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Emergence of mcr-1-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli in Malaysia

Yu CY, Ang GY, Chin PS, Ngeow YF, Yin WF, Chan KG

Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2016 Jun;47(6):504-5.
PMID: 27208898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.004
Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology*; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary*
Cephalhematoma infected by Escherichia coli presenting as an extensive scalp abscess

Wong CS, Cheah FC

J Pediatr Surg, 2012 Dec;47(12):2336-40.
PMID: 23217901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.09.029

Cephalhematoma is normally a self-limiting condition affecting 1%-2% of live births, especially following instrumental forceps delivery. The sub-periosteal bleed is characteristically limited by the cranial sutures. Although benign in most instances, this condition may, in a small proportion of cases, be complicated by hyperbilirubinemia or scalp infection. We describe a case of cephalhematoma in a newborn infant infected with Escherichia coli resulting in an extensive deep seated scalp abscess. The infection was also systemic causing E. coli septicemia and initial assessment assumed local extension including bone and meningeal to cause skull osteomyelitis and meningitis respectively. Further investigations and multiple-modality imaging with ultrasound, CT scan and bone scintigraphy outlined the involvement as limited to the scalp, resulting in a shorter antibiotic treatment period and earlier discharge from hospital. The infant recovered well with parenteral antibiotics, saucerization of the abscess and a later skin grafting procedure.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology*; Escherichia coli Infections/therapy
Fulltext Neonatal bartter syndrome

Wong AC, Chan LG

Med J Malaysia, 2014 Oct;69(5):229-30.
PMID: 25638238 MyJurnal

We report a case of neonatal Bartter syndrome in a 31 weeks premature baby girl with antenatal unexplained polyhydramnios requiring amnioreduction. She presented with early onset E. coli septicaemia and severe dehydration leading to pre-renal renal impairment which obscure the typical biochemical changes of hypokalaemic hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections
Fulltext Draft Genome Sequence of the Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolate INF13/18/A, Recovered from Kelantan, Malaysia

Wan Makhtar WR, Mohd Azlan M, Hassan NH, Aziah I, Samsurizal NH, Yusof NY

Microbiol Resour Announc, 2020 Aug 13;9(33).
PMID: 32817162 DOI: 10.1128/MRA.01497-19

We describe here the draft genome sequence and basic characteristics of Escherichia coli isolate INF13/18/A, which was isolated from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Hospital. This isolate was identified as an extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strain harboring the antimicrobial resistance genes TEM, CTX-M-1, and CTX-M-9.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections
Antibiotic resistance, plasmid profile and RAPD-PCR analysis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) clinical isolates

Wan KF, Radu S, Cheah YK, Benjamin PG, Ling CM, Hon SF, et al.

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2003 Sep;34(3):620-6.
PMID: 15115139

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a leading cause of diarrhea among infants in developing countries. A total of 38 EPEC isolates, obtained from diarrhea patients of Hospital Miri, Sarawak, were investigated through plasmid profile, antibiotic resistance and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. From the 8 types of antibiotics used, all isolates were 100% resistant to furoxime, cephalothin and sulphamethoxazole and showed high multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) indexes, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0. In plasmid profiling, 22 isolates (58%) showed the presence of one or more plasmids in the range 1.0 to 30.9 mDa. The dendrogram obtained from the results of the RAPD-PCR discriminated the isolates into 30 single isolates and 3 clusters at the level of 40% similarity. The EPEC isolates were highly diverse, as shown by their differing plasmid profiles, antibiotic resistance patterns and RAPD profiles.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology*; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology
ENTEROAGGREGATIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI O104 FROM THAI AND IMPORTED MALAYSIAN RAW BEEF

Wameadesa N, Sae-lim A, Hayeebilan F, Rattanachuay P, Sukhumungoon P

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2017 Mar;48(2):338-50.
PMID: 29642296

Local Thai and imported Malaysian beef in southern Thailand area carry
several Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotypes. STEC O104 is an
important pathogen capable of causing outbreaks with considerable morbidity
and mortality. This study investigated the presence of E. coli O104 from local Thai
and imported Malaysian beef obtained from markets in Hat Yai City, Songkhla
Province during August 2015 - February 2016. Thirty-one E. coli O104 strains
were isolated from 12 beef samples (16% and 23% Thai and imported Malaysian,
respectively). Thirty strains possessed aggA (coding for a major component of
AAF/I fimbriae), a gene associated with enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) pathotype,
and all strains carried fimH (encoding Type 1 fimbriae). Thirty strains
belonged to phylogenetic group B1 and one strain (from Malaysian beef) to group
A. Agglutination of yeast cells was observed among 29 E. coli O104 strains. Investigation
of stx2 phage occupancy loci demonstrated that sbcB was occupied in 12
strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility assay revealed that 7 strains were resistant
to at least one antimicrobial agent and two were multi-drug resistant. One strain
carried extended spectrum β-lactamase gene blaCTX-M and three carried blaTEM. PFGE-generated DNA profiling showed identical DNA pattern between that of
one EAEC O104 strain from Thai beef and another from Malaysian beef, indicating
that these two strains originated from the same clone. This is the first report
in Thailand describing the presence of EAEC O104 from both Thai and imported
Malaysian beef and their transfer between both countries. Thorough surveillance
of this pathogen in fresh meats and vegetables should help to prevent any possible
outbreak of E. coli O104.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology*
In vitro assessment of pathogenicity and virulence encoding gene profiles of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains associated with colibacillosis in chickens

Ugwu IC, Lee-Ching L, Ugwu CC, Okoye JOA, Chah KF

Iran J Vet Res, 2020;21(3):180-187.
PMID: 33178295

Background: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains have been associated with various disease conditions in avian species due to virulence attributes associated with the organism.
Aims: This study was carried out to determine the in vitro pathogenic characteristics and virulence encoding genes found in E. coli strains associated with colibacillosis in chickens.
Methods: Fifty-two stock cultures of E. coli strains isolated from chickens diagnosed of colibacillosis were tested for their ability to produce haemolysis on blood agar and take up Congo red dye. Molecular characterization was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of virulence encoding genes associated with APEC.
Results: Eleven (22%) and 41 (71%) were positive for haemolysis on 5% sheep red blood agar and Congo red agar, respectively. Nine virulence-associated genes were detected as follows: FimH (96%), csgA (52%), iss (48%), iut (33%), tsh (21%), cva (15%), kpsII (10%), pap (2%), and felA (2%).
Conclusion: The APEC strains exhibited virulence properties and harbored virulence encoding genes which could be a threat to the poultry population and public health. The putative virulence genes were diverse and different in almost all isolate implying that pathogenesis was multi-factorial and the infection was multi-faceted which could be a source of concern in the detection and control of APEC infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections
Fulltext Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of generic and verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli among indigenous individuals in Malaysia

Teh CS, Chua KH, Lim YA, Lee SC, Thong KL

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:457839.
PMID: 24967435 DOI: 10.1155/2014/457839

We have successfully developed a Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay that could specifically detect generic Escherichia coli (E. coli). This assay was tested on 85 bacterial strains and successfully identified 54 E. coli strains (average threshold time, Tt = 21.26). The sensitivity of this assay was evaluated on serial dilutions of bacterial cultures and spiked faeces. The assay could detect 10(2) CFU/mL for bacterial culture with Tt = 33.30 while the detection limit for spiked faeces was 10(3) CFU/mL (Tt = 31.12). We have also detected 46 generic E. coli from 50 faecal samples obtained from indigenous individuals with 16% of the positive samples being verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) positive. VT1/VT2 allele was present in one faecal sample while the ratio of VT1 to VT2 was 6 : 1. Overall, our study had demonstrated high risk of VTEC infection among the indigenous community and most of the asymptomatic infection occurred among those aged below 15 years. The role of asymptomatic human carriers as a source of dissemination should not be underestimated. Large scale screening of the VTEC infection among indigenous populations and the potential contamination sources will be possible and easy with the aid of this newly developed rapid and simple LAMP assay.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology*
The influence of antibiotic resistance gene carriage on biofilm formation by two Escherichia coli strains associated with urinary tract infections

Teh AH, Wang Y, Dykes GA

Can J Microbiol, 2014 Feb;60(2):105-11.
PMID: 24498987 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0633

Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli are one of the most common forms of human disease. In this study, the effect of the presence of newly acquired antibiotic resistance genes on biofilm formation of UTI-associated E. coli strains was examined. Two clinical UTI-associated E. coli strains (SMC18 and SMC20) carrying different combinations of virulence genes were transformed with pGEM-T, pGEM-T::KmΔAmp, or pGEM-T::Km to construct ampicillin-resistant (Km(S)Amp(R)), kanamycin-resistant (Km(R)Amp(S)), or ampicillin- and kanamycin-resistant (Km(R)Amp(R)) strains. Transformed and wild-type strains were characterized for biofilm formation, bacterial surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, morphology, and attachment to abiotic surfaces. Transformation with a plasmid carrying an ampicillin resistance gene alone decreased (p < 0.05) biofilm formation by SMC18 (8 virulence marker genes) but increased (p < 0.05) biofilm formation by SMC20 (5 virulence marker genes). On the other hand, transformation with a plasmid carrying a kanamycin resistance gene alone or both ampicillin and kanamycin resistance genes resulted in a decrease (p < 0.05) in biofilm formation by SMC18 but did not affect (p > 0.05) the biofilm formation by SMC20. Our results suggest that transformation of UTI-associated E. coli with plasmids carrying different antibiotic resistance gene(s) had a significant impact on biofilm formation and that these effects were both strain dependent and varied between different antibiotics.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
Fulltext An atypical case of retropharyngeal abscess with long blind tract treated with Ryle's tube drainage

Tang ML, Lee SC, Phoon MP

Med J Malaysia, 2011 Dec;66(5):501-3.
PMID: 22390112

A 10 year-old Iban girl presented with severe odynophagia for 4 days and subcutaneous emphysema. Clinically, her neck was tender with crepitus. Lateral neck radiograph showed multiple linear radiolucent shadows at retropharyngeal space. Flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscope revealed a tunnel behind upper oesophagus with slough and there was pooling of saliva at pyriform sinus. Feeding via nasogastric tube was started and empirical treatment for fungal and bacterial infection was commenced. Subsequent computed tomography of neck and thorax showed a 15-long blind tract at subglottic region posterior to oesophagus (prevertebral region), extending to superior mediastinum just before carina at T3/T4 level, represent abscess. Hourly suctioning of the remaining abscess in the blind tract with 10ml-syringe was done.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis; Escherichia coli Infections/therapy*
Fatal Leptospirosis and Escherichia coli co-infection in a post-partum woman

Tan TL, Lee LY, Lim WC

Med J Malaysia, 2018 12;73(6):427-429.
PMID: 30647223

The occurrence of Leptospirosis and Escherichia coli coinfection in the post-partum period is a novel case. This report illustrated a previously well woman from a suburban area presented with acute neurological deterioration following a two days history of fever during her puerperal period. Early interventions with fluids, broad spectrum antibiotics and intensive supportive care were given. Despite that, she deteriorated rapidly and developed pulmonary hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and multi-organ failure. She succumbed within 12 hours of admission. The knowledge about such fatal co-infections should be disseminated to medical practitioners encountering Leptospirosis infection and general public.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/complications*; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
SHV-5 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in Malaysia

Subramaniam G, Palasubramaniam S, Navaratnam P

Indian J Med Microbiol, 2006 Jul;24(3):205-7.
PMID: 16912441

Escherichia coli isolates resistant to ceftazidime isolated in the University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between the years 1998 and 2000 were studied for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. All strains were analysed phenotypically and genotypically and found to be ESBL-producing organisms harbouring SHV-5 beta-lactamase. This was confirmed by PCR-SSCP and nucleotide sequencing of the blaSHV amplified gene. As there was no evidence of ESBL activity in E. coli prior to this, coupled with the fact that there was a predominance of SHV-5 beta-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in UMMC, we postulate that the E. coli obtained the SHV-5 beta-lactamase genes by plasmid transfer from the ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology*
Isolation of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli associated with diarrhoea in Malaysia containing plasmids showing homology with biotinylated Shiga-like toxin DNA gene probes

Son R, Ansary A, Rusul G, Karim MI

World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 1996 May;12(3):243-6.
PMID: 24415231 DOI: 10.1007/BF00360921

Three strains of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from patients with haemorrhagic colitis harboured plasmids ranging in size from 2.7 kb to 91.2 kb. Those plasmids ranging from 2.7 kb to 6.8 kb hybridized to Shiga-like toxin I and Shiga-like toxin II gene probes.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections
Fulltext Long-term trends in the epidemiology of human enteropathogens in Malaysia

Shunmugam P, Kanapathy S, Chan SE, Singh KK

Braz J Infect Dis, 2012 Nov-Dec;16(6):603-4.
PMID: 23158263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.07.005
Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology*
Fulltext Characteristics of childhood diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Malaysia

Samuel S, Vadivelu J, Parasakthi N

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1997 Mar;28(1):114-9.
PMID: 9322293

Amongst 107 diarrheal cases studied a bacterial agent was isolated from 71 (66%) cases of which 60 (85%) were due to a single agent and the remaining 11 (15%) were of mixed infections. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was isolated from 65 cases. Other pathogens isolated included Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and rotavirus. There was a higher isolation rate of ETEC from females and rotavirus from males. The infection rate was found to higher for the 0-2 year age group as compared to the 3-5 year age group. Amongst the ETEC isolated the STa 2 toxotype was the predominant type.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology*; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology
Membrane-lytic actions of sulphonated methyl ester surfactants and implications to bactericidal effect and cytotoxicity

Pan F, Li Z, Gong H, Petkov JT, Lu JR

J Colloid Interface Sci, 2018 Dec 01;531:18-27.
PMID: 30015167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.031

Surfactants are multifunctional molecules widely used in personal care and healthcare formulations to cleanse, help disperse active ingredients (e.g., forming emulsions) and stabilise products. With increasing demands on improving biosafety, there is now mounting pressure to understand how different surfactants elicit toxicities at molecular and cellular levels. This work reports the membrane-lytic behaviour of a group of sulphonated methyl ester (SME) surfactants together with representative conventional surfactants. All surfactants displayed the clear rise of lysis of the model lipid bilayer membranes around their CMCs, but the two ionic surfactants SDS and C12TAB even caused measurable lysis below their CMCs, with membrane-lytic actions increasing with monomer concentration. Furthermore, whilst ionic and nonionic surfactants could achieve full membrane lysis once above their CMCs, this ability was weak from the SME surfactants and decreased with increasing the acyl chain length. In contrast to the conventional anionic surfactants such as SDS and SLES, the protein solubilizing capability of the SME surfactants was also low. On the other hand, MTT assays against 3T3 fibroblast cells and human chondrocyte cells revealed high toxicity from SDS and C12TAB against the other surfactants studied, but the difference between SME and the rest of conventional surfactants was small. Similar behaviour was also observed in their bactericidal effect against E. coli and S. aureus. The trend is broadly consistent with their membrane-lytic behaviour, indicating little selectivity in their cytotoxicity and bactericidal action. These results thus reveal different toxicities implicated from different surfactant head groups. Increase in acyl chain length as observed from SME surfactants could help improve surfactant biocompatibility.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy
Resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactams by the emergence of SHV-12 and the loss of OmpK35 in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Malaysia

Palasubramaniam S, Muniandy S, Navaratnam P

J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2009 Apr;42(2):129-33.
PMID: 19597644

In addition to beta-lactamase production, loss of porins confers resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactams in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli infection. This study describes the detection of SHV-12 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) subtype and the loss of OmpK35 porin in 4 strains of K. pneumoniae and E. coli.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
Fulltext Discovery of New Genes Involved in Curli Production by a Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain from the Highly Virulent O45:K1:H7 Lineage

Nhu NTK, Phan MD, Peters KM, Lo AW, Forde BM, Min Chong T, et al.

mBio, 2018 08 21;9(4).
PMID: 30131362 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01462-18

Curli are bacterial surface-associated amyloid fibers that bind to the dye Congo red (CR) and facilitate uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) biofilm formation and protection against host innate defenses. Here we sequenced the genome of the curli-producing UPEC pyelonephritis strain MS7163 and showed it belongs to the highly virulent O45:K1:H7 neonatal meningitis-associated clone. MS7163 produced curli at human physiological temperature, and this correlated with biofilm growth, resistance of sessile cells to the human cationic peptide cathelicidin, and enhanced colonization of the mouse bladder. We devised a forward genetic screen using CR staining as a proxy for curli production and identified 41 genes that were required for optimal CR binding, of which 19 genes were essential for curli synthesis. Ten of these genes were novel or poorly characterized with respect to curli synthesis and included genes involved in purine de novo biosynthesis, a regulator that controls the Rcs phosphorelay system, and a novel repressor of curli production (referred to as rcpA). The involvement of these genes in curli production was confirmed by the construction of defined mutants and their complementation. The mutants did not express the curli major subunit CsgA and failed to produce curli based on CR binding. Mutation of purF (the first gene in the purine biosynthesis pathway) and rcpA also led to attenuated colonization of the mouse bladder. Overall, this work has provided new insight into the regulation of curli and the role of these amyloid fibers in UPEC biofilm formation and pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are the most common cause of urinary tract infection, a disease increasingly associated with escalating antibiotic resistance. UPEC strains possess multiple surface-associated factors that enable their colonization of the urinary tract, including fimbriae, curli, and autotransporters. Curli are extracellular amyloid fibers that enhance UPEC virulence and promote biofilm formation. Here we examined the function and regulation of curli in a UPEC pyelonephritis strain belonging to the highly virulent O45:K1:H7 neonatal meningitis-associated clone. Curli expression at human physiological temperature led to increased biofilm formation, resistance of sessile cells to the human cationic peptide LL-37, and enhanced bladder colonization. Using a comprehensive genetic screen, we identified multiple genes involved in curli production, including several that were novel or poorly characterized with respect to curli synthesis. In total, this study demonstrates an important role for curli as a UPEC virulence factor that promotes biofilm formation, resistance, and pathogenesis.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) of human and avian origin belonging to sequence type complex 95 (STC95) portray indistinguishable virulence features

Nandanwar N, Janssen T, Kühl M, Ahmed N, Ewers C, Wieler LH

Int J Med Microbiol, 2014 Oct;304(7):835-42.
PMID: 25037925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.06.009

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains of certain genetic lineages are frequently implicated in a wide range of diseases in humans and birds. ExPEC strains belonging to the phylogenetic lineage/sequence type complex 95 (STC95) are one such prominent lineage that is commonly isolated from extraintestinal infections such as systemic disease in poultry and urinary tract infections (UTIs), neonatal meningitis and sepsis in humans. Several epidemiological studies have indicated that ST95 strains obtained from such infections may share similar virulence genes and other genomic features. However, data on their ability to establish infections in vivo as deduced from the manifestation of similar virulence phenotypes remain elusive. In the present study, 116 STC95 ExPEC isolates comprising 55 human and 61 avian strains, possessing similar virulence gene patterns, were characterized in vitro using adhesion, invasion, biofilm formation and serum bactericidal assays. Overall, STC95 strains from both groups, namely human and birds, were equally capable of adhering to and invading the two mammalian kidney cell lines. Similarly, these strains were able to form strong biofilms in M63 medium. Furthermore, they were equally resistant to the bactericidal activity of human and avian serum. Our cumulative data reinforce the understanding that ST95 strains from poultry present a potential zoonotic risk and therefore need a One Health strategy for a successfull intervention.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology*; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary*
Fulltext Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Based Interdigitated Electrodes: A Novel Current to Voltage DNA Biosensor Recognizes E. coli O157:H7

Nadzirah Sh, Azizah N, Hashim U, Gopinath SC, Kashif M

PLoS One, 2015;10(10):e0139766.
PMID: 26445455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139766

Nanoparticle-mediated bio-sensing promoted the development of novel sensors in the front of medical diagnosis. In the present study, we have generated and examined the potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) crystalline nanoparticles with aluminium interdigitated electrode biosensor to specifically detect single-stranded E.coli O157:H7 DNA. The performance of this novel DNA biosensor was measured the electrical current response using a picoammeter. The sensor surface was chemically functionalized with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) to provide contact between the organic and inorganic surfaces of a single-stranded DNA probe and TiO2 nanoparticles while maintaining the sensing system's physical characteristics. The complement of the target DNA of E. coli O157:H7 to the carboxylate-probe DNA could be translated into electrical signals and confirmed by the increased conductivity in the current-to-voltage curves. The specificity experiments indicate that the biosensor can discriminate between the complementary sequences from the base-mismatched and the non-complementary sequences. After duplex formation, the complementary target sequence can be quantified over a wide range with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-13)M. With target DNA from the lysed E. coli O157:H7, we could attain similar sensitivity. Stability of DNA immobilized surface was calculated with the relative standard deviation (4.6%), displayed the retaining with 99% of its original response current until 6 months. This high-performance interdigitated DNA biosensor with high sensitivity, stability and non-fouling on a novel sensing platform is suitable for a wide range of biomolecular interactive analyses.

Matched MeSH terms: Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology

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