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  1. Fulltext The association between the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) symptoms and bully/victim problem among malaysian sixth-graders
    Wan Ismail WS, Nik Jaafar NR, Mohd Daud TI, Shah SA, Ismail A, Shafiee Z
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2010;11(1):79-86.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: School bullying in Malaysia is on the rise. While efforts are put together to combat the problem, the psychiatric aspect has been neglected. This is a cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between the symptoms of ADHD and bully/victim problems among Malaysian sixthgraders attending primary schools in Kuala Lumpur.
    Methods: A total of 410 sixth-graders from seven randomly selected schools were assessed with regards to bully/victim problems and ADHD symptoms using self-reported questionnaires. Malaysian Bullying Questionnaire was used to rate bully/victim problems while ADHD symptoms were assessed using ConnersWells’ Adolescent Self-report Scale (CASS). Teachers and parents also assessed students’ ADHD symptoms using Conner’s Teachers Rating Scale (CTRS) and Conner’s Parents Rating Scale (CPRS), respectively.
    Results: Self-reported questionnaires showed that 61.2% of the children were involved in bully/victim problems. The ADHD symptoms were found significant in relation to bully/victim problems as tested by multiple logistic regression. Only students and parents reported significant ADHD symptoms among the bully/victim groups. The ADHD symptoms reported by students were significant among bullies(OR=0.59,CI=0.42-0.83, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  2. Fulltext When males become victims – a case report
    Ek Zakuan Kalil, Tan, Susan M.K., Loh, Sit Fong, Norazlin Kamal Nor, Suzaily Wahab
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2010;11(2):216-219.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: This case report highlights males as victims of sexual abuse, ascertain the factors that are associated with male sexual abuse and outline problems in management of sexual abuse with the presence of co morbidities. Methods: We report a case of sexual abuse in a 14 year old boy who has borderline mental retardation and ADHD. Results: The victim was
    traumatized due to the abuse. The perpetrator was not charged due to lack of evidence of the abuse and stigma. Conclusion: Sexual abuse that occurs in males can be influenced by multiple factors such as the presence of comorbidities. Strong awareness must be present in caregivers to prevent abuse in this population and to take appropriate and early action to effect the necessary intervention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  3. Fulltext Depressive, anxiety and stress levels among mothers of ADHD children and their relationships to ADHD symptoms
    Musa R, Shafiee Z
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2007;8(1):20-28.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: To date, there are limited published literatures addressing behaviors of Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) children and their parents’ psychological
    characteristics. It is also crucial to know the relationship between characteristics of ADHD
    behaviors on their parental psychological impacts. Objective: To determine the level of stress, anxiety and depressive among mothers of ADHD children compared to control group and also to determine the associations between domains of children’s behaviors (externalizing or internalizing) that gives most impact to these maternal psychological aspects. Method: This is a cross-sectional study. Seventy mothers of ADHD children who came to Child and Adolescent Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Hospital completed self-rating questionnaires of Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depressive Scale (HADS). Seventy mothers of asthmatic children were recruited as a control group. Results: Mothers with ADHD children are more anxious, depressed and stressed (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  4. An exploratory study of the effectiveness of group narrative therapy on the school behavior of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms
    Looyeh MY, Kamali K, Shafieian R
    Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 2012 Oct;26(5):404-10.
    PMID: 22999036 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2012.01.001
    This study explored the effectiveness of group narrative therapy for improving the school behavior of a small sample of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Fourteen clinics referred 9- to 11-year-old girls with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD were randomly assigned to treatment and wait-list control groups. Posttreatment ratings by teachers showed that narrative therapy had a significant effect on reducing ADHD symptoms 1 week after completion of treatment and sustained after 30 days.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy*
  5. Stress among parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a Malaysian experience
    Narkunam N, Hashim AH, Sachdev MK, Pillai SK, Ng CG
    Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2014 Jun;6(2):207-16.
    PMID: 23857633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00216.x
    Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic debilitating illness with onset in early childhood. The objective of this study was to look at the impact of children with ADHD on their parents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis*
  6. ADHD bifactor model based on parent and teacher ratings of Malaysian children
    Gomez R
    Asian J Psychiatr, 2014 Apr;8:47-51.
    PMID: 24655626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.10.009
    The study used confirmatory factor analysis to ascertain support for the bifactor model of the Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms, based on parent and teacher ratings for a group of Malaysian children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis*
  7. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms reporting in Malaysian adolescents: do adolescents, parents and teachers agree with each other?
    Wan Salwina WI, Baharudin A, Nik Ruzyanei NJ, Midin M, Rahman FN
    Asian J Psychiatr, 2013 Dec;6(6):483-7.
    PMID: 24309858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.05.001
    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a clinical diagnosis relying on persistence of symptoms across different settings. Information are gathered from different informants including adolescents, parents and teachers. In this cross-sectional study involving 410 twelve-year old adolescents, 37 teachers and 367 parents from seven schools in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, reliability of ADHD symptoms among the various informants were reported. ADHD symptoms (i.e. predominantly hyperactive, predominantly inattentive and combined symptoms) were assessed by adolescents, teachers and parents, using Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-report Scale (CASS), Conner's Teachers Rating Scale (CTRS) and Conner's Parents Rating Scale (CPRS) respectively. For predominantly hyperactive symptoms, there were statistically significant, weak positive correlations between parents and teachers reporting (r=0.241, p<0.01). Statistically significant, weak positive correlations were found between adolescents and parents for predominantly inattentive symptoms (r=0.283, p<0.01). Correlations between adolescents and parents reporting were statistically significant but weak (r=0.294, p<0.01). Weak correlations exist between the different informants reporting ADHD symptoms among Malaysian adolescents. While multiple informant ratings are required to facilitate the diagnosis of ADHD, effort should be taken to minimize the disagreement in reporting and better utilize the information.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis*
  8. Fulltext Fetishism in ADHD: an impulsive behaviour or a paraphilic disorder?
    Masiran R
    BMJ Case Rep, 2018 Sep 27;2018.
    PMID: 30262539 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226212
    A boy with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) presented with a fetish for and the subsequent stealing of female undergarments. He was predominantly inattentive and had been a slow learner. Psychological tests showed that he had significant cognitive and inattention problems without significant hyperactivity, and was at risk of dyslexia as well as conduct disorder.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/complications*; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology
  9. Autism and trichotillomania in an adolescent boy
    Masiran R
    BMJ Case Rep, 2018 Sep 05;2018.
    PMID: 30185454 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226270
    An adolescent with autism spectrum disorder and improperly treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder presented with recurrent hair pulling. Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and stimulant improved these conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/complications; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy*
  10. Fulltext Randomised controlled clinical trial of a structured cognitive rehabilitation in patients with attention deficit following mild traumatic brain injury: study protocol
    Hamzah N, Narayanan V, Ramli N, Mustapha NA, Mohammad Tahir NA, Tan LK, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2019 09 18;9(9):e028711.
    PMID: 31537559 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028711
    OBJECTIVES: To measure the clinical, structural and functional changes of an individualised structured cognitive rehabilitation in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) population.

    SETTING: A single centre study, Malaysia.

    PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged between 18 and 60 years with mTBI as a result of road traffic accident, with no previous history of head trauma, minimum of 9 years education and abnormal cognition at 3 months will be included. The exclusion criteria include pre-existing chronic illness or neurological/psychiatric condition, long-term medication that affects cognitive/psychological status, clinical evidence of substance intoxication at the time of injury and major polytrauma. Based on multiple estimated calculations, the minimum intended sample size is 50 participants (Cohen's d effect size=0.35; alpha level of 0.05; 85% power to detect statistical significance; 40% attrition rate).

    INTERVENTIONS: Intervention group will receive individualised structured cognitive rehabilitation. Control group will receive the best patient-centred care for attention disorders. Therapy frequency for both groups will be 1 hour per week for 12 weeks.

    OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary: Neuropsychological Assessment Battery-Screening Module (S-NAB) scores. Secondary: Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) parameters and Goal Attainment Scaling score (GAS).

    RESULTS: Results will include descriptive statistics of population demographics, CogniPlus cognitive program and metacognitive strategies. The effect of intervention will be the effect size of S-NAB scores and mean GAS T scores. DTI parameters will be compared between groups via repeated measure analysis. Correlation analysis of outcome measures will be calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

    CONCLUSION: This is a complex clinical intervention with multiple outcome measures to provide a comprehensive evidence-based treatment model.

    ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee UMMC (MREC ID NO: 2016928-4293). The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03237676.

    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/rehabilitation*
  11. Heterogeneity in brain functional changes of cognitive processing in ADHD across age: A systematic review of task-based fMRI studies
    Yap KH, Abdul Manan H, Sharip S
    Behav Brain Res, 2021 01 15;397:112888.
    PMID: 32882284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112888
    This review aims to establish the cognitive processing of patients with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) across age. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on children and adult populations were conducted, thus delineating deficits that could have been maintained and ameliorated across age. This allowed for the examination of the correlation between patterns of brain activation and the corresponding development of functional heterogeneity in ADHD. A systematic literature search of fMRI studies on ADHD was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases based on PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were verified in Scopus database. The present study has identified 14 studies on children, 16 studies on adults, and one study on both populations of ADHD consisting of 1371 participants. Functional heterogeneity is present in ADHD across age, which can manifest either as different brain activation patterns, intra-subject variability, or both. This is shown in the increased role of the frontal regions and the specialized network in adults with ADHD from inefficient non-specific activation in childhood. Functional heterogeneity may manifest when delayed maturation is insufficient to normalize frontal lobe functions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology*
  12. The association between the behavior rating inventory of executive functioning and cognitive testing in children diagnosed with a brain tumor
    de Vries M, de Ruiter MA, Oostrom KJ, Schouten-Van Meeteren AYN, Maurice-Stam H, Oosterlaan J, et al.
    Child Neuropsychol, 2018 08;24(6):844-858.
    PMID: 28693404 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1350262
    Pediatric brain tumor survivors (PBTS) suffer from cognitive late effects, such as deteriorating executive functioning (EF). We explored the suitability of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) to screen for these late effects. We assessed the relationship between the BRIEF and EF tasks, and between the BRIEF-Parent and BRIEF-Teacher, and we explored the clinical utility. Eighty-two PBTS (8-18 years) were assessed with EF tasks measuring attention, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, visual-, and working memory (WM), and with the BRIEF-Parent and BRIEF-Teacher. Pearson's correlations between the BRIEF and EF tasks, and between the BRIEF-Parent and BRIEF-Teacher were calculated. The BRIEF-Parent related poorly to EF tasks (rs < .26, ps > .01), but of the BRIEF-Teacher the WM-scale, Monitor-scale, Behavioral-Regulation-Index, and Meta-cognition-Index, and Total-score (rs > .31, ps < .01) related significantly to some EF tasks. When controlling for age, only the WM scale and Total score related significantly to the attention task (ps < .01). The inhibit scales of the BRIEF-Parent and BRIEF-Teacher correlated significantly (r = .33, p < .01). Children with clinically elevated scores on BRIEF scales that correlated with EF tasks performed worse on all EF tasks (ds 0.56-1.23, ps < .05). The BRIEF-Teacher Total and Index scores might better screen general EF in PBTS than the BRIEF-Parent. However, the BRIEF-Teacher is also not specific enough to capture separate EFs. Solely relying on the BRIEF as a screening measure of EFs in BPTS is insufficient. Questionnaires and tasks give distinctive, valuable information.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology
  13. The Novelty of Bupropion As a Dopaminergic Antidepressant for the Treatment of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
    Deang KT, Sidi H, Zakaria H, Adam RL, Das S, Hatta NH, et al.
    Curr Drug Targets, 2019;20(2):210-219.
    PMID: 28494748 DOI: 10.2174/1389450118666170511145628
    Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), a hyperactivity disorder prevalent among children may continue as an adulthood attention deficit. To date, treating an individual with an adult ADHD may be an arduous task as it involves numerous challenges, which include a need for high index of suspicion to diagnose this medical condition. Many psychiatric disorders masquerade as ADHD and delay the necessary assessment and proper treatment for this debilitating medical disorder. Adult ADHD is often misdiagnosed (or under diagnosed) due to the fact that this medical condition is being masked by the patients' high level of intellectual achievement. As the ADHD in adult persists, it may end-up with impairment in the personal-social-occupational function in which the management becomes a great challenge. The treatment of ADHD can be optimized by using various drugs targets agents like norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), with or without psycho stimulants like methylphenidate, which is marketed as Ritalin. Bupropion, an NDRI has a novel effect on ADHD as the molecule exerts its effects by modulating the reward-pleasure mesolimbic dopaminergic system and at the same time regulates the elevating mood dimension of the noradrenergic neurotransmission. The role of Bupropion in the neural and psychopharmacological perspective treatment of ADHD was deliberated. The present review highlights the novel effects of Bupropion in ADHD treatment, together with the help of other successful bio-psycho-social measures. This may be of immense benefit to the psychiatrists for treating their patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis*; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy*; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology
  14. Fulltext Extraction, Analytical and Advanced Methods for Detection of Allura Red AC (E129) in Food and Beverages Products
    Rovina K, Siddiquee S, Shaarani SM
    Front Microbiol, 2016;7:798.
    PMID: 27303385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00798
    Allura Red AC (E129) is an azo dye that widely used in drinks, juices, bakery, meat, and sweets products. High consumption of Allura Red has claimed an adverse effects of human health including allergies, food intolerance, cancer, multiple sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain damage, nausea, cardiac disease and asthma due to the reaction of aromatic azo compounds (R = R' = aromatic). Several countries have banned and strictly controlled the uses of Allura Red in food and beverage products. This review paper is critically summarized on the available analytical and advanced methods for determination of Allura Red and also concisely discussed on the acceptable daily intake, toxicology and extraction methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  15. Fulltext Sleep Disturbances in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder at a Malaysian Tertiary Hospital
    Koo HW, Ismail J, Yang WW, Syed Zakaria SZ
    Front Pediatr, 2020;8:608242.
    PMID: 33537265 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.608242
    Introduction: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a variety of co-morbid medical problems, including sleep disturbances. Prevalence of sleep disorders has been reported to be higher in this group as compared to the general population. Identifying sleep problems in children with ASD may help increase awareness and improve the overall quality of care for them. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sleep problems and associated factors in a group of Malaysian children aged 6-16 years, with ASD. Method: This is a cross-sectional study at the Child Development Centre of UKM Medical Centre (UKM MC) on ASD children aged 6-16 years. Demographic data was obtained and the Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (SDSC) questionnaire was completed by the main caregiver. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors related to higher total SDSC scores. Results: A total of 128 patients were recruited (111 boys) with a median age of 8 years 3 months (IQR: 2 years 10 months). Forty-seven (36.7%) of them obtained total SDSC scores in the pathological range with 19 (14.8%) scoring high for overall disturbances and 28 (21.9%) for at least one subtype of sleep disorders: 25 (19.5%) DIMS, 18 (14.1%) SBD, 10 (7.8%) DOES, 5 (3.9%) DOA, 6 (4.7%) SWTD, and 3 (2.3%) SHY. More than half of the children (57.8%) were reported to have sufficient sleep duration of 8-11 h, but longer sleep latency of at least 15 min (82.8%). Half of the ASD children also had co-morbidities in which one-third (34.4%) had attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using logistic regression analysis, four factors were significantly associated with higher total SDSC scores; female gender (p = 0.016), older age group (11-16 years old) (p = 0.039), shorter sleep length (p = 0.043), and longer sleep latency (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of sleep disturbances is high among Malaysian children with ASD, especially DIMS. Female gender, older age group, shorter sleep length, and longer sleep latency were found to be associated with the sleep disturbances. Evaluation of sleep problems should form part of the comprehensive care of children with ASD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  16. Fulltext Clinical diagnosis and non-verbal ability of primary-one school children with LD
    Toh, Teck Hock, Wong, See Chang, Muhamad Rais Abdullah
    Int J Public Health Res, 2011;1(2):33-40.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction More school children were referred for learning difficutly (LD), especially after the introduction of LINUS sccreening programme by Ministry of Education Malaysia.
    Aims To study the clinical diagnosis and non-verbal ability of primary-one school children with LD after paediatric assessment, as well as associated behavioural issues and socio-economincal background.
    Methods Assessment findings by Paediatricians and Naglieri Non-Verbal Ability Test®(NNAT®) results of all primary-one school children referred in year 2010 with LD were studied retrospectively.
    Results Ninety-three children were included (62.4% male), and 72.0% of them failed the LINUS screening programme. The commonest diagnoses were Borderline Intellectual Disability (ID, 37.6%) and Mild ID (19.4%). Other diagnoses included Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD, 11.8%), Specific Learning Disability (SLD, 10.8%), Autistic Spectrum Disorder (n = 5) and Severe Language Disorder (n = 3). Mean NNAT scores were 84.6 ± 11.8 (n = 85), of which 9.4% children scored less than 70 (
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  17. Fulltext Antioxidant activity in children with ADHD – a comparison in untreated and treated subjects with normal children
    Ruchi, K., Anil Kumar, S., Sunil, G., Bashir, A., Prabhat, S.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2011;10(1):31-35.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequently encountered clinical condition in children. Based on DSM IV-TR criteria it can be sub-classified into three distinct types namely hyperactiveimpulsive, inattentive and combined. Materials and Methods: In the present study, salivary antioxidant activity (AOA) in children with ADHD was compared with age-matched normal control subjects, both as a whole and also with regard to the three subtypes. Additionally, the effect of therapy on the altered AOA levels was investigated following short term (
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  18. Fulltext Pharmacotherapy for comorbid adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and stimulant dependence: a systematic review
    Woon, L.S., Hazli Z., Gan, L.L.Y.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(2):149-161.
    MyJurnal
    Comorbid adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and stimulant dependence is widely recognized, but efficacy of pharmacotherapy in this patient population is not well established. We aimed to review whether pharmacotherapy is efficacious in reducing ADHD symptoms and stimulant use in comorbid adult ADHD and stimulant use disorder. English articles until June 2017 were systematically searched in electronic databases (MEDLINE and PsycINFO), an online clinical trials register (ClinicalTrial.gov), and through hand-search of article references. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that studied efficacy of pharmacotherapy in adults with comorbid ADHD and stimulant dependence were included. Two reviewers assessed studies for inclusion and extracted data; disagreements were resolved by consensus. Study outcomes included were changes in ADHD symptom severity, substance abstinence, treatment retention rates and safety. From the 1394 records identified, five trials (n=358) were included. Four studies involved methylphenidate; in another study extended-release mixed amphetamine were used. The comorbid stimulant was cocaine in three studies, and amphetamines in the rest. All were short-term studies involving predominantly young male adults conducted in outpatient settings. There is early promising but mixed evidence for therapeutic efficacy in improving ADHD symptoms. Stimulant medications did not worsen stimulant dependence or adverse effects of stimulant medications. Side effects were mild and tolerable. High attrition rates and small sample size limited the generalizability of findings. Current limited evidence suggests that stimulant treatment for comorbid adult ADHD and stimulant dependence is feasible. Welldesigned trials with adequate power are needed for more robust evidence on ADHD and stimulant use outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
  19. Effects of familial climate on the adolescents' driving habits: a recent literature
    Foo KY
    Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot, 2015;22(2):127-35.
    PMID: 24328944 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2013.855795
    Driving is a functional task that requires a complex interaction of visual perception, cognitive and motor skills. Next to circulatory diseases and cancer, road accidents remain the third epidemic cause of death internationally, with approximately half a million teen drivers killed annually. Driver behaviour has been cited as the pervasive marker of automotive crashes. A reliable and firm relationship between the positive parental model, message, and communication has been established. Specifically, the familial climate is proposed to be an important element of reinforcement, modelling, support and environmental determinant in interpreting personal perceptions, habits, values, and belief system. Confirming the assertion, this bibliographic review presents the most recent research findings on the contributions of families to the driving habits of teens. The emphasis is speculated on parental alcohol use, aggressiveness, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, relationship, and intergenerational transmission of driving styles. Besides, the effects of familial supervision, monitoring, education and awareness, and genders, partners, and demographic influence on the driving habits are discussed and outlined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology
  20. Hearing status and behavioural patterns among school aged children with cleft lip and/or palate
    Goh BS, Tang CL, Hashim ND, Annamalay T, Abd Rahman FN
    Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2019 Mar;118:1-5.
    PMID: 30578988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.12.010
    OBJECTIVE: There is a dearth of studies on long term hearing status and behavioural patterns among cleft lip and/or palate children after their primary lip and palate closure in Malaysia. This study describes the audiology status and behavioural patterns in a group of school aged children with cleft lip and/or palate.

    METHOD: A cross sectional study was carried out where caretakers of cleft lip and/or palate were asked to complete the translated Malay language version of Strength Difficulties Questionnaire. The hearing status of the children was analyzed based on recent pure tone audiometric and tympanogram results. The patients' age, gender, type of cleft pathology, age of palatal surgery and behavioural patterns were examined for their potential relationship with hearing status.

    RESULTS: A total of 74 children (148 ears) aged between 7 and 17 years with cleft lip and/or palate were recruited. The result showed 37 ears (25.0%) had hearing loss with majority suffered from mild conductive hearing loss. There were 16 ears (10.8%) that had persistent middle ear effusion. Hearing improvement occurred when palatal repair was performed at the age of less than 1 year old. (p = 0.015) There was no significant relationship between patients' gender, age, type of cleft and history of myringotomy with their hearing status. In terms of behavioural patterns, 16.3% were abnormal for total behavioural score, 39.2% for peer problem and 17.6% for conduct problem. For prosocial behaviour, 16.3% were rated low and very low. There was fair correlation between age and hyperactivity problems (r = 0.44). Patients' gender, type of cleft pathology, had been teased apart and hearing status was found not related to behavioural problems.

    CONCLUSION: Cleft lip and/or palate patients have a good longterm hearing outcome. Majority had normal hearing and if there is hearing impairment, it is only a mild loss. Early palatal repair surgery before the age of 1 year can significantly reduce the risk of hearing loss. Cleft lip and/or palate patients experienced peer problems. There was no significant correlation between behavioural difficulty and hearing status among school-aged children with cleft lip and palate.

    Matched MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology
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