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  1. Fulltext Pharmacokinetics of Free Oxytetracycline and Oxytetracycline Loaded Cockle Shell Calcium Carbonate-Based Nanoparticle in BALB/c Mice
    Idris SB, Abdul Kadir A, Abdullah JFF, Ramanoon SZ, Basit MA, Abubakar MZZA
    Front Vet Sci, 2020;7:270.
    PMID: 32613011 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00270
    The development and utilization of nano-antibiotics is currently gaining attention as a possible solution to antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the pharmacokinetics of free oxytetracycline (OTC) and oxytetracycline loaded cockle shell calcium carbonate-based nanoparticle (OTC-CNP) after a single dose of intraperitoneal (IP) administration in BALB/c mice. A total of 100 female BALB/c mice divided into two groups of equal number (n = 50) were administered with 10 mg/kg OTC and OTC-CNP, respectively. Blood samples were collected before and post-administration from both groups at time 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min and 1, 2, 6, 24, and 48 h, and OTC plasma concentration was quantified using a validated HPLC-UV method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using a non-compartment model. The Cmax values of OTC in OTC-CNP and free OTC treated group were 64.99 and 23.53 μg/ml, respectively. OTC was detected up to 24 h in the OTC-CNP group as against 1 h in the free OTC group following intraperitoneal administration. In the OTC-CNP group, the plasma elimination rate of OTC was slower while the half-life, the area under the curve, and the volume of the distribution were increased. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic profile of OTC in the OTC-CNP group differs significantly from that of free OTC. However, further studies are necessary to determine the antibacterial efficacy of OTC-CNP for the treatment of bacterial diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  2. Preparation and characterization of cockle shell aragonite nanocomposite porous 3D scaffolds for bone repair
    Mahmood SK, Zakaria MZAB, Razak ISBA, Yusof LM, Jaji AZ, Tijani I, et al.
    Biochem Biophys Rep, 2017 Jul;10:237-251.
    PMID: 28955752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.04.008
    The demands for applicable tissue-engineered scaffolds that can be used to repair load-bearing segmental bone defects (SBDs) is vital and in increasing demand. In this study, seven different combinations of 3 dimensional (3D) novel nanocomposite porous structured scaffolds were fabricated to rebuild SBDs using an extraordinary blend of cockle shells (CaCo3) nanoparticles (CCN), gelatin, dextran and dextrin to structure an ideal bone scaffold with adequate degradation rate using the Freeze Drying Method (FDM) and labeled as 5211, 5400, 6211, 6300, 7101, 7200 and 8100. The micron sized cockle shells powder obtained (75 µm) was made into nanoparticles using mechano-chemical, top-down method of nanoparticles synthesis with the presence of the surfactant BS-12 (dodecyl dimethyl bataine). The phase purity and crystallographic structures, the chemical functionality and the thermal characterization of the scaffolds' powder were recognized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) respectively. Characterizations of the scaffolds were assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Degradation Manner, Water Absorption Test, Swelling Test, Mechanical Test and Porosity Test. Top-down method produced cockle shell nanoparticles having averagely range 37.8±3-55.2±9 nm in size, which were determined using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). A mainly aragonite form of calcium carbonate was identified in both XRD and FTIR for all scaffolds, while the melting (Tm) and transition (Tg) temperatures were identified using DSC with the range of Tm 62.4-75.5 °C and of Tg 230.6-232.5 °C. The newly prepared scaffolds were with the following characteristics: (i) good biocompatibility and biodegradability, (ii) appropriate surface chemistry and (iii) highly porous, with interconnected pore network. Engineering analyses showed that scaffold 5211 possessed 3D interconnected homogenous porous structure with a porosity of about 49%, pore sizes ranging from 8.97 to 337 µm, mechanical strength 20.3 MPa, Young's Modulus 271±63 MPa and enzymatic degradation rate 22.7 within 14 days.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  3. Fulltext Incidence and antibiogram of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in processed and frozen bivalve mollusks in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
    Tang, J.Y.H., Wan-Rosli, W.F., Abdul-Razak, N.H., Yeo, C.C., Abu Bakar, C.A., Son, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(4):1349-1353.
    MyJurnal
    This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antibiogram of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in processed bivalve molluscs in Kuala Terengganu. A total of 80 seafood samples, namely mussels (n=20), carpet clams (n=20), cockles (n=20) and scallops (n=20), were subjected to PCR and conventional plating method for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus. V. parahaemolyticus was found in green mussels (55%), carpet clam (80%), cockles (40%) and scallops (55%). Fifty-five V. parahaemolyticus isolates were subjected to 9 types antibiotic sensitivity test using discs diffusion method. All isolates were susceptible to Tetracycline and Gentamycin. Isolates showed high resistance towards Vancomycin (52.73%), Penicillin (45.45%) and Amplicillin (32.73%). Resistance towards Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin were found to be 1.82%. It can be concluded that local bivalve molluscs were contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus and isolates showed resistance towards certain antibiotics. Therefore, consumption of raw or semi-cooked bivalve molluscs is not advisable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  4. Fulltext Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cockles in Padang, Indonesia
    Zulkifli, Y., Alitheen, N.B., Raha, A.R., Yeap, S.K., Marlina, Son, R., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(1):53-58.
    MyJurnal
    Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the most widely recognized pathogenic Vibrio species due to numerous outbreaks and its’ wide occurrence in marine environment. In this study, 32 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from cockles were tested for sensitivity to 16 antibiotics and the presence of plasmids. All the isolates were multi-resistance, defined as resistant to atleast three different antibiotics with multiple antibiotic resistance indexes ranging from 0.31 to 0.69, indicating the isolates originate from high risk sources of contamination where antibiotics are often used. In the plasmid profiling test, only 15 isolates (47%) harbored plasmid DNA, which ranged in size from 2.7 to 56.2 kb, separating the isolates into 14 plasmid profiles. Hence, food contaminated with antibiotic resistant V. parahaemolyticus could be a major threat to public health due to the distinct possibility that they can be a significant reservoir of genes encoding antibiotic resistance determinants that can be transferred intra or interspecies. As in many developing countries, raw food hygiene and antimicrobial resistance epidemiology is still in the infancy stage in the locality of the study and thus our data provide a current baseline profile of antimicrobial resistance and plasmid of V. parahaemolyticusfrom cockles in Padang, Indonesia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  5. Mineral and physiochemical evaluation of cockle shell (Anadara granosa) and other selected molluscan shell as potential biomaterials
    Bharatham H, Md Zuki Abu Bakar Zakaria, Perimal EK, Loqman Mohamad Yusof, Muhajir Hamid
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1023-1029.
    Molluscan shells are attracting research interest due to the diverse application properties possessed. As shells are very similar to bones, this study was conducted to analyze the mineral and physiochemical composition of Cockle (Anadara granosa) shell and three other types of molluscan shell, namely Strombus canarium, Oliva sayana and Terebra dislocata as potential biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications. Approximately 200 g of shells from each species were processed and powdered for the purpose of this study. Carbon was analyzed using the carbon analyzer while minerals and heavy metals through ICP-MS. The phase purity and crystallographic structures of the powders were identified using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) while the chemical functionality was determined using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. The analysis showed that Cockle shells contained higher content of calcium and carbon including varying amount of other minor elements comparatively. However, all four types of shell powders were found to contain below detectable levels of toxic elements. Physiochemical analysis on phase purity and crystallographic structures showed similar characteristics of carbonate group present in all four shell types. A predominantly aragonite form of calcium carbonate was detected in both XRD diffractogram and FTIR spectra for all samples. Our findings demonstrated that different types of molluscan shells have almost similar mineral and physiochemical characteristics and a predominantly aragonite form of calcium carbonate that provides a strong basis for their use as a potential bone tissues engineering material.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  6. Utilization of rice husk to enhance calcium oxide-based sorbent prepared from waste cockle shells for cyclic CO2 capture in high-temperature condition
    Mohamed M, Yusup S, Quitain AT, Kida T
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 Nov;26(33):33882-33896.
    PMID: 29956260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2549-2
    The CO2 capture capacity and cyclic stability of calcium oxide (CaO) prepared from cockle shells (CS) were enhanced by incorporating rice husk (RH) and binder through wet-mixing method. The cyclic reaction of calcination and carbonation was demonstrated using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) which the calcination was performed in a pure N2 environment at 850 °C for 20 min and carbonation at 650 °C for 30 min in 20 vol% of CO2 in N2. The analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) identified silica (Si) as the major elements in the sorbents. The RH-added sorbents also contained several types of metal elements such as which was a key factor to minimize the sintering of the sorbent during the cyclic reaction and contributed to higher CO2 capture capacity. The presence of various morphologies also associated with the improvement of the synthesized sorbents performance. The highest initial CO2 capture capacity was exhibited by CS+10%RH sorbent, which was 12% higher than the RH-free sorbent (CS). However, sorbents with the higher RH loading amount such as 40 and 50 wt% were preferred to maintain high capture capacity when the sorbents were regenerated and extended to the cyclic reaction. The sorbents also demonstrated the lowest average sorption decay, which suggested the most stable sorbent for cyclic-reaction. Once regenerated, the capture capacity of the RH-added sorbent was further increased by 12% when clay was added into the sorbent. Overall, the metal elements in RH and clay were possibly the key factor that enhances the performance of CaO prepared from CS, particularly for cyclic CO2 capture. Graphical abstract Cyclic calcination and carbonation reaction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  7. Antibiotic resistance and molecular typing among cockle (Anadara granosa) strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis
    Sahilah AM, Laila RA, Sallehuddin HM, Osman H, Aminah A, Ahmad Azuhairi A
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014 Feb;30(2):649-59.
    PMID: 24068534 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1494-y
    Genomic DNA of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were characterized by antibiotic resistance, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis. These isolates originated from 3 distantly locations of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka (East coastal areas), Malaysia. A total of 44 (n = 44) of tentatively V. parahaemolyticus were also examined for the presence of toxR, tdh and trh gene. Of 44 isolates, 37 were positive towards toxR gene; while, none were positive to tdh and trh gene. Antibiotic resistance analysis showed the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were highly resistant to bacitracin (92%, 34/37) and penicillin (89%, 33/37) followed by resistance towards ampicillin (68%, 25/37), cefuroxime (38%, 14/37), amikacin (6%, 2/37) and ceftazidime (14%, 5/37). None of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant towards chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, streptomycin and vancomycin. Antibiogram patterns exhibited, 9 patterns and phenotypically less heterogenous when compared to PCR-based techniques using ERIC- and RAPD-PCR. The results of the ERIC- and RAPD-PCR were analyzed using GelCompare software. ERIC-PCR with primers ERIC1R and ERIC2 discriminated the V. parahaemolyticus isolates into 6 clusters and 21 single isolates at a similarity level of 80%. While, RAPD-PCR with primer Gen8 discriminated the V. parahaemolyticus isolates into 11 clusters and 10 single isolates and Gen9 into 8 clusters and 16 single isolates at the same similarity level examined. Results in the presence study demonstrated combination of phenotypically and genotypically methods show a wide heterogeneity among cockle isolates of V. parahaemolyticus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae/microbiology*
  8. Fulltext Cockle Shell-Derived Aragonite CaCO3 Nanoparticles for Co-Delivery of Doxorubicin and Thymoquinone Eliminates Cancer Stem Cells
    Ibiyeye KM, Zuki ABZ
    Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Mar 10;21(5).
    PMID: 32164352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051900
    Cancer stem cells CSCs (tumour-initiating cells) are responsible for cancer metastasis and recurrence associated with resistance to conventional chemotherapy. This study generated MBA MD231 3D cancer stem cells enriched spheroids in serum-free conditions and evaluated the influence of combined doxorubicin/thymoquinone-loaded cockle-shell-derived aragonite calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Single loaded drugs and free drugs were also evaluated. WST assay, sphere forming assay, ALDH activity analysis, Surface marker of CD44 and CD24 expression, apoptosis with Annexin V-PI kit, cell cycle analysis, morphological changes using a phase contrast light microscope, scanning electron microscopy, invasion assay and migration assay were carried out; The combination therapy showed enhanced apoptosis, reduction in ALDH activity and expression of CD44 and CD24 surface maker, reduction in cellular migration and invasion, inhibition of 3D sphere formation when compared to the free drugs and the single drug-loaded nanoparticle. Scanning electron microscopy showed poor spheroid formation, cell membrane blebbing, presence of cell shrinkage, distortion in the spheroid architecture; and the results from this study showed that combined drug-loaded cockle-shell-derived aragonite calcium carbonate nanoparticles can efficiently destroy the breast CSCs compared to single drug-loaded nanoparticle and a simple mixture of doxorubicin and thymoquinone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae/chemistry*
  9. Formulation of a Sustained Release Docetaxel Loaded Cockle Shell-Derived Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles against Breast Cancer
    Hammadi NI, Abba Y, Hezmee MNM, Razak ISA, Jaji AZ, Isa T, et al.
    Pharm Res, 2017 06;34(6):1193-1203.
    PMID: 28382563 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2135-1
    PURPOSE: Here, we explored the formulation of a calcium carbonate nanoparticle delivery system aimed at enhancing docetaxel (DTX) release in breast cancer.

    METHODS: The designed nano- anticancer formulation was characterized thorough X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) methods. The nano- anticancer formulation (DTX- CaCO3NP) was evaluated for drug delivery properties thorough in vitro release study in human body simulated solution at pH 7.4 and intracellular lysosomal pH 4.8.

    RESULTS: Characterization revealed the successful synthesis of DTX- CaCO3NP, which had a sustained release at pH 7.4. TEM showed uniformly distributed pleomorphic shaped pure aragonite particles. The highest entrapment efficiency (96%) and loading content (11.5%) were obtained at docetaxel to nanoparticles ratio of 1:4. The XRD patterns revealed strong crystallizations in all the nanoparticles formulation, while FTIR showed chemical interactions between the drug and nanoparticles with negligible positional shift in the peaks before and after DTX loading. BET analysis showed similar isotherms before and after DTX loading. The designed DTX- CaCO3NP had lower (p  0.05) effects at 48 h and 72 h. However, the DTX- CaCO3NP released less than 80% of bond DTX at 48 and 72 h but showed comparable effects with free DTX.

    CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the developed DTX- CaCO3NP released DTX slower at pH 7.4 and had comparable cytotoxicity with free DTX at 48 and 72 h in MCF-7 cells.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae/chemistry
  10. Fulltext A simple, portable, electrochemical biosensor to screen shellfish for Vibrio parahaemolyticus
    Nordin N, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Radu S, Hushiarian R
    AMB Express, 2017 Dec;7(1):41.
    PMID: 28205102 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0339-8
    An earlier electrochemical mechanism of DNA detection was adapted and specified for the detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in real samples. The reader, based on a screen printed carbon electrode, was modified with polylactide-stabilized gold nanoparticles and methylene blue was employed as the redox indicator. Detection was assessed using a microprocessor to measure current response under controlled potential. The fabricated sensor was able to specifically distinguish complementary, non-complementary and mismatched oligonucleotides. DNA was measured in the range of 2.0 × 10(-8)-2.0 × 10(-13) M with a detection limit of 2.16 pM. The relative standard deviation for 6 replications of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurement of 0.2 µM complementary DNA was 4.33%. Additionally, cross-reactivity studies against various other food-borne pathogens showed a reliably sensitive detection of the target pathogen. Successful identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (spiked and unspiked) in fresh cockles, combined with its simplicity and portability demonstrate the potential of the device as a practical screening tool.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  11. Fulltext Biofilm assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from seafood using Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA-PCR
    Elexson, N., Yaya, R., Nor, A.M., Ubong, A., Son, R., Kantilal, H.K., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(1):59-65.
    MyJurnal
    Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in many countries. Among the strains examined, 36 RAPD-types were found when amplified with primers OPA8 and OPA10. The analysis shows the majority of V. parahaemolyticus isolates originated from seafood were branched into four major clusters at 18.2%, 20.7% 34% and 3.4% similarity levels. This suggests that there is potential for a single strain to be distributed widely within a population and there also potential for multiple contaminating strains of different clonal lineages to be present within the same population. Optimum temperature (37ºC) was the highest and stable formation of biofilm. The total percentage of biofilm formation at 37ºC was 33.33% for each of weak, moderate and strong biofilm producers. Room temperature produces 61.1% of weak biofilm producer, while 13. 89% for moderate biofilm producers and produce 25% of strong biofilm. While a total of 91.67% weak biofilm producers at 4ºC and 8:33% for room temperature and no growth of strong biofilm. Upon analysis, strong biofilm was tracked from the largest group at 37°C and room temperature which produce 27.27% of strong biofilm producer respectively. Interestingly, they are derived from cockles.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  12. Fulltext Reverse Transcriptase PCR detection of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in cultured and wild shellfish from the Peninsular of Malaysia
    Wan Norhana, M. N., Masazurah A. R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(1):411-415.
    MyJurnal
    Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Outbreaks of hepatitis A have been linked to the consumption of both raw and cooked shellfish. These outbreaks could induce a public confidence problem over shellfish safety and may result in important economic losses for the seafood industry. The work presented in this study investigated the presence of HAV in shellfish from Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 365 of cultured and wild shellfish from 36 sampling locations located throughout Peninsular Malaysia were examined using a commercial nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kit. HAV was not detected in almost all of the shellfish samples xamined. Only one cockle sample from Changkat, Seberang Perai was positive for HAV. The results suggest the absence of HAV or very low amount of HAV viral particles in most of the shellfish examined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  13. Fulltext Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress evaluation of alginate/cockle shell powder nanobiocomposite bone scaffold on osteoblast
    B. Hemabarathy Bharatham, Zariyantey Abdul Hamid, Nurnadiah Ahmad
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2017;15(1):97-103.
    MyJurnal
    Biocompatibility and growth of osteoblast on bone scaffolds play an important role towards their therapeutic application.
    The presence of oxidative stress generated by bone scaffolds highly influences osteoblast growth and its functional
    performance. In this study in-vitro interaction of developed Alginate/Cockle Shell powder nanobiocomposite bone scaffold
    on osteoblast with regards to cytotoxicity and oxidative stress are evaluated. Cytotoxicity studies using MTT assays
    revealed a significant increase in viability of cultured osteoblast in the presences of the scaffold extracts. The growth of
    osteoblast on the scaffold were not deterred with the presence of any major oxidative stress factors as determined through
    oxidative stress profile studies using SOD, GSH and ROS assays. The nanobiocomposite scaffold evaluated in this study
    shows promising use in regards to facilitating osteoblast proliferation, growth and viability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  14. Fulltext Metagenomic data on Anadara granosa associated bacterial communities using culture dependent approaches and 16S rRNA sequencing
    Zarkasi KZ, Halim MA, Nazari TF, Daud F
    Data Brief, 2018 Aug;19:514-519.
    PMID: 29900350 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.05.052
    This article contains data on the bacterial communities and its diversity associated with Anadara granosa. The A. granosa samples were obtained from two major estuaries in Penang, Malaysia using a culture dependent and 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing approaches. A. granosa, a commercial blood cockles and popular seafoods, is fragile to the surrounding environments. Thus, our research focused to better understand the bacterial communities and it diversity in the A. granosa, as well as on the generation of a metagenomic library from A. granosa to further understanding on it diversity. The bacteria Vibrionaceae (34.1%) was predominant in the A. granosa from both environments followed by Enterobacteriaceae (33.3%) and Bacillaceae (16.75%). Vibrio sp., Klebsiella sp., and Bacillus subtilis were the most abundant species present. The data generated in this research is the first metagenomic examination of A. granosa and will provide as a baseline to understand the bacterial communities associated with A. granosa and its surrounding natural environments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  15. Population density and antibiotic resistant of bacteria from bivalve (Perna viridis and Anadara granosa)
    Asmat Armad, Nur Diana Mehat, Usup G, Rahimi Hamid
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:543-550.
    This study was carried out to know the bacteria population density in the blood cockle (Anadara granosa) and green lipped mussel (Perna viridis), to analyse the bacteria resistance towards antibiotics and antimicrobial activity of isolates against selected pathogen. Samples of blood cockle and green lipped mussel were obtained from five areas in Kedah and Negeri Sembilan. Bacterial population densities in mussels and cockles were 3 x 102 - 8 x 108 cFulmL and 5 x 102 - 5 x 108 cFulmL, respectively. A total of 162 isolates were obtained, of which 131 isolates were from mussels and 31 isolates were from cockles. Vibrio sp. was the most dominant genus in both types of samples. Antibiotic testing of all isolates showed most were resistant to Penicillin (10 U) and most were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (5 Jig). Most isolates (160/162) showed resistance to at least two antibiotics and 10 isolates were resistant to more than five antibiotics. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MAR) were calculated based on the antibiotic resistance results. Most isolates had a MAR index value of 02 which indicated the isolates were not contaminated with antibiotic residues. The highest index value was 0 .7 . Fifteen out of 39 isolates which produced beta-lactamase enzyme were tested for antimicrobial activity against selected pathogen. Results indicated that antimicrobial activity were varies among the isolates. Isolate smii-Ip produced antimicrobial activity against six out of the nine tested pathogen and none of the isolates active against Pseudomonas mirabilis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  16. Identification and characterisation of a copper-inducible metallothionein gene from cockle, Anadara granosa.
    Wong KK, Noor-Arniwati Mat-Daud, Roohaida Othman, Zubir Din, Wan KL, Salmijah Surif
    Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.
    The cockle, Anadara granosa, was experimentally exposed to low (0.1 mg/L) and sublethal (1.0 mg/L) doses of copper (Cu) for a period of 24 hrs. Significant increase in Cu concentrations in whole tissues and hepatopancreas compared to control animals were observed. In order to study the effect of copper exposure at molecular levels, a subtractive cDNA library was constructed from the hepatopancreas of cockles exposed to 1.0 mg/L Cu. Screening of the subtractive cDNA library using reverse northern analysis resulted in several differentially expressed genes, including one that codes for metallothionein (MT). The complete coding sequence of the MT gene (designated as AnaMT2) reveals an open reading frame of 234 bp in length that encodes a 77 amino acid polypeptide as revealed by the deduced amino acid composition. Although showing similarities with other molluscan MTs, AnaMT2 can be distinguished by its lower glycine and higher asparagine and proline content. Expression analysis of the AnaMT2 by northern analysis indicated higher mRNA level in cockle exposed to 1.0 mg/L Cu and was undetectable in those treated with 0.1 mg/L. This suggests that AnaMT2 represents a primarily inducible MT not highly expressed under basal conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  17. Ovarian maturation stages of wild and captive mud crab, scylla olivacea fed with two diets
    Azmie Ghazali, Noordiyana Mat Noordin, Ambok Bolong Abol-munafi, Mohamad N. Azra, Mhd Ikhwanuddin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:2273-2280.
    This study was aimed to determine the ovarian maturation stages of wild and captive orange mud crab, Scylla olivacea fed with different diets via gonadosomatic status, oocyte diameter and histological examinations. Captive crabs were fed with blood cockle, Anadara granosa, or fish, Decapterus spp. Through the histological examinations, ovarian maturation stages of wild and captive S. olivaceawas classified into four stages: Immature (Stage 1), Early maturing (Stage 2), Pre-maturing (Stage 3) and Fully matured (Stage 4). Gonadosomatic Index of wild and captive crabs remained low during immature and 2 but increased significantly (p<0.05) in pre-maturing and 4 ovaries. Oocytes size were significantly different (p<0.05) in all ovarian maturation stages of wild and captive crabs. Follicle cells surround the oocyte of immature ovary and small yolk globules start to appear in early maturing ovary with large nucleus size. Oocyte size increased significantly (p<0.05) and yolk globule obviously appeared in pre-maturing ovary. Large and fused yolk globules appeared in the oocytes of fully matured ovary with nucleus was barely visible. The present study revealed that, ovarian maturation stages of S. olivacea are closely related to its morphological appearance and cellular development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  18. Fulltext Mercury concentration data from Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Malaysia
    Wolswijk G, Satyanarayana B, Le QD, Siau YF, Ali ANB, Saliu IS, et al.
    Data Brief, 2020 Apr;29:105134.
    PMID: 32016142 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105134
    This paper presents the results of mercury analysis on 786 abiotic (surface sediments) and biotic (plant and animal tissues) samples collected from 10 sites at Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve in Peninsular Malaysia. Sediment samples were collected at the surface level from both river bank and forest understory. Whereas plant tissues obtained from Rhizophora apiculata Blume and Rhizophora mucronata L. consisted of leaves (in four stages namely young, mature, senescent and decomposing), bark and roots (divided into xylem, cortex and epidermis), the animal samples were represented by muscle tissue of the gastropod Cassidula aurisfelis Bruguière and the cockle Tegillarca granosa L. The mercury concentration measurements were obtained through a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometer. The core data have been analysed and interpreted in the paper "Distribution of mercury in sediments, plant and animal tissues in Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Malaysia" [1].
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae
  19. Human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from consumption of blood cockle and exposure to contaminated sediments and water along the Klang Strait, Malaysia
    Tavakoly Sany SB, Hashim R, Rezayi M, Salleh A, Rahman MA, Safari O, et al.
    Mar Pollut Bull, 2014 Jul 15;84(1-2):268-79.
    PMID: 24855978 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.004
    The concentration of carcinogenic poly aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) present in water and sediment of Klang Strait as well as in the edible tissue of blood cockle (Anadara granosa) was investigated. The human health risk of c-PAHs was assessed in accordance with the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The cancer risks of c-PAHs to human are expected to occur through the consumption of blood cockles or via gastrointestinal exposure to polluted sediments and water in Kalng Strait. The non-carcinogenic risks that are associated with multiple pathways based on ingestion rate and contact rates with water were higher than the US EPA safe level at almost all stations, but the non-carcinogenic risks for eating blood cockle was below the level of US EPA concern. A high correlation between concentrations of c-PAHs in different matrices showed that the bioaccumulation of c-PAHs by blood cockles could be regarded as a potential health hazard for the consumers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae/chemistry*
  20. Risk assessment for the daily intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the ingestion of cockle (Anadara granosa) and exposure to contaminated water and sediments along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia
    Mirsadeghi SA, Zakari MP, Yap CK, Shahbazi A
    J Environ Sci (China), 2011;23(2):336-45.
    PMID: 21517010
    The concentration of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) present in the sediment and water of Peninsular Malaysia as well as in the cockle Anadara granosa was investigated. Samples were extracted and analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of total carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (t-PAHs) were measured between 0.80 +/- 0.04 to 162.96 +/- 14.74 ng/g wet weight (ww) in sediment, between 21.85 +/- 2.18 to 76.2 +/- 10.82 ng/L in water samples and between 3.34 +/- 0.77 to 46.85 +/- 5.50 ng/g ww in the cockle tissue. The risk assessment of probable human carcinogens in the Group B2 PAHs was calculated and assessed in accordance with the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Case I in the toxicity assessment analysed the cancer risk to consumers of Malaysian blood cockle. Case II assessed the risk of cancer from exposure to PAHs from multiple pathways. The average cancer risk of case I and case II were found to be classifiable as unsafe according to the US EPA standard. The cancer risk due to c-PAHs acquired by the ingestion of blood cockle was (8.82 +/- 0.54) x 10-6 to (2.67 +/- 0.06) x 10(-2), higher than the US EPA risk management criterion. The non-cancer risks associated with multiple pathways in Kuala Gula, Kuala Juru and Kuala Perlis were higher than the U.S. EPA safe level, but the non-cancer risk for eating blood cockle was below the level of U.S. EPA concern.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cardiidae*
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