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  1. Evaluation of intra uterine contraceptive devices
    Lourdenadin S
    Med J Malaya, 1965 Jun;19(4):277-85.
    PMID: 4220853
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices*
  2. Targets of population in Singapore
    Wolfers D
    Med J Malaya, 1965 Sep;20(1):11-8.
    PMID: 4221406
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices*
  3. A prospective study of the acceptability of Today vaginal contraceptive sponge among Malaysian women
    Ismail MT, Halim AJ, Arshat H
    Malays J Reprod Health, 1987 Jun;5(1):17-21.
    PMID: 12269177
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices, Female*
  4. Fulltext A “near miss" congenital eventration of the right hemidiaphragm in a neonate: a case report
    Zurina Zainudin, Farah Inaz Syed Abdullah, Hong, Neoh Siew, Mughni Bahari, Irene Cheah Guat Sim
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2016;12(2):41-43.
    MyJurnal
    Focal eventration involving the posterior segment of the
    hemidiaphragm is a rare congenital anomaly. We report of a 10-
    day-old infant who presented with significant respiratory
    insufficiency and failure to show any responses to standard
    treatment. The diagnosis of focal eventration of the diaphragm
    was not anticipated until ultrasonographic examination revealed
    the defect. Diaphragmatic plication resulted in complete
    resolution of symptoms. A high level clinical awareness is
    crucial as a relatively simple surgical procedure could avert long
    term life-threatening complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices, Female
  5. Fulltext An unusual cause of lobulated lung mass
    Mohamed Faisal, A.H., Tan, H.L., Andrea, B.Y.L.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2016;15(2):77-79.
    MyJurnal
    Eventration of the diaphragm is caused by weakened musculature of the diaphragm. This can occur in one or
    both hemidiaphragms. Symptoms may be minimal and it is usually detected incidentally on chest radiograph
    which would show an elevation of the diaphragm. We report and discuss a case of eventration of right
    diaphragm in a patient presented with a lobulated lung mass on chest radiograph.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices, Female
  6. Biocompatibility assessment of an integrated contraceptive and RFID-based intravaginal device in cats (Felis catus): A preliminary study
    Santoso MIB, Ainun SS, Utami D, Aziz FA, Puspitaningsih R, Ashar Y, et al.
    Open Vet J, 2024 Sep;14(9):2348-2360.
    PMID: 39553770 DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.23
    BACKGROUND: An intravaginal device (IVD) made from polyethylene plastic and copper wire, integrated with a radio frequency identification (RFID) chip, was developed as a biocompatible contraceptive and identity device for cats.

    AIM: This study evaluates the local and systemic biocompatibility of IVD in five non-pregnant female cats.

    METHODS: The IVD was successfully inserted into the vaginal lumen after estrogen administration. Radiographic imaging confirmed the IVD's position, which lasted up to two days post-insertion.

    RESULTS: Systemic response, assessed through hematological examinations on days 0, 1, and 3 post-insertion, showed no significant changes in erythrogram and leukogram parameters. Local response, evaluated through vulvar inspection and vaginal cytology on days 0, 1, 3, and 7, revealed no neutrophil infiltration in 4 out of 5 cats, indicating compatibility with vaginal tissue. Furthermore, epithelial cell profile changes were observed, showing an increase in superficial cells, which is typical during the estrus phase.

    CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the IVD is biocompatible and suitable for use as a contraceptive and identity device in cats. However, further long-term studies are necessary to evaluate the device's prolonged efficacy and potential for contraception failure prevention by mating trials.

    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices, Female/veterinary
  7. Fulltext Unmet needs for contraception in married women in a tribal area of India
    Patil SS, Abdul Rashid K, Narayan KA
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2010;10(2):44-51.
    MyJurnal
    Background and Objectives: Unmet need for contraception is the gap between women's reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behavior. This community based interventional study was carried out to determine the unmet needs for contraception, the reasons for this and to assess the impact of interventional measures on acceptance of contraception.
    Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted in 52 villages in the state of Maharashtra, India, among 363 married women selected by cluster sampling. Data was collected using an interview guide. An intervention was done for the women who had an unmet need and an assessment of the change was done subsequently. Data was analyzed by using SPSS.
    Results The prevalence of contraceptive usage was 59.2% and the prevalence of unmet need for contraception was 44% (160). The unmet need for spacing births was 53.8%, 38.7% for limiting births and 7.5% women were dissatisfied with the current contraceptive method. The reasons ranged from side effects to contraceptives to source of obtaining contraceptives. Age of the respondents, education and number of living children showed statistically significant association with unmet needs. Post intervention, the contraceptive prevalence rate increased significantly 85.7% and there was a significant reduction in the unmet needs for spacing and limiting births, equally there was a significant reduction of dissatisfaction with using contraception.
    Conclusion: Improvement in the use of contraception and addressing the unmet need for contraception requires community involvement and ongoing, sustained efforts by health workers to ensure quality care to the beneficiaries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  8. Fulltext Male participation and sharing of responsibility in strengthening family planning activities in Malaysia
    Rosliza, A.M., Majdah, M.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2010;10(1):23-27.
    MyJurnal
    Family planning is one of the main pillars of safe motherhood initiatives. It is therefore a very crucial area that needs continuous strengthening and improvement in order to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality which will ultimately improve the general condition of women. Findings from the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Death (CEMD) Malaysia Report 2001 - 2005 revealed that up to 70% of the maternal deaths never practiced any form of family planning. The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) in Malaysia for the year 2004 was 51.7% compared to Thailand, Vietnam and Singapore which was 79%, 74% and 74% respectively. One neglected area that has never been emphasized seriously in the family planning programme in Malaysia is male participation, gender awareness and sharing of responsibility by both partners. In realizing this, efforts have been made to include men as target groups in the national family planning programme. This paper will highlight the importance of optimum gender relations and sharing of responsibility with special emphasis towards the role of husbands and male medical personnel in the effort to improve family planning activities. It will also discuss the efforts put by the Ministry of Health in order to create gender awareness and encourage male participation in family planning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  9. Fulltext Prescription contraception use: a cross-sectional population study of psychosocial determinants
    Molloy GJ, Sweeney LA, Byrne M, Hughes CM, Ingham R, Morgan K, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2015 Aug 12;5(8):e007794.
    PMID: 26270944 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007794
    OBJECTIVE: Many forms of contraception are available on prescription only for example, the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) and long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). In this analysis we aim to identify key determinants of prescription contraceptive use.
    DESIGN: Cross-sectional population survey. Data on sociodemographic indices, concerns about the OCP and perceived barriers to access were collected.
    SETTING: Data set constructed from a representative population-based telephone survey of community dwelling adults in the Republic of Ireland (RoI)
    PARTICIPANTS: 1515 women aged between 18 and 45 years
    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Self-reported user of the OCP or LARCs (intrauterine contraception, contraceptive injections or subdermal contraceptive implants) in the previous 12 months.
    RESULTS: For at least some of the previous year, 35% had used the OCP and 14% had used LARCs, while 3% had used two or more of these methods. OCP users were significantly younger, more likely to be unmarried and had higher income than non-users. Overall, 68% agreed with the statement 'that taking a break from long-term use of the contraceptive pill is a good idea' and 37% agreed with the statement that 'the OCP has dangerous side effects' and this was the strongest predictor variable of non-use of the OCP. Intrauterine contraception users were significantly older, more likely to be married and had lower income than non-users. Injections or subdermal contraceptive implant users were significantly younger, less likely to be married, had lower income and were less likely to agree that taking a break from long-term use of the pill is a good idea than non-users.
    CONCLUSIONS: Prescription contraceptive use is sociodemographically patterned, with LARCs in particular being associated with lower incomes in the RoI. Concerns about the safety of the OCP remain prevalent and are important and modifiable determinants of contraceptive-related behaviour.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices, Female/statistics & numerical data*
  10. Fulltext Knowledge, awareness, and perception of contraception among senior pharmacy students in Malaysia: A pilot study
    Elkalmi RM, Khan MU, Ahmad A, Srikanth AB, Abdurhaman NS, Jamshed SQ, et al.
    J Res Pharm Pract, 2015 Apr-Jun;4(2):94-8.
    PMID: 25984548 DOI: 10.4103/2279-042X.155760
    OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness, and perception of contraception among senior pharmacy students of a public sector university in Malaysia.
    METHODS: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among senior pharmacy students. The pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants over the period of 1-month. The questionnaire was divided into four sections, for gathering the information about students' demographic data, and their knowledge, attitudes, and perception toward contraception. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20.
    FINDINGS: The response rate was 68.6%. The results showed that the contraceptive knowledge was comparatively higher in year four students (P < 0.001), married respondents (P < 0.001) and those taking elective courses (P = 0.022) as compared to their respective counterparts. Majority of the students were well aware and had a positive perception about contraception.
    CONCLUSION: Overall findings reflect that the majority of the students had good knowledge, perception, and awareness about contraception. The study recommends future studies to be conducted covering different pharmacy schools across the country to further establish the results.
    KEYWORDS: Awareness; contraceptive; knowledge; perception; students
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  11. Cytological characteristics of gynaecological specimens referred to cytology division, I.M.R. in 1970
    Tang SK, Welch QB
    Med J Malaya, 1972 Jun;26(4):238-43.
    PMID: 5069412
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  12. Fulltext Sociodemographic profile, contraceptive practice and awareness of HIV infection among unmarried postpartum women in a tertiary centre in Malaysia
    Mustafa KB, Ibrahim Nb, Noraziana AW, Ayu AS, Suhaiza A, Awang M
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2014;13(2):41-47.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: To describe the sociodemographic profile, contraceptive practice, and awareness of HIV infection among unmarried post partum women in the biggest government hospital in Pahang.
    Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire-proforma-based study was conducted for one year duration from August 2010 until July 2011 by identifying and recruiting all the unmarried women upon admission for delivery. Basic information were obtained from the use of patients’ case notes, and further related and necessary information were obtained from a direct face-to-face interview based on a proforma.
    Results: A total of 121 unmarried women were identified and recruited. The age ranged from 13 to 36 years with a mean age of 21.6 years. 31.4% were teenagers. Only 16% of patients have tertiary education, and 2.5% never had any formal education. About one third of the women were smokers or ex-smokers, 7.5% had consumed alcohol, but none denied ever use of any recreational drugs. Almost 9% has prior history of being sexually assaulted. About three quarter of the women never used any contraceptive method. Majority of the patients (85.1%) were aware of HIV transmission risk; 75% never had any antenatal checkup or booked at late gestation (> 20 weeks); and 45.8% were not aware of any support groups for single mothers. Conclusion: Single unmarried women are associated with disadvantaged sociodemographic profile.
    Contraceptive practice was also very low despite significant awareness towards risk of HIV infection. Further follow up, support and care should be offered to these women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  13. East Asia Review, 1973. To sum up
    Keeny SM
    Stud Fam Plann, 1974 May;5(5):174-6.
    PMID: 4828075 DOI: 10.2307/1965310
    PIP: Observations are made related to the review of family planning activities in East Asia in 1973. The number of new acceptors for the region increased from 2.7 million in 1972 to 3.4 million in 1973. The leaders were Indonesia, which almost doubled its achievement of calendar year 1972, the Philippines, and Korea. In Thailand, the number of new acceptors dropped by about 10%. South Vietnam is the only country in the region without an official policy. Most couples still think that the ideal number of children is 4, with at least 2 sons. Some religious opposition does exist, particularly with reference to sterlization and abortion. More attention is being paid to women in their 20s. Sterilization and condoms are becoming more popular. Korea reports a sharp increase in vasectomies. Better methods and continuation rates should be stressed. In Taiwan a couple who start with 1 method and continue to practice some method lower their reproduction rate by 80%. More responsibility is being delegated to nurses and midwives, but too slowly. In Indonesia, the number of field workers rose from 3774 in 1972 to 6275 in 1973. The Philippines and Thailand are experimenting to see what kind of workers get best results and under what kind of salary and incentive arrangements. In-service training tends to be neglected, but preservice training is improving. Costs, in general, have risen, though in Korea the cost per acceptor has dropped from US$8.00 to US$7.80. Korea and Taiwan have reduced their annual population growth rates by more than 1/3 in 10 years, from 30 to 19-20 per 1000 each. Singapore's rate is 17 and Hong Kong's 14 (exclusive of inmigration). The number of couples currently practicing contraception in Singapore is 71%. Target systems assigning quotas to clinics are generally used except in Thailand and Malaysia, where programs emphasize maternal and child health, rather than population planning. Most programs require about 10 years to get the annual growth rate down to 2% by voluntary family planning. To get it down to 1.5% will probably take another 10 years.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  14. Fulltext Late antenatal booking and its predictors in Lundu district of Sarawak, Malaysia
    Jiee SF, Safii R, Hazmi H
    Int J Public Health Res, 2018;8(2):956-964.
    MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Antenatal care is widely acknowledged as an effective tool to prevent adverse outcomes in pregnant women and their children. In Malaysia, early entry to antenatal care refers to a first visit within the 12th week of gestation. Delayed access to antenatal care has not been extensively studied in Malaysia, whereas several studies have reported a high prevalence of late antenatal booking in developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine the factors and barriers associated with late antenatal booking and the level of knowledge about the timing of antenatal booking among women of childbearing age in the Lundu District of Sarawak.
    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study among 284 pregnant women in all five Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Clinics of Lundu.
    RESULTS: The prevalence of late antenatal booking in Lundu was 28.2%. Unmarried women were more likely to book their pregnancy late compared to married women. The prevalence of late antenatal booking was also higher among unemployed women than those who were employed. Respondents without their own income also tended to book their pregnancy later than those who had their own income. Significantly, a high percentage of late antenatal booking was also reported among those who never utilize any contraceptive method, did not plan their pregnancy, those without a history of past medical illness or complications in a previous pregnancy and among those who have a problem with their marriage certificate. Those who booked their pregnancy beyond the 12th week of gestation were also reported to have a lower level of knowledge about the need for an antenatal booking, as compared to those who started their antenatal care early.
    CONCLUSION: Unplanned pregnancy, marriage certificate issues, an absence of past medical illness and past obstetric complications were significant predictors of late antenatal booking. Correct and appropriate information relating to antenatal care should be delivered to the public. Health education and advocacy are vital to promote the importance of early antenatal booking to achieve the goal of safe motherhood.
    Study site: Maternal and Child Health Clinics, Lundu, Sarawak, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  15. Fulltext Socioeconomic Correlates of Contraceptive Use among the Ethnic Tribal Women of Bangladesh: Does Sex Preference Matter?
    Kamal SM, Hassan CH
    J Family Reprod Health, 2013 Jun;7(2):73-86.
    PMID: 24971107
    Objective: To examine the relationship between socioeconomic factors affecting contraceptive use among tribal women of Bangladesh with focusing on son preference over daughter.
    Materials and methods: The study used data gathered through a cross sectional survey on four tribal communities resided in the Rangamati Hill District of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. A multistage random sampling procedure was applied to collect data from 865 currently married women of whom 806 women were currently married, non-pregnant and had at least one living child, which are the basis of this study. The information was recorded in a pre-structured questionnaire. Simple cross tabulation, chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were performed to analyzing data.
    Results: The contraceptive prevalence rate among the study tribal women was 73%. The multivariate analyses yielded quantitatively important and reliable estimates of likelihood of contraceptive use. Findings revealed that after controlling for other variables, the likelihood of contraceptive use was found not to be significant among women with at least one son than those who had only daughters, indicating no preference of son over daughter. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggests that home visitations by family planning workers, tribal identity, place of residence, husband's education, and type of family, television ownership, electricity connection in the household and number of times married are important determinants of any contraceptive method use among the tribal women.
    Conclusion. The contraceptive use rate among the disadvantaged tribal women was more than that of the national level. Door-step delivery services of modern methods should be reached and available targeting the poor and remote zones.
    Keywords: Bangladesh, Contraceptive use, Ethnic tribal women, Sex preference, Logistic regression
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  16. Fulltext Patient perception of pre-pregnancy care and family planning among reproductive-age female diabetes mellitus patients in a primary care clinic in Penang, Malaysia
    Leow SN, Tang WS, Pararajasingam RP, Ee WS
    Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(3):35-42.
    PMID: 33329861
    Introduction: Pre-pregnancy care (PPC) is an important part of diabetic care among females in the reproductive age group, as it improves feto-maternal outcomes.

    Objective: We aimed to assess female diabetic patients' perception of PPC and family planning prior to PPC care.

    Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional survey performed from June 2019 to September 2019, using universal sampling of registered female diabetic patients who fit the inclusion criteria prior to integrated PPC care. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess patients' perception of PPC.

    Results: A total of 67 patients were recruited for the study. Only 39.4% (n=26) of the patients had heard of PPC. In our study, Code 1 contraception included those methods with a Pearl index of ≤9. Code 2 & 3 contraception included those methods with a Pearl index of >9. Only one-third of patients, 29.9% (n=20), were using Code 1 contraception, although the majority, 79.1% (n=53), felt that they had completed their family. 45 patients (68.2%) felt that they were at risk of developing complications if they were to become pregnant, and 46 patients (69.7%) felt that their health condition was not suitable for another pregnancy. However, only 31.1% (n=14) and 34.8% (n=16) of these patients were using Code 1 contraception, respectively. There were 30 patients (65.2%) who perceived that their health was not suitable for another pregnancy but were only using Code 2 or 3 contraception.

    Conclusion: The patients' perception of PPC was poor. Patients had an inadequate knowledge of the effectiveness of their current contraceptive practice in relation to their intentions for further pregnancy and their self-perceived risk in case of future conception. We suggest that integration of PPC into routine follow-ups for other high-risk medical diseases, such as hypertension, heart disease, and epilepsy, be considered in future practice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  17. Fulltext Prevalence and associated factors of contraceptive discontinuation and switching among Bangladeshi married women of reproductive age
    Mahumud RA, Hossain MG, Sarker AR, Islam MN, Hossain MR, Saw A, et al.
    Open Access J Contracept, 2015;6:13-19.
    PMID: 29386920 DOI: 10.2147/OAJC.S76070
    Introduction: Contraceptive discontinuation is a worldwide incident that may be connected with low incentive to avoid pregnancy. Contraceptive discontinuation highly contributes to unplanned pregnancy and unwanted births.

    Objectives: The objective of this study was to observe the prevalence of discontinuation and switching of contraceptive methods among Bangladeshi married women. In addition, the sociodemographic factors associated with contraceptive discontinuation and switching were assessed.

    Methods: Secondary cross-sectional data was used in this study. A total of 16,273 married Bangladeshi women of reproductive age (15-49 years) were considered in the present study, from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2011. Logistic regression models were used to determine the relationships between key sociodemographic factors and user status.

    Results: The prevalence of discontinuation and switching of contraceptive method among women were 38.4% and 15.4%, respectively. The logistic regression model demonstrated that women in early reproductive years (25-29 years and 30-34 years) significantly more often (odds ratio [OR] =0.84 and 0.71, respectively) discontinued use of contraceptives. Significantly higher rates of discontinuation were pronounced among women who used the pill (OR =0.72) and injectable contraception users (OR =0.60), had small family size (OR =0.49), lived in a rural community (OR =1.65), and who were less educated (OR =1.55).

    Conclusion: Contraceptive discontinuation may reflect an association among less education, currently married, and smaller family size. Awareness of contraceptive methods can decrease the burden of unplanned pregnancies and thus progresses the family planning program.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  18. Fulltext Effects of an indigenous contraceptive herbal formulation on gonadotrophs of the pituitary gland of the rat
    Islam MN, Sulaiman SA, Kapitonova MY, Jamallullail SM
    Malays J Med Sci, 2007 Jan;14(1):23-7.
    PMID: 22593648
    An indigenous contraceptive herbal formulation consisting of a mixture of Lepidagathis longifolia, Palaquium sp and Phyllagathis rotundifolia is being used by the Temuan Aborigins of Malaysia. Although the previous studies demonstrated that this contraceptive herbal formulation causes anovulatory estrous cycle, altered circulating hormone levels and fetal resorption in rats, but the effects of this formulation on the gonadotrphs of the pituitary gland are yet to be evaluated. The present study was designed to observe the morphometric changes of the gonadotrophs and the plasma concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone. Thirty five Sprague-Dawley adult female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Experimental animals were given a combined herbal extract or individual herbal extract at a dose of 540 mg/kg/day subcutaneously for 7 days. Immunostained gonadotrophs were studied by using image analyzer. FSH and LH serum concentrations were determined using RIA. The FSH and LH concentrations were low in animals that received combined herbal extract (p<0.01). FSH concentration was noted to be significantly low in animals that received P. rotundifolia (p<0.05). The mean cell area and cell density of gonadotrophs of animals that received combined herbal extract were significantly low compared to control group (p<0.05). It was concluded that the herbal extracts do suppress the production of gonaotrophins along with the demonstrable suppresive effect on the FSH cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  19. Fulltext Factors associated with postpartum family planning in a cohort of Kelantanese women with previous caesarean delivery in Malaysia
    Hafizah I, Tengku Alina TI, Suhaily MH, Zaharah S
    IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 2020;19(1):85-97.
    MyJurnal
    This community-based, cross-sectional study aimed to identify the factors associated with
    postpartum family planning use among a cohort of women with recent caesarean delivery in a state with the
    lowest contraceptive use in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A total of 281 women aged between 18-49
    years old who had caesarean delivery in government tertiary centres in Kelantan from January until April
    2017 were enrolled in this study. The study was conducted from January until April 2018. Women were
    selected through stratified random sampling with probability proportional to size. Data were collected
    through a validated structured questionnaire. The main outcome was binary (postpartum family planning use
    or non-use). The factors included socio-demographic details, reproductive history, previous contraceptive
    use, contraceptive health education received, knowledge, and social support. Simple and multiple logistic
    regression were conducted to identify significant determinants of postpartum family planning use. Results:
    The factors associated with postpartum family planning use included a secondary and below education level
    of women (AOR= 2.37, 95% CI (1.05, 5.34)), previous contraceptive use (AOR= 9.82, 95% CI (4.81, 20.06)),
    individual health education (AOR= 4.19, 95% CI (1.23, 14.30)), higher knowledge score (AOR= 1.12, 95% CI
    (1.03, 1.23)), and higher social support score (AOR= 1.09, 95% CI (1.03, 1.16)). Conclusions: here remains a
    need to enhance personalised contraceptive counselling in the primary care setting as well as to promote
    longer acting reversible contraceptive methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
  20. Family planning programs: world review 1974. East Asia. Malaysia
    Stud Fam Plann, 1975 Aug;6(8):221-47.
    PMID: 1202673 DOI: 10.2307/1964956
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Devices
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