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  1. No evidence of age-related decline in propagated Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus excelsior plants
    Zheng T, Mencuccini M, Abdul-Hamid H
    Physiol Plant, 2023;175(3):e13915.
    PMID: 37087558 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13915
    Although a substantial body of evidence suggests that large and old trees have reduced metabolic levels, the search for the causes behind this observation has proved elusive. The strong coupling between age and size, commonly encountered in the field, precludes the isolation of the potential causes. We used standard propagation techniques (grafting and air-layering) to decouple the effects of size from those of age in affecting leaf structure, biochemistry and physiology of two broadleaved trees, Acer pseudoplatanus (a diffuse-porous species) and Fraxinus excelsior (a ring-porous species). The first year after establishment of the propagated plants, some of the measurements suggested the presence of age-related declines in metabolism, while other measurements either did not show any difference or suggested variability across treatments not associated with either age or size. During the second year after establishment, only one of the measured properties (specific leaf area) continued to show some evidence of an age-mediated decline (although much reduced compared to the field), whereas, for some properties (particularly for F. excelsior), even the opposite trend of age-related increases was apparent. We concluded that (1) our plants suffered from grafting shock during year 1 and they gradually recovered during year 2; (2) the results over 2 years do not support the statement that age directly mediates ageing in either species but instead suggest that size directly mediates ageing processes; and (3) neither shoots nor roots of A. pseudoplatanus showed any evidence of senescence.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees/physiology
  2. Multiple receptor sites in Achatina fulica ferussac neurons for a molluscan tetrapeptide amide (FMRF-AMDE)
    Kim KH, Muhamad MA, Cheah SH, Rahman A
    JUMMEC, 1996;1:33-38.
    Matched MeSH terms: Physiology
  3. Sirtuins: the future insight
    Suvarna BS
    Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ), 2012 Apr-Jun;10(38):77-82.
    PMID: 23132482
    Sirtuins are evolutionary conserved NAD+ dependent acetyl-lysine deacetylases and ADP ribosyltransferases dual-function enzymes involved in the regulation of metabolism and lifespan. Sirtuins represent a promising new class of III NAD dependent histone deacetylases that regulate a number of physiological processes, originally identified in yeast. Sirtuins regulate various normal and abnormal cellular and metabolic processes, including tumorgenesis, neurodegeneration and processes associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Several age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and longevity have also been linked to the functions of sirtuins. Because of these associations, the identification of small molecules sirtuin modulators has been of significant interest.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sirtuins/physiology*
  4. Fulltext Physongogy
    Cheng HM
    Adv Physiol Educ, 2008 Dec;32(4):303.
    PMID: 19047507 DOI: 10.1152/advan.90110.2008
    Matched MeSH terms: Physiology/education*
  5. Fulltext Effect of core training on skill-related physical fitness performance among soccer players: A systematic review
    Luo S, Soh KG, Zhang L, Zhai X, Sunardi J, Gao Y, et al.
    Front Public Health, 2022;10:1046456.
    PMID: 36684974 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1046456
    AIMS: This study aims to present an in-depth review of the available literature on the effect of core training on skill-related physical fitness performance among soccer players, as well as to offer suggestions for researchers and coaches.

    METHODS: The data in this study were presented based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Using scientific databases and web search engines including Scopus, Ebscohost, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, researchers collected studies from the published literature. Only 26 of the 84 articles satisfied all the inclusion criteria and were thus included in the systematic review. The quality of each study was determined using the PEDro scale. The scores for 26 studies range between three and six.

    RESULTS: Core training can improve soccer players' skill-related physical fitness, including their power, speed, balance, and agility.

    CONCLUSION: The core is the anatomic and functional center of the body as well as its "engine." All movements emanate from the center of the body and are transmitted to the extremities. The core muscles differ from the limb muscles because they frequently cocontract, thus making the torso hard to the point whereby all the muscles work together to become synergists. Theoretically, a strong core permits the passage of force from the lower body to the upper body with minimal energy loss in the torso. Based on the 26 studies, this review suggests that core training should be incorporated into the daily training sessions of soccer players, with a minimum frequency and length of 15 min per training session, twice per week, for 4 weeks.

    SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://inplasy.com, identifier INPLASY202290045.

    Matched MeSH terms: Physical Fitness/physiology
  6. Fulltext Nipah virus infection: A review
    Aditi, Shariff M
    Epidemiol Infect, 2019 01;147:e95.
    PMID: 30869046 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268819000086
    Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne pathogen. It was first identified 20 years ago in Malaysia and has since caused outbreaks in other parts of South and Southeast Asia. It causes severe neurological and respiratory disease which is highly lethal. It is highly infectious and spreads in the community through infected animals or other infected people. Different strains of the virus show differing clinical and epidemiological features. Rapid diagnosis and implementation of infection control measures are essential to contain outbreaks. A number of serological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed for diagnosis and surveillance. Difficulties in diagnosis and management arise when a new area is affected. The high mortality associated with infection and the possibility of spread to new areas has underscored the need for effective management and control. However, no effective treatment or prophylaxis is readily available, though several approaches show promise. Given the common chains of transmission from bats to humans, a One Health approach is necessary for the prevention and control of NiV infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nipah Virus/physiology*
  7. Fulltext Should oral examination be reimagined in the era of AI?
    Eachempati P, Komattil R, Arakala A
    Adv Physiol Educ, 2025 Mar 01;49(1):208-209.
    PMID: 39814611 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00191.2024
    As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to reshape education, concerns about the authenticity of student work have escalated, particularly in relation to written assignments influenced by AI-powered tools. This article explores the role of the oral examination as a valuable method for assessing true student understanding and considers its potential for broader use across various educational levels. We propose that oral exams could be effectively integrated into undergraduate courses, providing a means to verify student comprehension in an era of AI-generated content. By adopting oral assessments, educators can enhance academic integrity while fostering essential skills such as critical thinking and effective communication in today's technology-driven world.
    Matched MeSH terms: Physiology/education
  8. Should brain chip implants for memory and cognitive enhancement be banned in competitive national examinations?
    Chin AHB, Alsomali N, Muhsin SM
    Neurosurg Rev, 2024 May 25;47(1):234.
    PMID: 38795179 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02471-4
    In a recent medical breakthrough, Elon Musk's startup company Neuralink implanted the first brain chip in a human patient, purportedly for aiding paralysis. While certainly representing a significant medical milestone for many patients afflicted with debilitating brain and spinal cord injuries, as well as devastating neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, it must be noted that this very same technology can also be manipulated for human memory or cognitive enhancement. What happens if a brain chip were to be developed that can significantly improve either IQ (intelligence quotient) or memory, and these were then implanted in people to enhance their performance in highly competitive national examinations for college entrance or gaining employment in civil service positions? This article therefore discusses the ethical implications of this nascent technology platform, and whether its use in competitive national examinations should be banned.
    Matched MeSH terms: Memory/physiology
  9. Studies on the transmission of sub-periodic Brugia malayi by Aedes (Finlaya) togoi in the laboratory. I. The intake and migration of microfilariae
    Ramachandran CP, Zaini MA
    Med J Malaya, 1967 Dec;22(2):136-44.
    PMID: 4231979
    Matched MeSH terms: Aedes/physiology*; Filarioidea/physiology*; Insect Vectors/physiology*
  10. Physical activity and male reproductive function
    Hamim FM, Durairajanayagam D, Daud SB, Singh HJ
    Reprod Fertil Dev, 2025 Feb;37.
    PMID: 39903601 DOI: 10.1071/RD24196
    Fecundity is declining in humans, which is partly due to male infertility. Poor sperm parameters, the main contributors to male infertility, are associated with sedentary, unhealthy lifestyle and poor dietary habits. Long periods of sedentary work lead to visceral adiposity and persistently elevated scrotal temperatures, which adversely affect spermatogenesis. Apart from increasing scrotal temperatures, excessive visceral adiposity exacerbates adipocyte dysfunction with increased pro-inflammatory adipokine release, like leptin. These, together with the increased scrotal temperature, are responsible for the poor sperm quality. The importance of regular physical activity in male fertility remains a matter of debate, as not all forms of exercises have been found to benefit sperm function. Sperm parameters are, nevertheless, somewhat better in active than in sedentary men. It now appears that low-to-moderate intensity exercises are more beneficial for male reproductive health than high-intensity exercises, which have a negative effect on spermatozoa. Low-to-moderate intensity exercises, in general, improve the overall organ-system function in the body, improve the management of body weight and oxidative stress, consequently improving sperm parameters. The detrimental effects of high-intensity exercises on spermatozoa result from disruption in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-axis, raised testicular temperature and increased oxidative stress. It, therefore, seems that not all types of exercises are beneficial for male reproductive health. Although some low-to-moderate intensity exercises improve male reproductive function, there remains a need to identify the best form of low-to-moderate intensity exercises, particularly those that do not increase testicular temperature or oxidative stress, to help maintain normal body weight and male reproductive health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reproduction/physiology; Spermatogenesis/physiology; Spermatozoa/physiology
  11. Fulltext Inhibition of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria by a novel biofilm-forming Lactobacillus isolate: a potential host for the expression of heterologous proteins
    Jalilsood T, Baradaran A, Song AA, Foo HL, Mustafa S, Saad WZ, et al.
    Microb Cell Fact, 2015;14:96.
    PMID: 26150120 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0283-8
    Bacterial biofilms are a preferred mode of growth for many types of microorganisms in their natural environments. The ability of pathogens to integrate within a biofilm is pivotal to their survival. The possibility of biofilm formation in Lactobacillus communities is also important in various industrial and medical settings. Lactobacilli can eliminate the colonization of different pathogenic microorganisms. Alternatively, new opportunities are now arising with the rapidly expanding potential of lactic acid bacteria biofilms as bio-control agents against food-borne pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacillus cereus/physiology*; Lactobacillus/physiology
  12. Fulltext Scoping review protocol: The chrononutrition factors in association with glycemic outcomes in adult population
    Chong GY, Kaur S, Talib RA, Loy SL, Tan HY, Mok KHW, et al.
    PLoS One, 2025;20(2):e0313931.
    PMID: 39951411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313931
    Chrononutrition, which examines the relationship between circadian rhythms and nutrition, has been associated with glycemic outcomes in adults. However, published data on delayed meal timing, increased meal frequency and frequent breakfast skipping have shown inconsistent glycemic outcomes due to variations in methodologies and populations studied. This review presents the scoping review protocol designed to map the evidence on the association between chrononutrition factors and glycemic outcomes in adults. The methodology framework from Arksey and O'Malley will be adapted for this scoping review. Relevant publications will be searched on databases including PubMed, EBSCO Host, ProQuest Central, MEDLINE & Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science. This review focuses on original articles published from January 2014 to 2024, involving participants aged 18 years and older, published in English, and encompassing experimental and observational studies. A comprehensive keyword search strategy will be developed to identify relevant articles. Two reviewers will independently screen the abstracts and titles to determine the eligibility. Subsequently, the full text of potentially eligible articles will be reviewed by additional independent reviewer for final inclusion, with full text screening being verified by two reviewers, and interrater reliability will be conducted. Data from the included articles will be extracted, collated and charted to summarize the relevant methods, outcomes and key findings. This Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist will be used to guide the development of protocol. This scoping review represents a novel approach to summarize the association between chrononutrition factors and glycemic outcomes among adults. We anticipate the findings of the review will provide stakeholder with crucial evidence-based information for development of effective intervention to manage glycemic outcome in adults. This protocol has been prospectively registered in the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/PA9BU).
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding Behavior/physiology; Meals/physiology
  13. Fulltext Validation of a modified algometer to measure mechanical nociceptive thresholds in awake dogs
    Kaka U, Chen HC, Goh YM, Abubakar AA, Fakurazi S, Ebrahimi M
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:375421.
    PMID: 26075236 DOI: 10.1155/2015/375421
    This study was conducted to validate the use of a modified algometer device to measure mechanical nociceptive thresholds in six dogs. Dogs were administered morphine intravenously (IV) at 1 mg/kg or saline at equivolume in a crossover design with one-week washout period. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds were determined before, after the administration of treatments at 5 minutes, and hourly for 8 hours. Thresholds were recorded at the carpal pad, metacarpal foot pad, tibia, femur, and abdomen. Heart rates, body temperature, and respiration were recorded at similar time points. Thresholds increased significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline values for up to 3 hours at tibia and abdomen, 4 hours at metacarpal pad, and 5 hours at the carpal pad and femur. Hypothermia, bradycardia, and change in respiration were observed in all dogs after morphine injection. Saline did not alter any threshold levels during the eight-hour study period, indicating no evidence of tolerance, learned avoidance, or local hyperaesthesia. The device and methods of testing were well tolerated by all the dogs. Results suggest that the modified algometer and method of application are useful to measure nociceptive mechanical thresholds in awake dogs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hindlimb/physiology*; Locomotion/physiology*; Wakefulness/physiology*; Nociception/physiology*
  14. Fulltext Synchronous activity lowers the energetic cost of nest escape for sea turtle hatchlings
    Rusli MU, Booth DT, Joseph J
    J Exp Biol, 2016 05 15;219(Pt 10):1505-13.
    PMID: 27207954 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.134742
    A potential advantage of group movement in animals is increased locomotion efficiency. This implies a reduced energetic cost for individuals that occur in larger groups such as herds, flocks and schools. When chelonian hatchlings hatch in the underground nest with finite energy for their post-hatching dispersal phase, they face the challenge of minimizing energetic expenditure while escaping the nest. The term 'social facilitation' has been used to describe the combined digging effort of sea turtle hatchlings during nest escape. Given that in a normal clutch, a substantial part of the energy reserve within the residual yolk is used by hatchlings in the digging out process, a decreased cohort size may reduce the energy reserve available to cross the beach and sustain the initial swimming frenzy. This hypothesis was experimentally tested by varying cohort size in hatchling green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and measuring energy expenditure during the nest escape process using open-flow respirometry. The energetic cost of escaping through 40 cm of sand was calculated to vary between 4.4 and 28.3 kJ per individual, the cost decreasing as the number of individuals in the cohort increased. This represents 11-68% of the energy contained in a hatchling's residual yolk at hatching. The reduced energetic cost associated with large cohorts resulted from both a lower metabolic rate per individual and a shortened nest escape time. We conclude that synchronous digging activity of many hatchlings during nest escape evolved not only to facilitate rapid nest emergence but also to reduce the energetic cost to individuals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/physiology*; Energy Metabolism/physiology*; Ovum/physiology; Oxygen Consumption/physiology; Swimming/physiology; Turtles/physiology*
  15. Informational constraints on interceptive actions of elite football goalkeepers in 1v1 dyads during competitive performance
    Shafizadeh M, Davids K, Correia V, Wheat J, Hizan H
    J Sports Sci, 2016 Sep;34(17):1596-601.
    PMID: 26652039 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1125011
    The aim of this study was to examine whether perceptual variables can provide informational constraints for the goalkeepers to intercept the ball successfully in 1v1 dyads. Video images of 42 actions (1v1 in direct shots) were selected randomly from different matches and divided into conceded goals (n = 20) and saved actions (n = 22) to investigate interceptive actions of 20 goalkeepers in the English Premier League in season 2013-2014. Time to Contact (TTC) of the closing distance gap between shooter and goalkeeper was obtained by digitising actions in the 18-yard penalty box. Statistical analyses revealed that, in sequences of play resulting in an intercepted shot at goal, goalkeepers closed down outfield players in the X axis, whereas when a goal was conceded, there was a significantly delayed movement by goalkeepers toward the shooters in this plane. The results of canonical correlations showed that a decreasing distance between a shooter and goalkeeper, and accompanied reduction in relative interpersonal velocity followed a temporal pattern. Findings of this study showed how perception of key informational constraints on dyadic system relations, such as TTC, interpersonal distance and relative velocity, constrain elite goalkeepers' interceptive actions, playing an important role in successful performance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Competitive Behavior/physiology*; Soccer/physiology*; Space Perception/physiology*; Time Perception/physiology*; Athletic Performance/physiology*
  16. Fulltext Platelet rich concentrate promotes early cellular proliferation and multiple lineage differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro
    Shani S, Ahmad RE, Naveen SV, Murali MR, Puvanan K, Abbas AA, et al.
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:845293.
    PMID: 25436230 DOI: 10.1155/2014/845293
    Platelet rich concentrate (PRC) is a natural adjuvant that aids in human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) proliferation in vitro; however, its role requires further exploration. This study was conducted to determine the optimal concentration of PRC required for achieving the maximal proliferation, and the need for activating the platelets to achieve this effect, and if PRC could independently induce early differentiation of hMSC. The gene expression of markers for osteocytes (ALP, RUNX2), chondrocytes (SOX9, COL2A1), and adipocytes (PPAR-γ) was determined at each time point in hMSC treated with 15% activated and nonactivated PRC since maximal proliferative effect was achieved at this concentration. The isolated PRC had approximately fourfold higher platelet count than whole blood. There was no significant difference in hMSC proliferation between the activated and nonactivated PRC. Only RUNX2 and SOX9 genes were upregulated throughout the 8 days. However, protein expression study showed formation of oil globules from day 4, significant increase in ALP at days 6 and 8 (P ≤ 0.05), and increased glycosaminoglycan levels at all time points (P < 0.05), suggesting the early differentiation of hMSC into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. This study demonstrates that the use of PRC increased hMSC proliferation and induced early differentiation of hMSC into multiple mesenchymal lineages, without preactivation or addition of differentiation medium.
    Matched MeSH terms: Blood Platelets/physiology*; Cell Differentiation/physiology*; Cell Lineage/physiology*; Cell Proliferation/physiology*; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/physiology*
  17. Interspecific interactions between primates, birds, bats, and squirrels may affect community composition on Borneo
    Beaudrot L, Struebig MJ, Meijaard E, van Balen S, Husson S, Young CF, et al.
    Am J Primatol, 2013 Feb;75(2):170-85.
    PMID: 23184656 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22095
    For several decades, primatologists have been interested in understanding how sympatric primate species are able to coexist. Most of our understanding of primate community ecology derives from the assumption that these animals interact predominantly with other primates. In this study, we investigate to what extent multiple community assembly hypotheses consistent with this assumption are supported when tested with communities of primates in isolation versus with communities of primates, birds, bats, and squirrels together. We focus on vertebrate communities on the island of Borneo, where we examine the determinants of presence or absence of species, and how these communities are structured. We test for checkerboard distributions, guild proportionality, and Fox's assembly rule for favored states, and predict that statistical signals reflecting interactions between ecologically similar species will be stronger when nonprimate taxa are included in analyses. We found strong support for checkerboard distributions in several communities, particularly when taxonomic groups were combined, and after controlling for habitat effects. We found evidence of guild proportionality in some communities, but did not find significant support for Fox's assembly rule in any of the communities examined. These results demonstrate the presence of vertebrate community structure that is ecologically determined rather than randomly generated, which is a finding consistent with the interpretation that interactions within and between these taxonomic groups may have shaped species composition in these communities. This research highlights the importance of considering the broader vertebrate communities with which primates co-occur, and so we urge primatologists to explicitly consider nonprimate taxa in the study of primate ecology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Birds/physiology*; Chiroptera/physiology; Mammals/physiology*; Primates/physiology; Sciuridae/physiology
  18. Fulltext Effect of salinity on biomass yield and physiological and stem-root anatomical characteristics of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions
    Alam MA, Juraimi AS, Rafii MY, Abdul Hamid A
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:105695.
    PMID: 25802833 DOI: 10.1155/2015/105695
    13 selected purslane accessions were subjected to five salinity levels 0, 8, 16, 24, and 32 dS m(-1). Salinity effect was evaluated on the basis of biomass yield reduction, physiological attributes, and stem-root anatomical changes. Aggravated salinity stress caused significant (P < 0.05) reduction in all measured parameters and the highest salinity showed more detrimental effect compared to control as well as lower salinity levels. The fresh and dry matter production was found to increase in Ac1, Ac9, and Ac13 from lower to higher salinity levels but others were badly affected. Considering salinity effect on purslane physiology, increase in chlorophyll content was seen in Ac2, Ac4, Ac6, and Ac8 at 16 dS m(-1) salinity, whereas Ac4, Ac9, and Ac12 showed increased photosynthesis at the same salinity levels compared to control. Anatomically, stem cortical tissues of Ac5, Ac9, and Ac12 were unaffected at control and 8 dS m(-1) salinity but root cortical tissues did not show any significant damage except a bit enlargement in Ac12 and Ac13. A dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA based on biomass yield and physiological traits where all 13 accessions were grouped into 5 clusters proving greater diversity among them. The 3-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) has also confirmed the output of grouping from cluster analysis. Overall, salinity stressed among all 13 purslane accessions considering biomass production, physiological growth, and anatomical development Ac9 was the best salt-tolerant purslane accession and Ac13 was the most affected accession.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chlorophyll/physiology; Photosynthesis/physiology; Plant Roots/physiology*; Plant Stems/physiology*; Portulaca/physiology*
  19. Fulltext Peptide regulatory factors. Intercellular signalling molecules regulating tissue (re) modelling
    Ng KW
    Med J Malaysia, 1992 Mar;47(1):3-10.
    PMID: 1387446
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Development/physiology; Colony-Stimulating Factors/physiology; Interleukins/physiology; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/physiology; Cytokines/physiology*
  20. Contribution of transposable elements in the plant's genome
    Sahebi M, Hanafi MM, van Wijnen AJ, Rice D, Rafii MY, Azizi P, et al.
    Gene, 2018 Jul 30;665:155-166.
    PMID: 29684486 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.050
    Plants maintain extensive growth flexibility under different environmental conditions, allowing them to continuously and rapidly adapt to alterations in their environment. A large portion of many plant genomes consists of transposable elements (TEs) that create new genetic variations within plant species. Different types of mutations may be created by TEs in plants. Many TEs can avoid the host's defense mechanisms and survive alterations in transposition activity, internal sequence and target site. Thus, plant genomes are expected to utilize a variety of mechanisms to tolerate TEs that are near or within genes. TEs affect the expression of not only nearby genes but also unlinked inserted genes. TEs can create new promoters, leading to novel expression patterns or alternative coding regions to generate alternate transcripts in plant species. TEs can also provide novel cis-acting regulatory elements that act as enhancers or inserts within original enhancers that are required for transcription. Thus, the regulation of plant gene expression is strongly managed by the insertion of TEs into nearby genes. TEs can also lead to chromatin modifications and thereby affect gene expression in plants. TEs are able to generate new genes and modify existing gene structures by duplicating, mobilizing and recombining gene fragments. They can also facilitate cellular functions by sharing their transposase-coding regions. Hence, TE insertions can not only act as simple mutagens but can also alter the elementary functions of the plant genome. Here, we review recent discoveries concerning the contribution of TEs to gene expression in plant genomes and discuss the different mechanisms by which TEs can affect plant gene expression and reduce host defense mechanisms.
    Matched MeSH terms: DNA Transposable Elements/physiology*; Transcription, Genetic/physiology*; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/physiology*; Genome, Plant/physiology*; Response Elements/physiology*
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