Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 139 in total

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  1. Is 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 safe in coronary artery bypass graft surgery?
    Ooi JS, Ramzisham AR, Zamrin MD
    Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, 2009 Aug;17(4):368-72.
    PMID: 19713332 DOI: 10.1177/0218492309338101
    The aim of this study was to compare 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 with 4% succinylated gelatin for priming the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and as volume replacement in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass, in terms of postoperative bleeding, blood transfusion requirements, renal function, and outcome after surgery. Forty-five patients received 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) and another 45 were given 4% succinylated gelatin (Gelofusine) as the priming solution for the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit as well as for volume replacement. Postoperative bleeding was quantified from the hourly chest drainage in the first 4 h and at 24 h postoperatively. The baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. In the hydroxyethyl starch group, the total amount of colloid used was 1.9 +/- 1.0 L, while the gelatin group had 2.0 +/- 0.7 L. There was no significant difference in hourly chest drainage between groups. Blood transfusion requirements, estimated glomerular filtration rate, extubation time, intensive care unit and hospital stay were similar in both groups. It was concluded that 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 is a safe alternative colloid for priming the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and volume replacement in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/adverse effects*
  2. Fulltext ACE inhibitory activity of pangasius catfish (Pangasius sutchi) skin and bone gelatin hydrolysate
    Mahmoodani F, Ghassem M, Babji AS, Yusop SM, Khosrokhavar R
    J Food Sci Technol, 2014 Sep;51(9):1847-56.
    PMID: 25190839 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0742-8
    Skin and bone gelatins of pangasius catfish (Pangasius sutchi) were hydrolyzed with alcalase to isolate Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. Samples with the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) were separated into different fractions with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) sizes of 10, 3 and 1 kDa, respectively and assayed for ACE inhibitory activity. Skin and bone gelatins had highest DH of 64.87 and 68.48 % after 2 and 1 h incubation, respectively. Results from this study indicated that by decreasing the molecular weight of fractions, ACE inhibitory activity was increased. Therefore, F3 permeates (MWCO gelatins possessed higher ACE inhibitory activity compared to their untreated gelatins and corresponding hydrolyzed fractions. In this study, the major amino acids were Glycine followed by Proline with an increased amount of hydrophobic amino acid content in F3 permeates of skin (4.01 %) and bone (5.79 %) gelatin. Digestion stability against gastrointestinal proteases did not show any remarkable change on ACE inhibition potency of these permeates. It was concluded that alcalase hydrolysis of P. sutchi by-products could be utilized as a part of functional food or ingredients of a formulated drug in order to control high blood pressure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  3. Isolation of Bifidobacteria infantis and its antagonistic activity against ETEC 0157 and Salmonella typhimurium S-285 in weaning foods
    Yusof RM, Haque F, Ismail M, Hassan Z
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2000 Jun;9(2):130-5.
    PMID: 24394399
    Probiotic organism Bifidobacteria was isolated from the faeces of breast-fed infants at Universiti Putra Malaysia. Trypticase phytone peptone yeast extract agar (TPY) was used as a selective media for the isolation. Morphological examination of the isolates indicated that Bifidobacteria was Gram-positive rods in nature, curved with characteristics of V and Y shapes. The organisms were non-catalase producing, non-nitrate reducing, non-motile, had an absence of indole and were unable to liquify gelatin. The ratios of acetic and lactic acids were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using carbohydrate fermentation profile test API-CH-50 kits, 20 Bifidobacteria strains had been identified: they were the species of Bifidobacteria infantis and two different sub-species, mainly infantis and lacentis. Based on a wide zone of inhibition, three suitable strains of B. infantis, Bifi-11, Bifi-19 and Bifi-20, were tested in weaning foods for antimicrobial activity towards two human pathogens: E. coli-0157 (World Health Organization) and Salmonella typhimurium S-285. The pH, titratable acidity of weaning foods and total colony count for Bifidobacteria, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium were recorded at 3-h intervals for 30 h. It was found that after 9 h of incubation of weaning foods, the pH declined to < 3.6 from pH 6.0, whereas titratable acidity increased from 0.026 to 0.08%. It was indicated that Bifidobacteria inhibited E. coli better than did S typhimurium due to low pH. After 24 h of incubation, approximately 98% of E. coli was inhibited by Bifidobacteria. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of Bifidobacteria strains in weaning foods towards the growth of enteropathogenic E. coli and S. typhimurium was solely due to low pH and the production of volatile acid components by the organism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  4. Fulltext Synthesis and Characterization of Nanohydroxyapatite-Gelatin Composite with Streptomycin as Antituberculosis Injectable Bone Substitute
    Hikmawati D, Maulida HN, Putra AP, Budiatin AS, Syahrom A
    Int J Biomater, 2019;2019:7179243.
    PMID: 31341479 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7179243
    The most effective treatment for spinal tuberculosis was by eliminating the tuberculosis bacteria and replacing the infected bone with the bone graft to induce the healing process. This study aims to synthesize and characterize nanohydroxyapatite-gelatin-based injectable bone substitute (IBS) with addition of streptomycin. The IBS was synthesized by mixing nanohydroxyapatite and 20 w/v% gelatin with ratio of 40:60, 45:55, 50:50, 55:45, 60:40, 65:35, 70:30, and 75:25 ratio and streptomycin addition as antibiotic agent. The mixture was added by hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as suspending agent. FTIR test showed that there was a chemical reaction occurring in the mixture, between the gelatin and streptomycin. The result of injectability test showed that the highest injectability of the IBS sample was 98.64% with the setting time between 30 minutes and four hours after injection on the HA scaffold that represents the bone cavity and coat the pore scaffold. The cytotoxicity test result showed that the IBS samples were nontoxic towards BHK-21 fibroblast cells and human hepatocyte cells since the viability cell was more than 50% with significant difference (p-value<0.05). The acidity of the IBS was stable and it was sensitive towards Staphylococcus aureus with significantly difference (p-value<0.05). The streptomycin release test showed that the streptomycin could be released from the IBS-injected bone scaffold with release of 2.5% after 4 hours. All the results mentioned showed that IBS was suitable as a candidate to be used in spinal tuberculosis case.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  5. Fulltext Biodegradable carboxymethyl cellulose based material for sustainable packaging application
    Yaradoddi JS, Banapurmath NR, Ganachari SV, Soudagar MEM, Mubarak NM, Hallad S, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 12 15;10(1):21960.
    PMID: 33319818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78912-z
    The main goal of the present work was to develop a value-added product of biodegradable material for sustainable packaging. The use of agriculture waste-derived carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mainly is to reduce the cost involved in the development of the film, at present commercially available CMS is costly. The main focus of the research is to translate the agricultural waste-derived CMC to useful biodegradable polymer suitable for packaging material. During this process CMC was extracted from the agricultural waste mainly sugar cane bagasse and the blends were prepared using CMC (waste derived), gelatin, agar and varied concentrations of glycerol; 1.5% (sample A), 2% (sample B), and 2.5% (sample C) was added. Thus, the film derived from the sample C (gelatin + CMC + agar) with 2.0% glycerol as a plasticizer exhibited excellent properties than other samples A and B. The physiochemical properties of each developed biodegradable plastics (sample A, B, C) were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling test, solubility in different solvents, oil permeability coefficient, water permeability (WP), mechanical strength of the produced material was claimed to be a good material for packaging and meanwhile its biodegradability (soil burial method) indicated their environmental compatibility nature and commercial properties. The reflected work is a novel approach, and which is vital in the conversion of organic waste to value-added product development. There is also another way to utilize commercial CMC in preparation of polymeric blends for the packaging material, which can save considerable time involved in the recovery of CMC from sugarcane bagasse.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  6. Wound Healing Property of Curcuminoids as a Microcapsule-Incorporated Cream
    Ang LF, Darwis Y, Koh RY, Gah Leong KV, Yew MY, Por LY, et al.
    Pharmaceutics, 2019 May 01;11(5).
    PMID: 31052413 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050205
    Curcuminoids have been used for the management of burns and wound healing in traditional Chinese medicine practices but the wide application of curcuminoids as a healing agent for wounds has always been a known problem due to their poor solubility, bioavailability, colour staining properties, as well as due to their intense photosensitivity and the need for further formulation approaches to maximise their various properties in order for them to considerably contribute towards the wound healing process. In the present study, a complex coacervation microencapsulation was used to encapsulate curcuminoids using gelatin B and chitosan. This study also focused on studying and confirming the potential of curcuminoids in a microencapsulated form as a wound healing agent. The potential of curcuminoids for wound management was evaluated using an in vitro human keratinocyte cell (HaCaT) model and the in vivo heater-inflicted burn wound model, providing evidence that the antioxidant activities of both forms of curcuminoids, encapsulated or not, are higher than those of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) (DPPH) studies. However, curcuminoids did not have much impact towards cell migration and proliferation in comparison with the negative control in the in vitro HaCaT study. The micoencapsulation formulation was shown to significantly influence wound healing in terms of increasing the wound contraction rate, hydroxyproline synthesis, and greater epithelialisation, which in turn provides strong justification for the incorporation of the microencapsulated formulation of curcuminoids as a topical treatment for burns and wound healing management as it has the potential to act as a crucial wound healing agent in healthcare settings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  7. Fulltext Optimisation of the production of fish gelatine nanoparticles as a carrier for sunflower-derived biopeptide
    Akbar, I., Jaswir, I., Jamal, P.
    International Food Research Journal, 2020;27(1):171-181.
    MyJurnal
    Gelatine obtained from fish skin has become a potential source of preparing nanoparticles and
    encapsulation of bioactive compounds. Within these fish skin, gelatine nanoparticles show
    potent benefits for application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The encapsulated
    bioactive ingredients within nanoparticles have improved bioavailability, delivery properties,
    and solubility of the nutraceuticals within the human body and blood stream. Many of such
    bioactive peptides (biopeptides) are potent antioxidants; and as oxidative stress is the main
    cause of the onset of various chronic diseases, encapsulation of antioxidant biopeptides within
    fish gelatine nanoparticles could be a potential remedy to prevent or delay the onset of such
    diseases and for better health prospects. The purpose of the present work was to prepare a
    simple, safe, and reproducible novel food delivery nanoparticle system encapsulating a desirable antioxidant biopeptide. An optimisation study was conducted to produce a desirable size
    of gelatine nanoparticles which showed a higher encapsulation efficiency of an antioxidant
    biopeptide. Sunflower biopeptide was chosen as the antioxidant biopeptide, as the activity of
    this protein hydrolysate is quite high at DPPH of 89% and FRAP assay of 968 µm/L. Tilapia
    fish was used as gelatine source at an average yield of the process at 10% wt/wt. Effects of
    parameters such as pH, biopeptide concentration, and cross-linking agent ‘glutaraldehyde’ on
    the size, stability, and encapsulation efficiency on the nanoparticles were studied. The average
    diameter of the biopeptide loaded gelatine nanoparticle was between 228.3 and 1,305 nm.
    Encapsulation efficiency was 76% at an optimal pH of 2, glutaraldehyde concentration of 2
    mL, and biopeptide concentration of 0.1 mg/mL exhibited DPPH at 92% and FRAP assay of
    978 µm/L. To understand the absorption of sunflower biopeptide in stomach, blood stream,
    and biopeptide release of the gelatine nanoparticles, biopeptide loaded gelatine nanoparticles
    were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal conditions mimicking human stomach and
    intestine; and showed peptide release of 0.1464 and 0.277 mg/mL upon pepsin and pancreatin
    digestion, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  8. Preparation and characterization of cockle shell aragonite nanocomposite porous 3D scaffolds for bone repair
    Mahmood SK, Zakaria MZAB, Razak ISBA, Yusof LM, Jaji AZ, Tijani I, et al.
    Biochem Biophys Rep, 2017 Jul;10:237-251.
    PMID: 28955752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.04.008
    The demands for applicable tissue-engineered scaffolds that can be used to repair load-bearing segmental bone defects (SBDs) is vital and in increasing demand. In this study, seven different combinations of 3 dimensional (3D) novel nanocomposite porous structured scaffolds were fabricated to rebuild SBDs using an extraordinary blend of cockle shells (CaCo3) nanoparticles (CCN), gelatin, dextran and dextrin to structure an ideal bone scaffold with adequate degradation rate using the Freeze Drying Method (FDM) and labeled as 5211, 5400, 6211, 6300, 7101, 7200 and 8100. The micron sized cockle shells powder obtained (75 µm) was made into nanoparticles using mechano-chemical, top-down method of nanoparticles synthesis with the presence of the surfactant BS-12 (dodecyl dimethyl bataine). The phase purity and crystallographic structures, the chemical functionality and the thermal characterization of the scaffolds' powder were recognized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) respectively. Characterizations of the scaffolds were assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Degradation Manner, Water Absorption Test, Swelling Test, Mechanical Test and Porosity Test. Top-down method produced cockle shell nanoparticles having averagely range 37.8±3-55.2±9 nm in size, which were determined using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). A mainly aragonite form of calcium carbonate was identified in both XRD and FTIR for all scaffolds, while the melting (Tm) and transition (Tg) temperatures were identified using DSC with the range of Tm 62.4-75.5 °C and of Tg 230.6-232.5 °C. The newly prepared scaffolds were with the following characteristics: (i) good biocompatibility and biodegradability, (ii) appropriate surface chemistry and (iii) highly porous, with interconnected pore network. Engineering analyses showed that scaffold 5211 possessed 3D interconnected homogenous porous structure with a porosity of about 49%, pore sizes ranging from 8.97 to 337 µm, mechanical strength 20.3 MPa, Young's Modulus 271±63 MPa and enzymatic degradation rate 22.7 within 14 days.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  9. Fulltext Proteinases in Naegleria Fowleri (strain NF3), a pathogenic amoeba: a preliminary study
    Mat Amin N
    Trop Biomed, 2004 Dec;21(2):57-60.
    PMID: 16493399
    Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba, known as a causative agent for a fatal disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in man such as Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Factors contributing to its pathogenicity and its distribution in the environment have been investigated by previous researchers. In case of its pathogenicity, several enzymes such as phospolipase A and sphingomyelinase, have been proposed to probably act as aggressors in promoting PAM but no study so far have been conducted to investigate the presence of proteinase enzyme in this amoeba although a 56kDa cystein proteinase enzyme has been identified in Entamoeba histolytica as an important contributing factor in the amoeba's virulence. In this preliminary study, a pathogenic amoeba, Naegleria fowleri (strain NF3) was examined for the presence of proteinases. Samples of enzymes in this amoeba were analysed by electrophoresis using SDS-PAGE-gelatin gels. The results showed that this amoeba possesses at least two high molecular weight proteinases on gelatin gels; their apparent molecular weights are approximately 128 kDa and approximately 170 kDa. Band of approximately 128 kDa enzyme is membrane-associated and its activity is higher at alkaline pH compared with lower pH; at lower pH, its activity is greatly stimulated by DTT. The approximately 170 kDa band enzyme appears to be inactivated at pH 8.0, at lower ph its activity is higher and DTT-dependance. The activity of this enzyme is partially inhibited by inhibitor E-64 but markedly inhibited to antipain suggesting it belongs to the cysteine proteinase group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  10. Improved bioavailability of vitamin E with a self emulsifying formulation
    Julianto T, Yuen KH, Noor AM
    Int J Pharm, 2000 Apr 25;200(1):53-7.
    PMID: 10845685
    A single dose study was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of a novel self-emulsifying vitamin E preparation, in comparison with that of a commercial product, Natopherol, available as soft gelatin capsules under fasted condition. The self-emulsifying preparation achieved a faster rate and higher extent of absorption. A statistically significant difference was observed between the values of the two preparations in the parameters AUC, Cmax and Tmax. Moreover, the 90% confidence interval of the logarithmic transformed AUC values of the self-emulsifying preparation over those of the soft gelatin capsule product was found to be between 2.1 and 4.1, suggesting an increase in bioavailability of between 210 and 410%. As for Cmax, the 90% confidence interval was between 2.1 and 3.0. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the t(1/2) values estimated from the plasma concentration versus time data of the two preparations. The values are also comparable to those reported in the literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  11. Fulltext Challenges and importance of traceability of halal raw materials in processed meat products: a review
    Babji, A.S., Ghassem, M., Hong, P.K., Maizatul, S.M.S.
    ASM Science Journal, 2012;6(2):144-147.
    MyJurnal
    Research and development trends will continue to design innovative composite foods in which muscle proteins are combined with non-conventional animal products, non-meat proteins and functional food additives, many of which have lost their original inherent properties and characteristics. Composite food are products with meat, non-meat proteins, fats, carbohydrates and functional ingredients such as pre-emulsion, probiotics, enzymes, bioactives, peptides, hormones, emulsifiers, gelatin, animal fats/oils, alcohol and visceral tissues. Traceability of halal meat raw materials should start at the point of animal breeding, production to the stage of halal slaughter, processing operations and final point of consumption. Traceability of food additives used in the food industry remains a major hurdle for the Muslim community seeking halal food. The processes and technological advancements made in raw material processing, ingredient extractions, modifications, purification and resynthesized into many food ingredients make the question of traceability and solving of the materials and processes that are halal a monumental task. Food is only halal if the entire food chain from farm to table, is processed, handled and stored in accordance with the syariah and/or halal standards or guidelines, such as in the Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM): General guidelines, Malaysia Standards MS 1500:2009 and Codex Alimentarius (Food Labeling). Here lies the challenge and importance of traceability to verify the ‘wholesomeness’ of the sources of halal raw materials and final meat-based food products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  12. Extraction and characterization of gelatin from the feet of Pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) as affected by acid, alkaline, and enzyme pretreatment
    Abedinia A, Ariffin F, Huda N, Nafchi AM
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 May;98:586-594.
    PMID: 28174080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.139
    The effects of different pretreatments on yield and composition of extraction, physicochemical, and rheological properties of duck feet gelatin (DFG) were investigated. Gelatins were extracted from the whole feet of Pekin duck with an average yield of 4.09%, 3.65%, and 5.75% for acidic (Ac-DFG), alkaline (Al-DFG), and enzymatic (En-DFG) pretreatment on a wet weight basis, respectively. Proteins at 81.38%, 79.41%, 82.55%, and 87.38% were the major composition for Ac-DFG, Al-DFG, En-DFG, and bovine, respectively. Amino acid analysis showed glycine as the predominant amino acid in Ac-DFG, followed by hydroxyproline, proline, and alanine for Ac-DFG, Al-DFG, and En-DFG, respectively. Rheological analysis indicated that the maximum elastic modulus (9972.25Pa) and loss modulus (4956.28Pa) for Ac-DFG gelatin were significantly higher than those of other gelatins. Extracted gelatins contained α1 and α2 chains as the predominant components, and enzymatic gelatin had low molecular weight peptides. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the peak of the gelatins was mainly positioned in the amide band region (amides I, II, and III). A considerable loss of molecular-order triple helical structure was also observed after pepsin treatment. In summary, duck feet gelatin has potential to replace as mammalian gelatin in food and pharmaceutical industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  13. Fulltext Formulation of aerosol concentrates containing haruan (Channa striatus) for wound dressing
    Febriyenti, Azmin Mohd. Noor, Saringat Baei
    Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2008;6(1):43-58.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of this research was to formulate an aerosol concentrate containing haruan (Channa
    striatus) water extract that would produce a thin film when sprayed onto a wound and could be used for wound dressing. The aerosol concentrates were formulated with various polymer and plasticiser mixtures and tested in dispersion systems. The polymers evaluated were hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC Sodium), acacia, tragacanth, chitosan, gelatine and gelatine (bloom 151–160), all at concentrations of 2%. The plasticisers evaluated were polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and 4000, glycerine, propylene glycol, and triacetin. Films were prepared from film-forming dispersions by casting techniques. Film-forming dispersions were characterised in terms of pH, density, surface tension, rheological properties, particle size distribution, and tackiness. Based on these evaluations, HPMC was chosen as the best polymer. It produced a film with the expected qualities and was easy to reproduce in the form of dispersions or as thin transparent films. Glycerine was judged as the most appropriate plasticiser because it produced the concentrate having the desired qualities and properties expected from an aerosol concentrate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  14. Fulltext Fish gelatin nanoparticles and their food applications: A review
    Akbar, I., Jaswir, I., Jamal, P., Octavianti, F.
    International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(101):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Considerable attention has been directed to nanoparticles based on gelatin biopolymer due to its numerous available active group sites for attaching target molecules and acting as a drug or nutraceutical delivery system aiming to improve the therapeutic effects and also to reduce the side effects of formulated drugs as gelatin is a natural biodegradable biocompatible polymer, nontoxic, readily available, cheap and is used in parental formulations. With mammalian gelatin (pig and cow) as the major source of gelatin production, alternatives are required due to sociocultural and health concerns to maintain halal status. This paper aims at reviewing fish skin gelatin from warm water species which can provide a potential alternative source of gelatin with almost the same rheological properties as mammalian gelatin and is a beneficial way to use fish waste such as skin, bones and fin which is generally discarded. The study also entails a lot of research being done in the field of nanoencapsulation of gelatin with various nutraceuticals as well as drug and gene therapy. There is an especially increasing interest in encapsulating biopeptides within gelatin nanoparticles in the functional food industry due to their role in preventing or delaying the onset of various diseases, food fortification, improvement of food quality, increase in shelf life, targeted peptide delivery and hence can be used as additives in food products. This review also attempts to provide an overview of the application of gelatin nanoparticles in nanoencapsulation in the food industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  15. Encapsulation of Ethylene Gas into Granular Cold-Water-Soluble Starch: Structure and Release Kinetics
    Shi L, Fu X, Tan CP, Huang Q, Zhang B
    J Agric Food Chem, 2017 Mar 15;65(10):2189-2197.
    PMID: 28215072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05749
    Ethylene gas was introduced into granular cold-water-soluble (GCWS) starches using a solid encapsulation method. The morphological and structural properties of the novel inclusion complexes (ICs) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and Raman spectroscopy. The V-type single helix of GCWS starches was formed through controlled gelatinization and ethanol precipitation and was approved to host ethylene gas. The controlled release characteristics of ICs were also investigated at various temperature and relative humidity conditions. Avrami's equation was fitted to understand the release kinetics and showed that the release of ethylene from the ICs was accelerated by increasing temperature or RH and was decelerated by increased degree of amylose polymerization. The IC of Hylon-7 had the highest ethylene concentration (31.8%, w/w) among the five starches, and the IC of normal potato starch showed the best controlled release characteristics. As a renewable and inexpensive material, GCWS starch is a desirable solid encapsulation matrix with potential in agricultural and food applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  16. Fulltext Spray-dried immobilized lipase from Geobacillus sp. strain ARM in sago
    Mohtar NS, Abdul Rahman MB, Mustafa S, Mohamad Ali MS, Raja Abd Rahman RNZ
    PeerJ, 2019;7:e6880.
    PMID: 31183251 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6880
    Sago starch is traditionally used as food especially in Southeast Asia. Generally, sago is safe for consumption, biodegradable, easily available and inexpensive. Therefore, this research was done to expand the potential of sago by using it as a support for enzyme immobilization. In this study, ARM lipase, which was isolated from Geobacillus sp. strain ARM, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli system and then purified using affinity chromatography. The specific activity of the pure enzyme was 650 U/mg, increased 7 folds from the cell lysate. The purified enzyme was immobilized in gelatinized sago and spray-dried by entrapment technique in order to enhance the enzyme operational stability for handling at high temperature and also for storage. The morphology of the gelatinized sago and immobilized enzyme was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the spray-dried gelatinized sago was shrunken and became irregular in structure as compared to untreated sago powder. The surface areas and porosities of spray-dried gelatinized sago with and without the enzyme were analyzed using BET and BJH method and have shown an increase in surface area and decrease in pore size. The immobilized ARM lipase showed good performance at 60-80  °C, with a half-life of 4 h and in a pH range 6-9. The immobilized enzyme could be stored at 10 °C with the half-life for 9 months. Collectively, the spray-dried immobilized lipase shows promising capability for industrial uses, especially in food processing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  17. Fulltext Effects of plasticizer concentrations on functional properties of chicken skin gelatin films
    Nor, M.H.M., Nazmi, N.N.M., Sarbon, N.M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(5):1910-1918.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to investigate the functional properties of chicken skin gelatin films with varied concentrations of a hydrophilic plasticizer. Gelatin film solutions with different glycerol concentrations A(control), B(5%), C(10%), D(15%) and E(20%), were stirred at 45°C for 20min and oven dried at 45°C. Film characterization determination were included, tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), water vapor permeability (WVP), solubility, transparency, moisture content, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (X-RD). Glycerol added resulted in improvement of TS and WVP properties. Film B (5% glycerol) demonstrated low EAB (106%), WVP (0.0175 g.mm/h.m2.k.Pa) and solubility (58.64%), but with high TS (3.64 MPa), moisture content (16.0%), UV light transmission (0.04%) and transparency (0.81) compared to films C, D and E. FTIR spectrum analyses demonstrated an aliphatic alcohol group only for Film E (20% glycerol). Hence, chicken skin gelatin film at 5% glycerol concentration showed the most promising potential for industrial food processing applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  18. Fulltext Cellular prion protein and γ-synuclein overexpression in LS 174T colorectal cancer cell drives endothelial proliferation-to-differentiation switch
    Ong SH, Goh KW, Chieng CK, Say YH
    PeerJ, 2018;6:e4506.
    PMID: 29527422 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4506
    Background: Tumor-induced angiogenesis is an imperative event in pledging new vasculature for tumor metastasis. Since overexpression of neuronal proteins gamma-synuclein (γ-Syn) and cellular prion protein (PrPC) is always detected in advanced stages of cancer diseases which involve metastasis, this study aimed to investigate whether γ-Syn or PrPCoverexpression in colorectal adenocarcinoma, LS 174T cells affects angiogenesis of endothelial cells, EA.hy 926 (EA).

    Methods: EA cells were treated with conditioned media (CM) of LS 174T-γ-Syn or LS 174T-PrP, and their proliferation, invasion, migration, adhesion and ability to form angiogenic tubes were assessed using a range of biological assays. To investigate plausible background mechanisms in conferring the properties of EA cells above, nitrite oxide (NO) levels were measured and the expression of angiogenesis-related factors was assessed using a human angiogenesis antibody array.

    Results: EA proliferation was significantly inhibited by LS 174T-PrP CM whereas its telomerase activity was reduced by CM of LS 174T-γ-Syn or LS 174T-PrP, as compared to EA incubated with LS 174T CM. Besides, LS 174T-γ-Syn CM or LS 174T-PrP CM inhibited EA invasion and migration in Boyden chamber assay. Furthermore, LS 174T-γ-Syn CM significantly inhibited EA migration in scratch wound assay. Gelatin zymography revealed reduced secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by EA treated with LS 174T-γ-Syn CM or LS 174T-PrP CM. In addition, cell adhesion assay showed lesser LS 174T-γ-Syn or LS 174T-PrP cells adhered onto EA, as compared to LS 174T. In tube formation assay, LS 174T-γ-Syn CM or LS 174T-PrP CM induced EA tube formation. Increased NO secretion by EA treated with LS 174T-γ-Syn CM or LS 174T-PrP CM was also detected. Lastly, decreased expression of pro-angiogenic factors like CXCL16, IGFBP-2 and amphiregulin in LS 174T-γ-Syn CM or LS 174T-PrP CM was detected using the angiogenesis antibody array.

    Discussion: These results suggest that overexpression of γ-Syn or PrPCcould possibly be involved in colorectal cancer-induced angiogenesis by inducing an endothelial proliferation-differentiation switch. NO could be the main factor in governing this switch, and modulation on the secretion patterns of angiogenesis-related proteins could be the strategy of colorectal cancer cells overexpressing γ-Syn or PrPCin ensuring this transition.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  19. Anaerobic fermentation of gelatinized sago starch-derived sugars to acetone-1-butanol-ethanol solvent by Clostridium acetobutylicum
    Madihah MS, Ariff AB, Khalil MS, Suraini AA, Karim MI
    Folia Microbiol (Praha), 2001;46(3):197-204.
    PMID: 11702403
    A study of the kinetics and performance of solvent-yielding batch fermentation of individual sugars and their mixture derived from enzymic hydrolysis of sago starch by Clostridium acetobutylicum showed that the use of 30 g/L gelatinized sago starch as the sole carbon source produced 11.2 g/L total solvent, i.e. 1.5-2 times more than with pure maltose or glucose used as carbon sources. Enzymic pretreatment of gelatinized sago starch yielding maltose and glucose hydrolyzates prior to the fermentation did not improve solvent production as compared to direct fermentation of gelatinized sago starch. The solvent yield of direct gelatinized sago starch fermentation depended on the activity and stability of amylolytic enzymes produced during the fermentation. The pH optima for alpha-amylase and glucoamylase were found to be at 5.3 and 4.0-4.4, respectively. alpha-Amylase showed a broad pH stability profile, retaining more than 80% of its maximum activity at pH 3.0-8.0 after a 1-d incubation at 37 degrees C. Since C. acetobutylicum alpha-amylase has a high activity and stability at low pH, this strain can potentially be employed in a one-step direct solvent-yielding fermentation of sago starch. However, the C. acetobutylicum glucoamylase was only stable at pH 4-5, maintaining more than 90% of its maximum activity after a 1-d incubation at 37 degrees C.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  20. Antibacterial and wound healing analysis of gelatin/zeolite scaffolds
    Ninan N, Muthiah M, Bt Yahaya NA, Park IK, Elain A, Wong TW, et al.
    Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2014 Mar 1;115:244-52.
    PMID: 24362063 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.048
    In this article, gelatin/copper activated faujasites (CAF) composite scaffolds were fabricated by lyophilisation technique for promoting partial thickness wound healing. The optimised scaffold with 0.5% (w/w) of CAF, G (0.5%), demonstrated pore size in the range of 10-350 μm. Agar disc diffusion tests verified the antibacterial role of G (0.5%) and further supported that bacterial lysis was due to copper released from the core of CAF embedded in the gelatin matrix. The change in morphology of bacteria as a function of CAF content in gelatin scaffold was studied using SEM analysis. The confocal images revealed the increase in mortality rate of bacteria with increase in concentration of incorporated CAF in gelatin matrix. Proficient oxygen supply to needy cells is a continuing hurdle faced by tissue engineering scaffolds. The dissolved oxygen measurements revealed that CAF embedded in the scaffold were capable of increasing oxygen supply and thereby promote cell proliferation. Also, G (0.5%) exhibited highest cell viability on NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells which was mainly attributed to the highly porous architecture and its ability to enhance oxygen supply to cells. In vivo studies conducted on Sprague Dawley rats revealed the ability of G (0.5%) to promote skin regeneration in 20 days. Thus, the obtained data suggest that G (0.5%) is an ideal candidate for wound healing applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/pharmacology*
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