weeks between the two groups based on time effect and time-treatment interaction favoured TH group.

    Conclusion: This study concludes that by supplementing schizophrenia patients with 8-week of TH did improve total learning performance across domains in the immediate memory among patients with schizophrenia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia
  12. Trial of effect of Bemegride in schizophrenia
    SCHMIDT KE
    Med J Malaya, 1960 Jun;14:217-24.
    PMID: 13748029
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/therapy*
  13. Treatment with olanzapine, risperidone or typical antipsychotic drugs in Asian patients with schizophrenia
    Lee C, Wu KH, Habil H, Dyachkova Y, Lee P
    Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2006 May;40(5):437-45.
    PMID: 16683970
    To examine clinical outcomes in Asian patients with schizophrenia receiving monotherapy with olanzapine, risperidone or typical antipsychotics in naturalistic settings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/diagnosis; Schizophrenia/drug therapy*; Schizophrenia/ethnology*
  14. Fulltext To use the brief psychiatric rating scale to detect disorganized speech in schizophrenia: Findings from the REAP-AP study
    Chon Park Y, Kanba S, Chong MY, Tripathi A, Kallivayalil RA, Avasthi A, et al.
    Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci., 2018 Feb;34(2):113-119.
    PMID: 29413227 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.09.009
    Our study aimed to assess the psychometric validity of the conceptual disorganization item and other items of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) for detecting disorganized speech in patients with schizophrenia. We included 357 schizophrenia patients with disorganized speech and 1082 without disorganized speech from the survey centers in India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, and Taiwan, using the data from the Research on Asian Psychotropic Patterns for Antipsychotics (REAP-AP) study. After adjusting the effects of confounding variables, a binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify BPRS items independently associated with disorganized speech. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify optimum cut-off scores and their sensitivities and specificities for detecting disorganized speech. After adjusting the effects of confounding variables, the fitted binary logistic regression model indicated that conceptual disorganization (P schizophrenia both separately and in combination with uncooperativeness and excitement. The subscale for conceptual disorganization, uncooperativeness and excitement items in the BPRS is a promising psychometric tool for detecting disorganized speech.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/physiopathology*
  15. Thought disorder and its correlation with clinicodemographic variables in schizophrenia
    Mazumdar PK, Chaturvedi SK, Gopinath PS
    Psychopathology, 1994;27(1-2):37-42.
    PMID: 7972638
    The correlation of clinical and demographic variables of thought disorder was studied in 45 Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) schizophrenics. Thought disorder was assessed by the scale for the assessment of Thought, Language and Communication (TLC). Negative thought disorder was significantly correlated with the rural background. Individual TLC items like Distractible speech, Illogicality, Clanging, Neologisms, etc. were correlated with the literate group and perseveration with the illiterate group. No significant correlation was noted between thought disorder and clinical variables.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/diagnosis*; Schizophrenia/genetics
  16. The α5-Containing GABAA Receptors-a Brief Summary
    Mohamad FH, Has ATC
    J Mol Neurosci, 2019 Feb;67(2):343-351.
    PMID: 30607899 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1246-4
    GABAA receptors are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the human brain. The receptors are assembled from combination of protein subunits in pentameric complex which may consist of α1-6, β1-3, γ1-3, ρ1-3, δ, ε, θ, or π subunits. There are a theoretical > 150,000 possible assemblies and arrangements of GABAA subunits, although only a few combinations have been found in human with the most dominant consists of 2α1, 2β2, and 1γ2 in a counterclockwise arrangement as seen from the synaptic cleft. The receptors also possess binding sites for various unrelated substances including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and anesthetics. The α5-containing GABAARs only make up ≤ 5% of the entire receptor population, but up to 25% of the receptor subtype is located in the crucial learning and memory-associated area of the brain-the hippocampus, which has ignited myriads of hypotheses and theories in regard to its role. As well as exhibiting synaptic phasic inhibition, the α5-containing receptors are also extrasynaptic and mediate tonic inhibition with continuously occurring smaller amplitude. Studies on negative-allosteric modulators for reducing this tonic inhibition have been shown to enhance learning and memory in neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, Down syndrome, and autism with a possible alternative benzodiazepine binding site. Therefore, a few α5 subunit-specific compounds have been developed to address these pharmacological needs. With its small population, the α5-containing receptors could be the key and also the answer for many untreated cognitive dysfunctions and disorders.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia
  17. Fulltext The use of aripiprazole in early onset schizophrenia: safety and efficacy
    Normala I, Hamidin A
    Med J Malaysia, 2009 Sep;64(3):240-1.
    PMID: 20527278 MyJurnal
    The use of atypical antipsychotic agents in early onset schizophrenia is rising despite its limited data on efficacy, safety and tolerability. Early onset schizophrenia warrants effective pharmacological treatment that is safe and well tolerated by children and adolescent population. Existing atypical agents are not completely free of side effects. Aripiprazole has unique properties that differ from other atypical antipsychotics and fill up the missing gaps, as it is associated with minimal metabolic complications and extrapyramidal side effects that are more commonly seen in other atypical agents. It offers a better option for this population and may possibly be considered as first line treatment in future. This case report demonstrates the efficacy and safety of Aripiprazole in children and adolescent population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/drug therapy*
  18. Fulltext The schizophrenia genetics knowledgebase: a comprehensive update of findings from candidate gene studies
    Liu C, Kanazawa T, Tian Y, Mohamed Saini S, Mancuso S, Mostaid MS, et al.
    Transl Psychiatry, 2019 08 27;9(1):205.
    PMID: 31455759 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0532-4
    Over 3000 candidate gene association studies have been performed to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia. However, a comprehensive evaluation of these studies' findings has not been undertaken since the decommissioning of the schizophrenia gene (SzGene) database in 2011. As such, we systematically identified and carried out random-effects meta-analyses for all polymorphisms with four or more independent studies in schizophrenia along with a series of expanded meta-analyses incorporating published and unpublished genome-wide association (GWA) study data. Based on 550 meta-analyses, 11 SNPs in eight linkage disequilibrium (LD) independent loci showed Bonferroni-significant associations with schizophrenia. Expanded meta-analyses identified an additional 10 SNPs, for a total of 21 Bonferroni-significant SNPs in 14 LD-independent loci. Three of these loci (MTHFR, DAOA, ARVCF) had never been implicated by a schizophrenia GWA study. In sum, the present study has provided a comprehensive summary of the current schizophrenia genetics knowledgebase and has made available all the collected data as a resource for the research community.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/genetics*
  19. The role of tyrosine hydroxylase gene variants in suicide attempt in schizophrenia
    Hu J, Chan LF, Souza RP, Tampakeras M, Kennedy JL, Zai C, et al.
    Neurosci Lett, 2014 Jan 24;559:39-43.
    PMID: 24275212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.025
    Evidence has shown that attempted suicide in psychiatric disorders is a complex interplay of genes and environment. Noradrenergic dysfunction due to abnormalities in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior in mood disorders. However, suicide is a leading cause of mortality in schizophrenia too. Recent evidence suggests that TH gene variants may also increase the risk of suicide attempts in schizophrenia patients, although the interaction with established clinical risk factors is unclear. This study aimed to identify TH gene variants conferring risk for suicide attempt in schizophrenia while accounting for the interaction between this gene and clinical risk factors. We performed analysis on four TH SNPs (rs11564717, rs11042950, rs2070762, rs689) and the common TCAT repeat (UniSTS:240639) for 234 schizophrenia patients (51 suicide attempters and 183 non-attempters). Clinical risk factors and ethnic stratification were included as covariates. Single marker analysis identified the SNP rs11564717 (p=0.042) and the TCAT(6) (p=0.004) as risk variants for suicide attempt. We also identified the haplotype A-A-A-G as a risk factor for suicide attempt (p=0.0025). In conclusion, our findings suggest that TH polymorphisms may contribute to the risk of attempted suicide in schizophrenia even after accounting for established clinical risk factors and ethnic stratification. Further larger scale studies are needed to confirm these findings and to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of TH gene variants in suicide attempt in schizophrenia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/enzymology*; Schizophrenia/genetics*
  20. The relative efficiency of schizophrenia health care systems: an international comparison using data envelopment analysis
    Weatherall J, Simonsen J, Odlaug BL
    J Med Econ, 2020 Oct;23(10):1186-1192.
    PMID: 32573296 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2020.1786393
    AIM: To compare the health economic efficiency of health care systems across nations, within the area of schizophrenia, using a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach.

    METHODS: The DEA was performed using countries as decision-making units, schizophrenia disease investment (cost of disease as a percentage of total health care expenditure) as the input, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per patient due to schizophrenia as the output. Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study, the World Bank Group, and a literature search of the PubMed database.

    RESULTS: Data were obtained for 44 countries; of these, 34 had complete data and were included in the DEA. Disease investment (percentage of total health care expenditure) ranged from 1.11 in Switzerland to 6.73 in Thailand. DALYs per patient ranged from 0.621 in Lithuania to 0.651 in Malaysia. According to the DEA, countries with the most efficient schizophrenia health care were Lithuania, Norway, Switzerland and the US (all with efficiency score 1.000). The least efficient countries were Malaysia (0.955), China (0.959) and Thailand (0.965).

    LIMITATIONS: DEA findings depend on the countries and variables that are included in the dataset.

    CONCLUSIONS: In this international DEA, despite the difference in schizophrenia disease investment across countries, there was little difference in output as measured by DALYs per patient. Potentially, Lithuania, Norway, Switzerland and the US should be considered 'benchmark' countries by policy makers, thereby providing useful information to countries with less efficient systems.

    Matched MeSH terms: Schizophrenia/therapy*
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