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Fulltext Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer

Mohamad A, Zamri-Saad M, Amal MNA, Al-Saari N, Monir MS, Chin YK, et al.

Vaccines (Basel), 2021 Apr 10;9(4).
PMID: 33920311 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040368

Multiple infections of several bacterial species are often observed under natural farm conditions. The infections would cause a much more significant loss compared to a single infectious agent. Vaccination is an essential strategy to prevent diseases in aquaculture, and oral vaccination has been proposed as a promising technique since it requires no handling of the fish and is easy to perform. This research attempts to develop and evaluate a potential feed-based polyvalent vaccine that can be used to treat multiple infections by Vibrios spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, and Aeromonas hydrophila, simultaneously. The oral polyvalent vaccine was prepared by mixing formalin-killed vaccine of V. harveyi, S. agalactiae, and A. hydrophila strains with commercial feed pellet, and palm oil as an adjuvant was added to improve their antigenicity. Thereafter, a vaccinated feed pellet was tested for feed quality analysis in terms of feed stability in water, proximate nutrient analysis, and palatability, safety, and growth performance using Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer as a fish host model. For immune response analysis, a total of 300 Asian seabass juveniles (15.8 ± 2.6 g) were divided into two groups in triplicate. Fish of group 1 were not vaccinated, while group 2 was vaccinated with the feed-based polyvalent vaccine. Vaccinations were carried out on days 0 and 14 with oral administration of the feed containing the bacterin at 5% body weight. Samples of serum for antibody and lysozyme study and the spleen and gut for gene expression analysis were collected at 7-day intervals for 6 weeks. Its efficacy in protecting fish was evaluated in aquarium challenge. Following vaccination by the polyvalent feed-based vaccine, IgM antibody levels showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum against Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Streptococcus agalactiae and reached the peak at week 3, 5, and 6, respectively. The high-stimulated antibody in the serum remained significantly higher than the control (p < 0.05) at the end of the 6 weeks vaccination trial. Not only that, but the serum lysozyme level was also increased significantly at week 4 (p < 0.05) as compared to the control treatment. The immune-related gene, dendritic cells, C3, Chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) showed significantly higher expression (p < 0.05) after the fish were vaccinated with the oral vaccine. In the aquarium challenge, the vaccine provided a relative percentage survival of 75 ± 7.1%, 80 ± 0.0%, and 80 ± 0.0% after challenge with V. harveyi, A. hydrophila, and S. agalactiae, respectively. Combining our results demonstrate that the feed-based polyvalent vaccine could elicit significant innate and adaptive immunological responses, and this offers an opportunity for a comprehensive immunization against vibriosis, streptococcosis, and motile aeromonad septicemia in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Nevertheless, this newly developed feed-based polyvalent vaccination can be a promising technique for effective and large-scale fish immunization in the aquaculture industry shortly.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated
Fulltext Safety and Efficacy of Pneumococcal Vaccination in Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome

Goonewardene ST, Tang C, Tan LT, Chan KG, Lingham P, Lee LH, et al.

Front Pediatr, 2019;7:339.
PMID: 31456997 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00339

Nephrotic syndrome affects both children and adults. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is reported to be one of the most frequent renal pathologies in childhood. Nephrotic children are at high risk for severe pneumococcal infections as one of the life-threatening complications of nephrotic syndrome due to involvement of the immunosuppressive regimen and the acquired immune deficiency induced by nephrotic syndrome including decreased plasma IgG and low complement system components. Aiming to prevent pneumococcal infection is of paramount importance especially in this era of ever-increasing pneumococcal resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins. The pneumococcal vaccines currently available are inactivated vaccines-the two main forms in use are polysaccharide vaccines and conjugated vaccines. However, the data supporting the use of these vaccines and to guide the timing and dosage recommendations is still limited for nephrotic children. Thus, this review discusses the evidences of immunogenicity and safety profile of both vaccinations on nephrotic patients as well as the effect of nephrotic syndrome treatment on vaccine seroresponses.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated
Fulltext Risk of serious adverse events after the BNT162b2, CoronaVac, and ChAdOx1 vaccines in Malaysia: A self-controlled case series study

Ab Rahman N, Lim MT, Lee FY, Lee SC, Ramli A, Saharudin SN, et al.

Vaccine, 2022 Jul 30;40(32):4394-4402.
PMID: 35667917 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.075

BACKGROUND: Rapid deployment of COVID-19 vaccines is challenging for safety surveillance, especially on adverse events of special interest (AESIs) that were not identified during the pre-licensure studies. This study evaluated the risk of hospitalisations for predefined diagnoses among the vaccinated population in Malaysia.
METHODS: Hospital admissions for selected diagnoses between 1 February 2021 and 30 September 2021 were linked to the national COVID-19 immunisation register. We conducted self-controlled case-series study by identifying individuals who received COVID-19 vaccine and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia, venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, myocarditis/pericarditis, arrhythmia, stroke, Bell's Palsy, and convulsion/seizure. The incidence of events was assessed in risk period of 21 days postvaccination relative to the control period. We used conditional Poisson regression to calculate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with adjustment for calendar period.
RESULTS: There was no increase in the risk for myocarditis/pericarditis, Bell's Palsy, stroke, and myocardial infarction in the 21 days following either dose of BNT162b2, CoronaVac, and ChAdOx1 vaccines. A small increased risk of venous thromboembolism (IRR 1.24; 95% CI 1.02, 1.49), arrhythmia (IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07, 1.26), and convulsion/seizure (IRR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07, 1.48) was observed among BNT162b2 recipients. No association between CoronaVac vaccine was found with all events except arrhythmia (IRR 1.15; 95% CI 1.01, 1.30). ChAdOx1 vaccine was associated with an increased risk of thrombocytopenia (IRR 2.67; 95% CI 1.21, 5.89) and venous thromboembolism (IRR 2.22; 95% CI 1.17, 4.21).
CONCLUSION: This study shows acceptable safety profiles of COVID-19 vaccines among recipients of BNT162b2, CoronaVac, and ChAdOx1 vaccines. This information can be used together with effectiveness data for risk-benefit analysis of the vaccination program. Further surveillance with more data is required to assess AESIs following COVID-19 vaccination in short- and long-term.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated
Repeated dose toxicity evaluation of a cold chain-free, live, attenuated oral cholera vaccine in Sprague Dawley rats

Xian TH, Parasuraman S, Sinniah K, Ravichandran M, Prabhakaran G

Vaccine, 2019 01 29;37(5):711-720.
PMID: 30630696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.027

The repeated dose toxicity of a prototype cold chain-free, live, attenuated oral cholera vaccine containing 5 × 106 CFU/mL of the VCUSM14P strain was evaluated in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (single dose administered daily for 30 days) to ascertain its safety for clinical use. Repeated dose toxicity studies for cholera vaccines in the literature have administered 2 or 3 fixed doses at 7, 14, 21 or 69 day intervals. The present study reports an evaluation of 30 repeated doses of cholera vaccine administered at three different concentrations (Group II (1.25 × 106 CFU), Group III (2.5 × 106 CFU) and Group IV (5 × 106 CFU)) in SD rats. The liquid vaccine was administered orally to the rats with the respective dose every day, and normal saline was administered to the control group (Group I). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the body weights and biochemical parameters of the rats after 15 and 30 repeated doses compared to those of the control group. However, compared to those of Group I, a significant increase (P 

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage; Vaccines, Inactivated/toxicity
Fulltext Protective efficacy of inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccines prepared in two different oil-based adjuvants

Aljumaili OA, Bello MB, Yeap SK, Omar AR, Ideris A

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 2020 Sep 28;87(1):e1-e7.
PMID: 33054260 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1865

Despite the availability of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines for more than six decades, disease outbreaks continue to occur with huge economic consequences to the global poultry industry. The aim of this study is to develop a safe and effective inactivated vaccine based on a recently isolated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain IBS025/13 and evaluate its protective efficacy in chicken following challenge with a highly virulent genotype VII isolate. Firstly, high titre of IBS025/13 was exposed to various concentrations of binary ethylenimine (BEI) to determine the optimal conditions for complete inactivation of the virus. The inactivated virus was then prepared in form of a stable water-in-oil emulsion of black seed oil (BSO) or Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) and used as vaccines in specific pathogen-free chicken. Efficacy of various vaccine preparations was also evaluated based on the ability of the vaccine to protect against clinical disease, mortality and virus shedding following challenge with highly virulent genotype\VII NDV isolate. The results indicate that exposure of NDV IBS025/13 to 10 mM of BEI for 21 h at 37 °C could completely inactivate the virus without tempering with the structural integrity of the viral hemagglutin-neuraminidase protein. More so, the inactivated vaccines adjuvanted with either BSO- or FIA-induced high hemagglutination inhibition antibody titre that protected the vaccinated birds against clinical disease and in some cases virus shedding, especially when used together with live attenuated vaccines. Thus, genotype VII-based NDV-inactivated vaccines formulated in BSO could substantially improve poultry disease control particularly when combined with live attenuated vaccines.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
Japanese encephalitis vaccines: current vaccines and future prospects

Monath TP

Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 2002;267:105-38.
PMID: 12082985

Vaccination against JE ideally should be practiced in all areas of Asia where the virus is responsible for human disease. The WHO has placed a high priority on the development of a new vaccine for prevention of JE. Some countries in Asia (Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, and the PRC) manufacture JE vaccines and practice childhood immunization, while other countries suffering endemic or epidemic disease (India, Nepal, Laos, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines) have no JE vaccine manufacturing or policy for use. With the exception of the PRC, all countries practicing JE vaccination use formalin inactivated mouse brain vaccines, which are relatively expensive and are associated with rare but clinically significant allergic and neurological adverse events. New inactivated JE vaccines manufactured in Vero cells are in advanced preclinical or early clinical development in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the PRC. An empirically derived, live attenuated vaccine (SA14-14-2) is widely used in the PRC. Trials in the PRC have shown SA14-14-2 to be safe and effective when administered in a two-dose regimen, but regulatory concerns over manufacturing and control have restricted international distribution. The genetic basis of attenuation of SA14-14-2 has been partially defined. A new live attenuated vaccine (ChimeriVax-JE) that uses a reliable flavivirus vaccine--yellow fever 17D--as a live vector for the envelope genes of SA14-14-2 virus is in early clinical trials and appears to be well tolerated and immunogenic after a single dose. Vaccinia and avipox vectored vaccines have also been tested clinically, but are no longer being pursued due to restricted effectiveness mediated by anti-vector immunity. Other approaches to JE vaccines--including naked DNA, oral vaccination, and recombinant subunit vaccines--have been reviewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/pharmacology
Fulltext Improved immunogenicity of Newcastle disease virus inactivated vaccine following DNA vaccination using Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein genes

Firouzamandi M, Moeini H, Hosseini D, Bejo MH, Omar AR, Mehrbod P, et al.

J Vet Sci, 2016 Mar;17(1):21-6.
PMID: 27051336 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.1.21

The present study describes the development of DNA vaccines using the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) genes from AF2240 Newcastle disease virus strain, namely pIRES/HN, pIRES/F and pIRES-F/HN. Transient expression analysis of the constructs in Vero cells revealed the successful expression of gene inserts in vitro. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that single vaccination with the constructed plasmid DNA (pDNA) followed by a boost with inactivated vaccine induced a significant difference in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody levels (p < 0.05) elicited by either pIRES/F, pIRES/F+ pIRES/HN or pIRES-F/HN at one week after the booster in specific pathogen free chickens when compared with the inactivated vaccine alone. Taken together, these results indicated that recombinant pDNA could be used to increase the efficacy of the inactivated vaccine immunization procedure.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated
Immuno-protective efficiency of feed-based whole-cell inactivated bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus and Aeromonas infections in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus)

Monir MS, Yusoff MSM, Zulperi ZM, Hassim HA, Zamri-Saad M, Amal MNA, et al.

Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2021 Jun;113:162-175.
PMID: 33857622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.006

Streptococcosis and motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) are well-known diseases in tilapia culture, which cause mass mortality with significant economic losses. The development of feed-based bivalent vaccines in controlling these diseases has been initiated, however, the mechanisms of immunities and cross-protection in fish remain unclear. This study was conducted to assess the immuno-protective as well as the cross-protective efficacy of a newly developed feed-based bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus and Aeromonas infections in red hybrid tilapia. A total of five groups of fish were vaccinated orally through two different techniques; bivalent vaccine (inactivated Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila) sprayed on feed pellets (BS group); bivalent vaccine (inactivated S. iniae and A. hydrophila) incorporated in feed (BI group); monovalent inactivated S. iniae and A. hydrophila vaccine separately incorporated into feed as monovalent S. iniae (MS group) and monovalent A. hydrophila (MA group); and control group (without vaccine). The feed-based vaccine was delivered orally at 5% of body weight for five consecutive days. The booster doses were given in the same manner on weeks 2 and 6. Serum and skin mucus samples were collected to assess the IgM responses using indirect ELISA. The first administration of the feed-based vaccine stimulated the IgM levels that lasted until week 3, while the second booster ensured that the IgM levels remained high for a period of 16 weeks in the BI, MS and MA groups. The BI group developed a strong and significantly (P

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
Fulltext Immunity and clinical efficacy of an inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine in healthy Chinese children: a report of further observations

Liu L, Mo Z, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Li R, Ong KC, et al.

BMC Med, 2015;13:226.
PMID: 26381232 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0448-7

To investigate the long-term effects on immunity of an inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine and its protective efficacy.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage*
Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia

Amrina MA, Shahidah M, Sofiah HR, Mirlia SCM, Thilakaveni R, Chong ZL, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2023 Jan;78(1):20-24.
PMID: 36715186

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers (HCWs) were among the first to be fully vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. However, the antibody responses to the vaccines and potential decline among Malaysian HCW are still unclear. The objective of this study is to follow-up anti-S antibody levels among HCW vaccinated with mRNA vaccine (BTN162b2) and inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma samples were collected prevaccination, 2 weeks and 6 months post-vaccination and tested for total immunoglobulin levels using ELISA method.
RESULTS: A small percentage of HCW (2.2%, 15/677) had elevated anti-S antibody levels in their pre-vaccination plasma samples (median 20.4, IQR 5.8), indicating that they were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination. The mRNA vaccine significantly increased anti-S levels of both previously infected and uninfected individuals to saturation levels (median 21.88, IQR.0.88) at 2 weeks postsecond dose of the vaccine. At 6 months post-vaccination, the antibody levels appeared to be maintained among the recipients of the mRNA vaccine. However, at this time point, anti-S antibody levels were lower in individuals given inactivated vaccine (median 20.39, IQR 7.31, n=28), and interestingly, their antibody levels were similar to anti-S levels in pre-vaccination exposed individuals. Antibody levels were not different between the sexes.
CONCLUSION: Anti-S levels differ in individuals given the different vaccines. While further study is required to determine the threshold level for protection against SARSCoV- 2, individuals with low antibody levels may be considered for boosters.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated
Fulltext Formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virus vaccine protects a murine model of enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis against disease

Ong KC, Devi S, Cardosa MJ, Wong KT

J Virol, 2010 Jan;84(1):661-5.
PMID: 19864378 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00999-09

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease and neurological complications, and no vaccines or therapeutic drugs are currently available. Formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virus vaccines derived from EV71 clinical isolates and a mouse-adapted virus (MAV) were tested in a mouse model of EV71 encephalomyelitis. After only two immunizations, given to mice at 1 and 7 days of age, the MAV vaccine protected mice at 14 days of age from disease. Tissues from immunized mice were negative for virus by viral culture, reverse transcriptase PCR, immunohistochemistry analysis, and in situ hybridization. Cross-neutralizing EV71 antibodies to strains with genotypes B3, B4, and C1 to C5 generated in immunized adult mice were able to passively protect 14-day-old mice from disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/pharmacology*; Vaccines, Inactivated/therapeutic use
Feed-based vaccination regime against streptococcosis in red tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis mossambicus

Ismail MS, Siti-Zahrah A, Syafiq MR, Amal MN, Firdaus-Nawi M, Zamri-Saad M

BMC Vet Res, 2016;12(1):194.
PMID: 27608936 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0834-1

Streptococcosis is an important disease of tilapia throughout the world. In Malaysia, streptococcosis outbreak was commonly reported during the 3-month period of high water temperature between April and July. This study describes the duration of protection following single and double booster dose regimes against streptococcosis in tilapia using a feed-based vaccine containing formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae. A total of 510 tilapias of 120 ± 10 g were selected and divided into 3 groups. Fish of Group 1 were vaccinated at weeks 0 and 2 (single booster group) while fish of Group 2 were vaccinated at weeks 0, 2 and 6 (double booster group) with a feed-based vaccine against streptococcosis. Fish of Group 3 was not vaccinated. Serum samples were collected weekly to determine the antibody level while samples of eye, brain and kidney were collected for bacterial isolation. At week 10, all fish were challenged with live S. agalactiae and the survival rate was determined.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated
Evaluation of the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of FluBlok® trivalent recombinant baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin influenza vaccine administered intramuscularly to healthy adults 50-64 years of age

Baxter R, Patriarca PA, Ensor K, Izikson R, Goldenthal KL, Cox MM

Vaccine, 2011 Mar 9;29(12):2272-8.
PMID: 21277410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.039

Alternative methods for influenza vaccine production are needed to ensure adequate supplies.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage; Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
Fulltext Elucidating the Efficacy of Vaccination against Vibriosis in Lates calcarifer Using Two Recombinant Protein Vaccines Containing the Outer Membrane Protein K (r-OmpK) of Vibrio alginolyticus and the DNA Chaperone J (r-DnaJ) of Vibrio harveyi

Silvaraj S, Md Yasin IS, A Karim MM, Saad MZ

Vaccines (Basel), 2020 Nov 06;8(4).
PMID: 33171991 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040660

Recombinant cell vaccines expressing the OmpK and DnaJ of Vibrio were developed and subsequently, a vaccination efficacy trial was carried out on juvenile seabass (~5 cm; ~20 g). The fish were divided into 5 groups of 50 fish per group, kept in triplicate. Groups 1 and 2 were injected with 107 CFU/mL of the inactivated recombinant cells vaccines, the pET-32/LIC-OmpK and pET-32/LIC-DnaJ, respectively. Group 3 was similarly injected with 107 CFU/mL of inactivated E. coli BL21 (DE3), Group 4 with 107 CFU/mL of formalin killed whole cells V. harveyi, and Group 5 with PBS solution. Serum, mucus, and gut lavage were used to determine the antibody levels before all fish were challenged with V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahemolyticus, respectively on day 15 post-vaccination. There was significant increase in the serum and gut lavage antibody titers in the juvenile seabass vaccinated with r-OmpK vaccine. In addition, there was an up-regulation for TLR2, MyD88, and MHCI genes in the kidney and intestinal tissues of r-OmpK vaccinated fish. At the same time, r-OmpK triggered higher expression level of interleukin IL-10, IL-8, IL-1ß in the spleen, intestine, and kidney compared to r-DnaJ. Overall, r-OmpK and r-DnaJ triggered protection by curbing inflammation and strengthening the adaptive immune response. Vaccinated fish also demonstrated strong cross protection against heterologous of Vibrio isolates, the V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus. The fish vaccinated with r-OmpK protein were completely protected with a relative per cent of survival (RPS) of 90 percent against V. harveyi and 100 percent against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus. A semi-quantitative PCR detection of Vibrio spp. from the seawater containing the seabass also revealed that vaccination resulted in reduction of pathogen shedding. In conclusion, our results suggest r-OmpK as a candidate vaccine molecule against multiple Vibrio strain to prevent vibriosis in marine fish.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated
Efficacy of intranasal administration of formalin-killed Pasteurella haemolytica A2 against intratracheal challenge in goats

Effendy AW, Zamri-Saad M, Puspa R, Rosiah S

Vet Rec, 1998 Apr 18;142(16):428-31.
PMID: 9595632

A trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of intranasal vaccination in protecting goats against pneumonic pasteurellosis with intramuscular vaccination using an oil adjuvant vaccine, and a combination of the two methods. Forty goats were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was vaccinated twice intranasally with formalin-killed Pasteurella haemolytica A2, group 2 was vaccinated twice intramuscularly with an oil adjuvant vaccine containing P haemolytica A7, and group 3 was initially vaccinated intranasally with the formalin-killed P haemolytica A2 followed by intramuscular vaccination with the oil adjuvant vaccine. In each group the two vaccinations were carried out four weeks apart. Group 4 was the unvaccinated control group. All goats were challenged intratracheally with 4 ml of an inoculum containing live P haemolytica A2 at a concentration of 1.3 x 10(7) colony forming units/ml two weeks after the last vaccination and were killed 14 days after the challenge. Although group 2 showed the highest clinical score following the challenge, deaths were observed only in group 3. Three goats in group 1 had pneumonic lung lesions, compared with six goats in group 2 and all the goats in groups 3 and 4. The lung lesions in group 1 were significantly (P < 0.05) less severe than in groups 3 and 4. Similarly, the lesions in group 2 were markedly less severe than in groups 3 and 4, although the differences were not significant. The difference between the extent of the lung lesions in the goats in groups 1 and 2 was not significant. Antibody against P haemolytica A2 in group 1 reached peak levels and was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than in the control group one week after the second vaccination, before declining.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated
Efficacy of an inactivated recombinant vaccine encoding a fimbrial protein of Pasteurella multocida B:2 against hemorrhagic septicemia in goats

Mohd Yasin IS, Mohd Yusoff S, Mohd ZS, Abd Wahid Mohd E

Trop Anim Health Prod, 2011 Jan;43(1):179-87.
PMID: 20697957 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9672-5

This study was carried out to determine the antibody responses and protective capacity of an inactivated recombinant vaccine expressing the fimbrial protein of Pasteurella multocida B:2 following intranasal vaccination against hemorrhagic septicemia in goats. Goats were vaccinated intranasal with 10(6) CFU/mL of the recombinant vaccine (vaccinated group) and 10(6) CFU/mL of pET32/LIC vector without fimbrial protein (control group). All three groups were kept separated before all goats in the three groups were challenged with 10(9) CFU/mL of live pathogenic P. multocida B:2. During the course of study, both serum and lung lavage fluid were collected to evaluate the antibody levels via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was found that goats immunized with the inactivated recombinant vaccine developed a strong and significantly (p

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/pharmacology; Vaccines, Inactivated/therapeutic use
Development of enterovirus 71 vaccines

Lee MS, Chang LY

Expert Rev Vaccines, 2010 Feb;9(2):149-56.
PMID: 20109026 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.152

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) was first isolated in 1969 in California, USA. Several epidemic outbreaks with high mortality rates have occurred in European and Asian Countries (Bulgaria in 1975, Hungary in 1978, Malaysia in 1997, Taiwan in 1998 and China in 2008). EV71 CNS involvement may be associated with neurological sequelae, delayed neurodevelopment and reduced cognitive functioning. Since poliovirus was nearly eradicated by vaccination, EV71 is now considered as one of the top candidates for new vaccine development against human enteroviruses. Recently, several EV71 vaccine candidates, including live-attenuated virus, inactivated whole virus, recombinant viral protein, virus-like particle and DNA vaccines, have been evaluated in animals but no clinical trial has yet been conducted. Based on historical experiences with poliovirus vaccines and animal studies, the inactivated whole-virus vaccines are feasible and could be licensed readily, so these are targeted for preparing clinical trials in several organizations in Asia.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
Development of a sandwich ELISA to detect virus-like-particles in enterovirus A71 vaccines

Lim PY, Cardosa MJ

J Virol Methods, 2019 08;270:113-119.
PMID: 31100287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.05.005

The goal of this paper was to develop a sandwich ELISA that can detect intact human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) virus-like particles (VLPs) in vaccines. This assay specifically detected EV-A71 viruses from different sub-genogroups as well as EV-A71 VLPs, and treatment of VLPs with high heat and low pH reduced or completely abolished detection of the VLPs suggesting that the ELISA detected assembled particles. Using a purified VLP as a reference standard, a quantitative sandwich ELISA (Q-ELISA) was established which was used to monitor the yield and purity of the VLPs during manufacturing. Coupled with immunogenicity studies, the Q-ELISA was used to evaluate the performance of the VLPs and formalin-inactivated EV-A71 vaccine. This assay has the potential to play an important role in the development of an efficient process to produce and purify the VLPs and in examining the quality of EV-A71 vaccines.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/standards
Fulltext Component-specific effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine as monitored through a sentinel surveillance network in Canada, 2006-2007

Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Dickinson J, Petric M, Mak A, Fonseca K, et al.

J Infect Dis, 2009 Jan 15;199(2):168-79.
PMID: 19086914 DOI: 10.1086/595862

Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) is reformulated annually to contain representative strains of 2 influenza A subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) and 1 B lineage (Yamagata or Victoria). We describe a sentinel surveillance approach to link influenza variant detection with component-specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimation.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage*; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
Comparison of adverse effects following immunisation degree after the administration COVID-19 vaccine of different platforms

Bermawi B, Donastin A, Sari NDK, Kurniasari DW, Adriansyah AA, Ferdiansyah MA, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2024 Mar;79(2):124-127.
PMID: 38553914

INTRODUCTION: Vaccination is an effective way to overcome the spread of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). However, it can give rise to adverse event following immunisation (AEFI). AEFI is an important aspect that is assessed in vaccine safety standards. It is assumed that different vaccine platforms can give rise to different degrees of AEFI severity, but so far there have been no studies that discuss the differences in the degree of AEFI on each type of COVID- 19 vaccine platform.
AIM: Evaluate the differences in the degree of AEFI on each type of COVID-19 vaccine platform.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research used a quantitative analytical observational design with a cross sectional approach. Data collection from participants was carried out by filling out questionnaires. The collected data was tabulated and statistical analysis was carried out.
RESULTS: A total of 217 respondents who received three doses of vaccine participated in the study. Of the 651 vaccine doses studied, the results showed that there were significant differences in the degree of AEFI between the three types of vaccine platforms. The degree of AEFI was significantly different (p < 0.05) between each type of vaccine platform, with the degree of AEFI starting from the lowest, namely inactivated vaccine, then viral vector vaccine and the highest was nucleic acid vaccine.
CONCLUSION: The degree of AEFI differs significantly between each COVID-19 vaccine platform. The degree of AEFI, from the mildest to the most severe, was inactivated vaccine, viral vector vaccine and nucleic acid vaccine. No serious AEFI was reported.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaccines, Inactivated

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