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  1. A nationwide survey on the knowledge and attitudes of Malaysian optometry students on patients' visual experiences during cataract surgery
    Tan CS, Chen AH, Au Eong KG
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2006 Feb;35(2):72-6.
    PMID: 16565757
    INTRODUCTION: During cataract surgery under regional (retrobulbar, peribulbar or sub- Tenon's) or topical anaesthesia, many patients experience a variety of visual sensations in their operated eye intraoperatively. Between 3% and 16.2% of patients are frightened by their intraoperative visual experiences, which may increase the risk of intraoperative complications and affect patients' satisfaction with the surgery. This study aims to determine optometry students' beliefs and knowledge of visual sensations experienced by patients during cataract surgery under regional and topical anaesthesia.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nationwide survey of all Malaysian optometry students using a standardised, self-administered questionnaire.

    RESULTS: All 129 optometry students participated in the survey, giving a 100% response rate. Overall, 26.4% and 29.5% of the students believed that patients undergoing cataract surgery under regional and topical anaesthesia, respectively, may experience no light perception, while 78.3% and 72.9%, respectively, thought that patients would experience light perception. Many respondents also believed that patients might experience a variety of other visual sensations. Of all respondents, 70.5% and 74.4% of students believed that patients undergoing cataract surgery under regional and topical anaesthesia, respectively, may be frightened by their visual experience and 93.0% and 85.3%, respectively, felt that preoperative counselling might help to alleviate this fear.

    CONCLUSION: Many optometry students are aware that patients might encounter a variety of visual sensations during cataract surgery under local anaesthesia. A high proportion of students believe that patients may experience fear as a result of the intraoperative visual sensations and felt that preoperative counselling would be helpful.

    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry/education*
  2. A retrospective study of the incidence of giant papillary conjunctivitis seen in the Optometry clinic UKM. [Kajian retrospektif insidens konjunktivitis papillari gergasi di Klinik Optometri UKM]
    Ong BL
    Sains Malaysiana, 1996;25(3):13-18.
    A retrospective study of the incidence of Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC) seen in the Optometry clinic in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia from 1989 to 1994 was carried out. In the period of the 6 years, 37 contact wearers were diagnosed to have GPC. Of the 37 patients, 21 were Malays (57%), 12 were Chinese (32%) and the remaining 4 patients were Indians (11%). 18 or 48% of those with GPC were soft lens wearers, 46% of the wearers (17 patients) were rigid gas permeable lens wearers and 1 of the patients seen was a hard (PMMA) wearer (3%) and the other one was a disposable lens wearer (3%). Thirty patients were female (81%) and 7 (19%) were male. The age range of those with GPC were between 9 to 60 years old.
    Study site: Optometry clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  3. Are eye-care practitioners fitting scleral contact lenses?
    Woods CA, Efron N, Morgan P, International Contact Lens Prescribing Survey Consortium
    Clin Exp Optom, 2020 07;103(4):449-453.
    PMID: 32519339 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13105
    BACKGROUND: To determine the extent of scleral lens fitting worldwide and to characterise the associated patient demographics.

    METHODS: Survey forms were sent to contact lens fitters around the world, every year for 20 consecutive years (2000 to 2019). Practitioners were asked to record data relating to the first 10 contact lens fits or refits performed after receiving the survey. Data were analysed for those countries reporting ≥ 1,000 contact lens fits during this period.

    RESULTS: A total of 369,209 contact lens fits were recorded from 40 eligible countries, comprising 2,309 scleral lens fits and 366,900 other (non-scleral) lens fits. Overall scleral lenses represented 0.76 per cent of all contact lens fits with significant differences between countries (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry/statistics & numerical data*
  4. Attitudes towards diagnostic tests and therapies for dry eye disease
    Graham JE, McGilligan VE, Berrar D, Leccisotti A, Moore JE, Bron AJ, et al.
    Ophthalmic Res, 2010;43(1):11-7.
    PMID: 19829007 DOI: 10.1159/000246573
    AIM: The purpose of this study was to survey the attitudes of optometrists and ophthalmologists, located in a number of different countries, towards diagnostic tests and therapies for dry eye disease.
    METHODS: A web-based questionnaire was used to survey attitudes using forced-choice questions and Likert scales.
    RESULTS: Sixty-one respondents (23 ophthalmologists and 38 optometrists) reported a wide range of patient dry eye symptoms. A large variation in use of diagnostic tests was noted. Patient symptoms and fluorescein staining were reported to be significantly more valuable and more frequently performed than any other test. Artificial tear supplements and improved lid hygiene were the preferred therapeutic options selected by the entire group. The results demonstrated a wide variation in attitudes in relation to satisfaction with the range of available diagnostic and therapeutic options.
    CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the interest for the issue of dry eye is relatively limited amongst eye professionals, as demonstrated by the poor participation in the questionnaire.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  5. Fulltext Comparison of visual acuity estimates using three different letter charts under two ambient room illuminations
    Chen AH, Norazman FN, Buari NH
    Indian J Ophthalmol, 2012 Mar-Apr;60(2):101-4.
    PMID: 22446903 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.90489
    BACKGROUND: Visual acuity is an essential estimate to assess ability of the visual system and is used as an indicator of ocular health status.
    AIM: The aim of this study is to investigate the consistency of acuity estimates from three different clinical visual acuity charts under two levels of ambient room illumination.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved thirty Malay university students aged between 19 and 23 years old (7 males, 23 females), with their spherical refractive error ranging between plano and -7.75D, astigmatism ranging from plano to -1.75D, anisometropia less than 1.00D and with no history of ocular injury or pathology. Right eye visual acuity (recorded in logMAR unit) was measured with Snellen letter chart (Snellen), wall mounted letter chart (WM) and projected letter chart (PC) under two ambient room illuminations, room light on and room light off.
    RESULTS: Visual acuity estimates showed no statistically significant difference when measured with the room light on and with the room light off (F1,372 = 0.26, P = 0.61). Post-hoc analysis with Tukey showed that visual acuity estimates were significantly different between the Snellen and PC (P = 0.009) and between Snellen and WM (P = 0.002).
    CONCLUSIONS: Different levels of ambient room illumination had no significant effect on visual acuity estimates. However, the discrepancies in estimates of visual acuity noted in this study were purely due to the type of letter chart used.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry/instrumentation*
  6. Fulltext Custom made ocular prosthesis at optometry clinic Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
    Norhani Mohidin, Chia, Jho Yan, Mohd Norhafizun Mohd Saman, Nazeem Desai
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2013;11(2):51-54.
    MyJurnal
    Patients who lost their eyes as results of accidents or diseases (e.g. retinoblastoma) usually underwent enucleation or evisceration. They were then fi tted with ocular prosthesis to prevent collapse of the globe and also for cosmetic effects. Custom made ocular prosthesis is almost unheard of in this country for most hospitals supply ready-made (stock) prosthesis. The cosmetic results of stock prosthesis are often unsatisfactory. Besides being uncomfortable, stock prosthesis may also induce allergic reaction that may lead to papillary conjunctivitis. The Optometry Clinic at UKM started its custom made prosthetic service in 2010. We described here two cases of patients who complained of discomfort with their old stock prosthesis and re-fitted with custom made prosthesis. We also highlight the importance of proper hygiene and maintenance so that ocular prosthesis can be used for as long as possible. This article aims to create awareness among eye care practitioners and showcase the cosmetic benefi ts of custom made ocular prosthesis.
    Study site: Optometry clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  7. Fulltext Effect of petroleum derivatives and solvents on colour perception
    Sharanjeet-Kaur, Mursyid A, Kamaruddin A, Ariffin A
    Clin Exp Optom, 2004 Jul;87(4-5):339-43.
    PMID: 15312037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05064.x
    BACKGROUND: Occupational exposure to various neurotoxic chemicals has been shown to be associated with colour vision impairment. It seems that this can occur at low exposure levels, sometimes well below the recommended occupational threshold limits. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of exposure to petroleum derivatives (polyethylene, polystyrene) and solvents (perchloroethylene) on colour perception.
    METHODS: Colour vision was assessed using the Ishihara plates, the D-15 test and the Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test. Two factories using petroleum derivatives and three dry cleaning premises were chosen at random. A total of 93 apparently healthy employees were recruited from the five workplaces. Two age-matched control groups comprising 56 people, who were support staff of the university with no exposure to petroleum, solvents or their derivatives, were also recruited.
    RESULTS: All subjects passed the Ishihara test, showing that none had a congenital red-green defect. Some of the exposed employees failed the D-15 and had abnormally high FM100 Hue scores. All control subjects passed all the colour vision tests. The D-15 test showed that 28 per cent (26 of 93) of exposed employees had a colour vision defect whereas the FM 100 Hue test found that 63 per cent (59 of 93) had a colour vision defect. Most defects were of the blue-yellow type (22.6 per cent) when using the D-15 test. However, with the FM 100 Hue test, most defects were of the non-polar type with no specific axis (50.5 per cent). Mean total error scores calculated from the FM100 Hue test for exposed employees were statistically significantly higher than those of the control subjects.
    CONCLUSION: Employees directly exposed to petroleum derivatives and solvents have a higher risk of acquiring colour vision defects compared to subjects who are not.
    Study sites: Factories; the control subjects were tested at the Optometry Clinic in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  8. International survey of contact lens prescribing for extended wear
    Efron N, Morgan PB, Woods CA, International Contact Lens Prescribing Survey Consortium
    Optom Vis Sci, 2012 Feb;89(2):122-9.
    PMID: 22179218
    PURPOSE: To determine the extent of extended wear (EW) contact lens prescribing worldwide and to characterize the associated demographics and fitting patterns.
    METHODS: Up to 1000 survey forms were sent to contact lens fitters in up to 39 countries between January and March every year for five consecutive years (2006-2010). Practitioners were asked to record data relating to the first 10 contact lens fits or refits performed after receiving the survey form. Survey data collected since 1997 was also analyzed to assess EW fitting trends since that time.
    RESULTS: Details for lens modality were received for 107,094 rigid and soft lens fits of which 88,392 were for soft lens daily wear (DW) and 7470 were for soft lens EW. Overall, EW represents 7.8% of all soft lens fits, ranging from 0.6% in Malaysia to 27% Norway. Compared with DW fittings, EW fittings can be characterized as follows: older age (32.7 ± 13.6 vs. 29.4 ± 12.0 years for DW); males are over-represented; greater proportion of refits; 72% silicone hydrogel; higher proportion of presbyopia and spherical designs; and higher proportion of monthly lens replacement. Of those wearing EW lenses, 80% use multipurpose solutions, whereas 9% do not use any care system. Between 1997 and 1999, the rate of EW prescribing decreased from 5 to 1% of all soft lens fits; it increased to a peak of 12% in 2006, and settled back to 8% by 2010.
    CONCLUSIONS: EW prescribing has failed to break through the "glass ceiling" of 15% and is unlikely to become a mainstream lens wearing modality until the already low risks of ocular complications can be reduced to be equivalent to that for DW.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry/statistics & numerical data*
  9. International survey of rigid contact lens fitting
    Efron N, Morgan PB, Woods CA, International Contact Lens Prescribing Survey Consortium
    Optom Vis Sci, 2013 Feb;90(2):113-8.
    PMID: 23262991 DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e31827cd8be
    PURPOSE: To determine the extent of rigid contact lens fitting worldwide and to characterize the associated demographics and fitting patterns.
    METHODS: Survey forms were sent to contact lens fitters in up to 40 countries between January and March every year for five consecutive years (2007 to 2011). Practitioners were asked to record data relating to the first 10 contact lens fits or refits performed after receiving the survey form. Survey data collected between 1996 and 2011 were also analyzed to assess rigid lens fitting trends in seven nations during this period.
    RESULTS: Data were obtained for 12,230 rigid and 100,670 soft lens fits between 2007 and 2011. Overall, rigid lenses represented 10.8% of all contact lens fits, ranging from 0.2% in Lithuania to 37% in Malaysia. Compared with soft lens fits, rigid lens fits can be characterized as follows: older age (rigid, 37.3 ± 15.0 years; soft, 29.8 ± 12.4 years); fewer spherical and toric fits; more bifocal/multifocal fits; less frequent replacement (rigid, 7%; soft, 85%); and less part-time wear (rigid, 4%; soft, 10%). High-Dk (contact lens oxygen permeability) (36%) and mid-Dk (42%) materials are predominantly used for rigid lens fitting. Orthokeratology represents 11.5% of rigid contact lens fits. There has been a steady decline in rigid lens fitting between 1996 and 2011.
    CONCLUSIONS: Rigid contact lens prescribing is in decline but still represents approximately 10% of all contact lenses fitted worldwide. It is likely that rigid lenses will remain as a viable, albeit increasingly specialized, form of vision correction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry/statistics & numerical data*
  10. Fulltext Intraocular pressure in a clinical population: a retrospective study. [Tekanan intraokular dalam populasi klinik: satu kajian retrospektif]
    Mohidin N, Abd Wahab N
    Sains Malaysiana, 2010;39(2):333-336.
    A retrospective study was carried out to determine the distribution of intraocular pressure in normal patients who came for vision problems at the Optometry Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Kuala Lumpur Campus, and to determine the differences in intraocular pressure with respect to age, gender and race. The cohort consisted of 148 subjects divided into five groups with age ranged from 10 to 59 years. The inclusion criteria were, subjects had no sistemic or ocular disease, subjects were not taking any medication, visual acuity was 6/6 or better, refractive errors < ±6.00D, astigmatism < 2.00D, anisometropia <2.00D, and mean intraocular pressure measured using the X-PERT tonometer and taken between 9 am to 2 pm. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed the mean intraocular pressure without consideration for age, race or gender was 12.6 mmHg (SD ±2.5). There was no significant differences in intraocular pressure between right and left eyes, between different age groups and between different genders. However, the intraocular pressuse for the Chinese was found to be significantly higher than the Malays. It was found that the intraocular pressure of patients who came for vision problems at the Optometry Clinic UKM follows a normal distribution and there was no significant diference found between right and left eyes, between different age groups and genders. Race seemed to contribute to the differences in intraocular pressure. Keywords: Age; clinic population; genders; pressure; intraocular pressure; race
    Study site: Optometry clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  11. Fulltext Maurice KH Yap: academic, administrator, innovator in myopia research and public health
    Woo GC
    Clin Exp Optom, 2018 07;101(4):616-617.
    PMID: 28714215 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12569
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry/history*
  12. Near esophoria is associated with high myopia
    Chung KM, Chong E
    Clin Exp Optom, 2002 12 11;83(2):71-75.
    PMID: 12472457
    BACKGROUND: A retrospective study was undertaken to examine the hypothesis that esophoria is associated with higher amounts of myopia. METHODS: One hundred and forty-four subjects were selected from the files of optometry clinics at the Department of Optometry, National University of Malaysia, from the years 1995 to 1998 inclusive. These subjects were matched in terms of age group, sex, race and near phoria group. Near phorias were determined by Maddox wing technique and were classified into three groups: more than six prism dioptres exophoria, zero to six prism dioptres exophoria and any esophorias. RESULTS: One way analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences in mean myopias between the three phoria groups (ANOVA, F(2,141) = 5.34, p < 0.01). Further analysis with the Student-Newman-Keuls test showed that the amount of myopia is significantly higher in the esophoric group than in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that near esophoria is associated with high myopia. This study suggests that near phoria might be an important factor in myopia development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  13. Fulltext Optometric practice in private sector around Kuala Lumpur and Kiang Valley: A preliminary study. [Amalan optometris di praktis swasta sekitar Kuala Lumpur dan Lembah Klang: satu kajian awal]
    Mohidin N, Hashim A
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2011;9(2):29-34.
    MyJurnal
    This survey was carried out to examine the habits of practising optometrists in private practice around Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley. A questionnaire survey was prepared that encompassed questions on ophthalmic intruments and appliances, services offered, eye examinatians carried aut and patient management, failure ta carry out comprehensive eye examination, community engagements and their opinion on optometrists as primary eyecare practitioners. The questionnaire was sent to 100 registered optometrists practising in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley. About 64 optometrists responded and returned the questionnaire, but 3 of them were excluded because they were incomplete. The results showed almast all aptornetric practice has all the equipment related to optometry practice except for tonometer and visual field measurement. F orty~four percent ( 44%) of aptometrists undertook comprehensive eye examinatians and necessary referred patients far further examinations. Optometrists who did not perform comprehensive eye examinations give reasons of inadequate equipment and clients who want a quick examination. ln conclusion optometric practice provide almost all the equipments required for optometrists to practice as primary health care practioners but only 44% of optometrists carriedout comprehensive eye examinations. Optometrists in private practice need to practice all the skills they learned and play important roles in educating the public in an effort to improve the primary eyecare of society. Keywords: optometric practice, private practice, primary health eyecare
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry*
  14. Optometry in Malaysia and Singapore
    Leow HM
    J Am Optom Assoc, 1967 Jul;38(7):579-81.
    PMID: 6043834
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry*
  15. Fulltext Patient appointment compliance at UKM optometry. [Kepatuhan temujanji oleh pesakit di klinik optometri UKM]
    Hairol MI, Arif N, Mohd Shariffudin SH
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(1):103-108.
    MyJurnal
    Patient’s appointment compliance refers to the willingness and ability of a patient to attend to their scheduled clinical appointment. Failure to do so have various consequences, especially so for a teaching clinic such as the Optometry Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). The percentage of appoinment compliance at the Optometry Clinic was analysed from September to December 2015. Compliance rate was categorised based on clinic type and session, and on patient’s gender and ethnicity. Attendance compliance was around 60% for the Primary Care Clinic. It increased to 70% for patients with vision problems who where referred to specialty clinics i.e. Low Vision and Paediatric Clinics. Clinic day and session did not influence compliance significanly (p > 0.05). Patient’s gender and ethnicity did not influence compliance significantly as well but those of Indian ethnicity consistently showed the lowest appointment compliance rates. A protocol should be developed to increase the rate of patients’ appoinment compliance. This would then maximise productivity of students and clinic staff and optimise the clinic’s resources. The cost of each clinical session could be informed to the patients, even when the cost is not borne by them.
    Keywords: Appointment compliance; Optometry Clinic; appointments; clinical teaching and learning; public health
    Study site: Optometry clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  16. Fulltext Professor Norhani Mohidin: pioneer, educator and champion of optometry in Malaysia
    Yap M
    Clin Exp Optom, 2013 May;96(3):352-4.
    PMID: 23651138 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12012
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry/history*
  17. Fulltext Profile of functional amblyopia cases seen by optometrists in the Ministry of Health (moh) Malaysia Hospitals
    Duratul Ain Hussin, Mahani Mohd Salleh, Che Ruhani Che Jaafar, Rini Roslina Amir, Farahiyah Ibrahim, Nor Aini Hanafi
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2013;11(2):35-40.
    MyJurnal
    Amblyopia is one of the most common causes of visual defi cit in children. Presently, in the Ministry of Health Malaysia hospitals, there is no documented data on the characteristic and profi le of amblyopia cases. This study was conducted to scribe the profile of new amblyopia cases seen by optometrists at the Ministry of Health (MOH) Hospitals. This study was a retrospective and multicenter study including all MOH hospitals with optometry clinics. Clinical record data of amblyopic patients aged 3 to 17 years old who were newly diagnosed between 1st August 2010 to 31st January 2011 and who fulfi lled the inclusion criteria were obtained. Data collected included demography, systemic history, ocular history and optometric findings and diagnosis. Thirty eight MOH hospitals participated and a total of 301 patients were diagnosed with functional amblyopia within the study period. Mean age for these amblyopic patients was 7.70 + 0.16 years old. Boys were the predominant gender (57.1%) and Malay preceded the other races with a 65.4% occurrence. Mild amblyopia was found in 51.5% of the patients, 31.6% were with moderate amblyopia and only 16.9% of patients were severe amblyopia. The underlying amblyogenic causes assessed were ametropia (61.5%), anisometropia (25.2%), strabismus (9.3%) and stimulus deprivation (4.0%). Refractive error was discovered as the most common cause of amblyopia in this study. It is crucial for optometrists to detect this type of visual impairment and undertake an early optometric intervention.

    Study site: multicenter study including all MOH hospital
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  18. Fulltext Refractive error, visual acuity, and corneal-curvature changes in high and low myopes with orthokeratology treatment: A Malaysian study
    Liong SL, Mohidin N, Tan BW, Ali BM
    Taiwan J Ophthalmol, 2015;5(4):164-168.
    PMID: 29018692 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjo.2015.07.006
    BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The effect of orthokeratology (OK) on low myopia is well known, but there are a few reports on its effect on high myopia. In this study, the parametric changes in high and low myopia as results of wearing OK lenses for a period of 6 months have been analyzed.
    METHODS: Records of schoolchildren (age 7-17 years) undergoing OK treatment from an optometry clinic were retrospectively reviewed. Data involving refractive errors, uncorrected visual acuity, and corneal curvatures at baseline and after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of OK treatment from 25 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were examined. For the analysis, the participants were arbitrarily divided into two groups comprising high myopia (< -6.00 D) and low to moderate myopia (from -1.00 D to -6.00 D).
    RESULTS: Significant reductions of refractive error, improvement in visual acuity, and corneal-curvature flattening were found in all participants after 6 months of OK lens wear compared to the baseline. No significant changes were found in corneal toricity in both high and low to moderate myopic groups. Almost all of these occurred after one night of lens wear in both the high- and low-myopia groups.
    CONCLUSION: The OK lens wear significantly reduced the refractive error and corneal curvature that results in the improvement in visual acuity in both high- and low-myopia groups, and the reduction seemed to occur nearly at the same time despite the difference in initial myopic power. High myopes with refractive power up to -8.25 D would benefit significantly from OK lenses.
    Study site: Optometry clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  19. Fulltext Tears evaluation of one sample of keratoconus patients in Kuala Lumpur
    Mohd-Ali B, Liew LY, Tai HJ, Wong YY
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Mar;66(1):53-5.
    PMID: 23765144 MyJurnal
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate tears of newly diagnosed keratoconus patients attending the Optometry clinic in Malaysia and to compare this with tears of normal myopic subjects.
    METHODS: The ocular surface of newly diagnosed keratoconus patients were evaluated using tear break up time (TBUT) test, non invasive tear break up time test (NIBUT) and Schirmer test. Twenty keratoconus patients (40 eyes) and 40 normal subjects (80 eyes) participated in this study.
    RESULTS: Significantly lower TBUT and NIBUT values were found in keratoconus patients than normal control subjects (p<0.05). Mean TBUT and NIBUT for keratoconus patients were 3.99±1.69s and 7.03±3.48s and for normal subjects were 7.24±4.39s and 13.67±10.81s respectively. However, no significant difference was detected in Schirmer test values. Mean values of Schirmer tests I and II for keratoconus patients were 20.52±10.66mm and 10.71±10.43mm and for normals were 23.83±11.34mm and 13.27±8.28mm accordingly.
    CONCLUSION: It was concluded from this study that keratoconus patients have poor tear stability which need to be considered appropriately during management of the patients.
    Study site: Optometry clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
  20. Fulltext The consistency of retinal image size measurement using smartphone application
    Nura Syahiera Ibrahim, Firdaus Yusuf @ Alias, Norsham Ahmad
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(3):15-20.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Unequal retinal image size (RIS) or aniseikonia is usually related with anisometropia. Higher dif- ferences of RIS may manifest symptoms such as dizziness, headache or disorientation. In worst case might cause suppression that leads to amblyopia. Current study aims to evaluate the consistency of aniseikonia measurement in Smart Optometry smartphone application among myopic, hyperopic, and astigmatic simulated anisometropia and real anisometropia groups. Methods: Fifteen real anisometropes (refractive error; -0.50 until -6.00 diopters; D) and fifteen emmetropes (refractive error: -0.25 until +0.50D) were recruited. Real anisometropes wore their habitual spectacle correction while each emmetropes were fitted using soft contact lenses of +4.00DS, -4.00DS and -4.00DC with base curve 8.6 and total diameter 14.2mm in random order to mimic myopic-, hyperopic- and astigmat- ic-anisometropia before testing. Participants with any ocular disease and binocular vision problem were excluded. The consistency of aniseikonia measurement was determined in two visits, separated by at least 24-hour interval. Three repetitive measurements were taken in each visit. Results: Independent t-test and paired t-test showed that real and simulated anisometropia gave insignificant aniseikonia percentage, p>0.05. ICC findings revealed moder- ate-to-good agreement for all simulated and real groups. Bland Altman analysis between two visits exhibited good agreement among all simulated group; myopic (mean difference 0.2047; 95%CI:-1.1386-1.549), hyperopic (mean difference 0.2200; 95%CI:-0.9286-1.3686) and astigmatic (mean difference 0.2533; 95%CI:-0.7114-1.2180). Real anisometropes demonstrated good agreement with bias value of 0.2247(95%CI:-0.9162-1.3656) using Bland Altman plot. Conclusion: Smart Optometry application provides consistent measurement of aniseikonia regardless any types of anisometropia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Optometry
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