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  1. Hazarding health: experiences of body, work, and risk among factory women in Malaysia
    Root R
    Health Care Women Int, 2009 Oct;30(10):903-18.
    PMID: 19742364 DOI: 10.1080/07399330903042807
    In the 1970s, Malaysia launched an export-oriented development strategy as a means of financing the nation's modernization. The success of the strategy hinged significantly on intensive recruitment of women for factory employment. I draw on descriptive qualitative research, including interviews (51), surveys (106), and ethnography in Malaysia to investigate factory women's experiences of work and work-related health risks. Discourse analysis surfaced a latent consciousness of bodily changes in relation to work. A grounded theory analysis showed a compromised access to occupational risk knowledge that may bear negatively on women's well-being and the role women's new labor identities played in mediating the meanings of work and risks. Given the predominance of women workers in low-end manufacturing globally, I aimed to contribute to theoretical and applied understandings of gender, globalization, and health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  2. Twenty-four hour and spot urine metabolic evaluations: correlations versus agreements
    Hong YH, Dublin N, Razack AH, Mohd MA, Husain R
    Urology, 2010 Jun;75(6):1294-8.
    PMID: 19914693 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.061
    OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlations and agreements between the solute/creatinine ratios from the 24-hour and early morning spot urine samples for metabolic evaluation in stone-formers given the various pitfalls with the 24-hour urinary metabolic evaluation in stone-formers.
    METHODS: 30 urinary stone-formers out of an initial 62 recruited provided a complete 24-hour urine and early morning spot urine samples for metabolic evaluation. Pearson correlation and Bland and Altman Test were used to assess the correlations and agreements.
    RESULTS: Significant correlations were established between the 24-hour urinary solute excretions and the corresponding early morning spot urine solute/creatinine ratios for calcium, magnesium, urate, potassium, oxalate, citrate, and the Differential Gibb's free energy value of calcium oxalate DG(CaOx) values. However, all these solute/creatinine measurements between the 24-hour and early morning spot urine samples were judged to be not within the acceptable limits based on the estimated "limit of agreement" by the Bland and Altman Test of Agreement. Diurnal circadian rhythm and postprandial excretion surge are thought to be responsible for the disagreements.
    CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the early morning spot urine is not suitable to be used interchangeably to replace the 24-hour urine collection in the evaluation of urinary metabolic abnormalities in stone-formers. A good correlation does not translate to an agreement between the 2 measurements.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  3. Fulltext Ethnic disparities in prevalence and impact of risk factors of chronic kidney disease
    Sabanayagam C, Lim SC, Wong TY, Lee J, Shankar A, Tai ES
    Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2010 Aug;25(8):2564-70.
    PMID: 20185856 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq084
    There is substantial heterogeneity in literature regarding the epidemiology for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in different Asian populations. We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of CKD in a multi-ethnic Asian population in Singapore.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  4. Fulltext A structural equation model of the determinants of malnutrition among children in rural Kelantan, Malaysia
    Cheah WL, Wan Muda WAM, Zamh ZH
    Rural Remote Health, 2010;10(1):1248.
    PMID: 20184392
    Many studies had shown that poor growth in children is associated with malnutrition. The underlying factors are diverse, multisectoral and interrelated, ranging from biological to social, cultural and economically related. Because the highest levels of under-nutrition worldwide are found in South Asia, it is essential that policymakers in the region understand the underlying determinants, in order to design effective public health intervention programs. This is especially so if public resources are limited. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine causal relationships among the biological, behavioural and environmental factors related to malnutrition in children aged 5 years and under.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  5. Fulltext Hypospadias from the perspective of a single-surgeon practice in Malaysia
    Yeap BH, Mohan N
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Dec;63(5):388-90.
    PMID: 19803297 MyJurnal
    The last decade has witnessed an alarming increase in the worldwide incidence of hypospadias. For non-hypospadiologists, the surgical correction of hypospadias will be increasingly demanding. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment strategy devised by a single-surgeon practice in Malaysia to tackle this anticipated surge of caseload. Over a period exceeding eight years, 254 boys underwent corrective hypospadias surgery by a single paediatric surgeon at Alor Star Hospital, Malaysia. Patient demographics, racial distribution and meatal location were among the data collected retrospectively. The various types of corrective procedure employed, their outcome as well as complications were evaluated. Distal type of hypospadias dominated this series. There was an explainable peculiarity in the age distribution of hypospadias. For all types of repair, the complication rate was 33% consisting mainly of urethrocutaneous fistula (18%) and meatal stenosis (9%). Complication rate for tubularised incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty, the commonest technique of repair, was 30%, mainly from meatal stenosis (15%) and urethrocutaneous fistula (13%). Univariate analysis revealed that proximal hypospadias, repairs done during the initial four years of study and utilisation of repair other than TIP to be adverse risk factors. Tubularised incised plate urethroplasty was appropriate for almost all types of hypospadias. For the remainder, the two stage repair is satisfactorily employed. This study from a primary referral centre also dispelled the notion that proximal hypospadias predominate in this region. The versatility and reliability of TIP urethroplasty lends itself readily in tackling primary and repeat hypospadias surgery within a single-surgeon practice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  6. Fulltext Retrospective review of corneal ulcers in Ipoh Hospital
    Kursiah MR, Sharif FM, Balaravi P
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Dec;63(5):391-4.
    PMID: 19803298 MyJurnal
    This study was a retrospective study on corneal ulcer of one year period in Hospital Ipoh. A total of 28 cases were studied. Among the risk factors identified were foreign body on cornea, trauma, contact lens, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and surgical complication. The nature of this disease which was severe and slow healing caused prolonged hospital admission. Identification of causative microorganism by corneal scraping help in the treatment and management of this condition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  7. The Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study: study design and baseline results
    ACES Investigators
    Int J Stroke, 2009 Oct;4(5):398-405.
    PMID: 19765130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00339.x
    Better methods of identifying which patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis will develop stroke, are required to improve the risk-benefit ratio of carotid endarterectomy. A promising method is the detection of asymptomatic embolic signals using transcranial Doppler. Embolic signals predict stroke risk in symptomatic carotid stenosis, but their predictive role in asymptomatic carotid stenosis is uncertain.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  8. Fulltext First isolation of Burkholderia tropica from a neonatal patient successfully treated with imipenem
    Deris ZZ, Van Rostenberghe H, Habsah H, Noraida R, Tan GC, Chan YY, et al.
    Int J Infect Dis, 2010 Jan;14(1):e73-4.
    PMID: 19482535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.03.005
    We report the first case of a human Burkholderia tropica infection. The patient was a premature neonate who had necrotizing enterocolitis with bowel perforation requiring surgical intervention. The stoma care and difficulties in feeding were a chronic problem. At the age of almost 4 months he developed septicemia due to B. tropica. Three consecutive blood cultures grew this organism. The organism was cleared from the blood after a course of imipenem and resolution of post-operative ileus. Our case suggests that environmental and plant pathogens can cause human infection especially in those in an immunocompromised condition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  9. The zoonotic flaviviruses of southern, south-eastern and eastern Asia, and Australasia: the potential for emergent viruses
    Mackenzie JS, Williams DT
    Zoonoses Public Health, 2009 Aug;56(6-7):338-56.
    PMID: 19486319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01208.x
    The genus Flaviviridae comprises about 70 members, of which about 30 are found in southern, south-eastern and eastern Asia and Australasia. These include major pathogens such as Japanese encephalitis (JE), West Nile (WN), Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), tick-borne encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest disease virus, and the dengue viruses. Other members are known to be associated with mild febrile disease in humans, or with no known disease. In addition, novel flaviviruses continue to be discovered, as demonstrated recently by New Mapoon virus in Australia, Sitiawan virus in Malaysia, and ThCAr virus in Thailand. About 19 of these viruses are mosquito-borne, six are tick-borne, and four have no known vector and represent isolates from rodents or bats. Evidence from phylogenetic studies suggest that JE, MVE and Alfuy viruses probably emerged in the Malaya-Indonesian region from an African progenitor virus, possibly a virus related to Usutu virus. WN virus, however, is believed to have emerged in Africa, and then dispersed through avian migration. Evidence suggests that there are at least seven genetic lineages of WN virus, of which lineage 1b spread to Australasia as Kunjin virus, lineages 1a and 5 spread to India, and lineage 6 spread to Malaysia. Indeed, flaviviruses have a propensity to spread and emerge in new geographic areas, and they represent a potential source for new disease emergence. Many of the factors associated with disease emergence are present in the region, such as changes in land use and deforestation, increasing population movement, urbanization, and increasing trade. Furthermore, because of their ecology and dependence on climate, there is a strong likelihood that global warming may significantly increase the potential for disease emergence and/or spread.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  10. Fulltext The association between various visual function tests and low fragility hip fractures among the elderly: a Malaysian experience
    Chew FL, Yong CK, Mas Ayu S, Tajunisah I
    Age Ageing, 2010 Mar;39(2):239-45.
    PMID: 20065356 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afp259
    BACKGROUND: hip fractures are an increasing source of morbidity and mortality in older people. The role of visual function tests such as visual impairment, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity and visual field defects in low fragility hip fractures in Asian populations is not well understood.
    OBJECTIVE: to determine the association between various visual function tests and low fragility hip fractures in an Asian population.
    DESIGN: case-control study.
    SETTING: University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    SUBJECTS: 108 cases aged > or = 55 years admitted with low fragility fractures and 108 controls (matched for age, gender and race).
    METHODS: both cases and controls underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination, which included visual acuity, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity and visual field testing.
    RESULTS: poorer visual acuity (odds ratio, OR = 4.08; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.44, 11.51), stereopsis (OR = 3.60, 95% CI: 1.55, 8.38), contrast sensitivity (OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 1.48, 7.57) and visual field defects (OR = 11.60, 95% CI: 5.21, 25.81) increased the risk of fracture. Increased falls were associated with poorer visual acuity (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.04, 5.13), stereopsis (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.03, 4.32), contrast sensitivity (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.05, 4.30) and visual field defects (OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.69, 6.86).
    CONCLUSION: impaired visual acuity, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity and visual field defects are associated with an increased risk of low fragility hip fractures. We recommend that all patients aged > or = 55 should have an annual ophthalmological examination that includes visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis and visual field testing to assess the risks for falls and low fragility fractures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  11. Variation in the prevalence, awareness, and control of diabetes in a multiethnic population: a nationwide population study in Malaysia
    Rampal S, Rampal L, Rahmat R, Zain AM, Yap YG, Mohamed M, et al.
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2010 Apr;22(2):194-202.
    PMID: 19443875 DOI: 10.1177/1010539509334816
    The purpose of this study was to determine the association between different ethnic groups and the prevalence, awareness, and control of diabetes in Malaysia. A population-based cross-sectional study using multistage sampling was conducted in Malaysia. Diabetes is defined as having a fasting blood glucose > or =7 mmol/L or a self-reported diabetic on treatment. Among the 7683 respondents aged > or =30 years, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 15.2% (95% CI = 14.1, 16.4). Multivariate analysis showed that compared with Malays, Chinese had lower odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.71; 95% CI = 0.56, 0.91) and Indians had higher odds of having diabetes (aOR 1.54; 95% CI = 1.20, 1.98). The odds of diabetes increased with age, family history of diabetes, body mass index, and lower education levels. Among those with diabetes mellitus, 45.0% were aware and 42.7% were under treatment. Among treated diabetics, 25.1% had their fasting blood sugar under control. There is a significant association between prevalence of diabetes and different ethnic groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  12. Retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants in Malaysia
    Choo MM, Martin FJ, Theam LC, U-Teng C
    J AAPOS, 2009 Oct;13(5):446-9.
    PMID: 19840721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2009.06.008
    To identify differences in incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) between 2 birth weight categories within a cohort of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  13. Contralateral breast dose from chest wall and breast irradiation: local experience
    Alzoubi AS, Kandaiya S, Shukri A, Elsherbieny E
    Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 2010 Jun;33(2):137-44.
    PMID: 20309667 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-010-0011-y
    Second cancer induction in the contralateral breast (CB) is an issue of some concern in breast radiotherapy especially for women under the age of 45 years at the time of treatment. The CB dose from 2-field and 3-field techniques in post-mastectomy chest wall irradiations in an anthropomorphic phantom as well as in patients were measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) at the local radiotherapy center. Breast and chest wall radiotherapy treatments were planned conformally (3D-CRT) and delivered using 6-MV photons. The measured CB dose at the surface fell sharply with distance from the field edge. However, the average ratio of the measured to the calculated CB dose using the pencil beam algorithm at the surface was approximately 53%. The mean and median measured internal dose at the posterior border of CB in a phantom was 5.47+/-0.22 cGy and 5.44 cGy, respectively. The internal CB dose was relatively independent of depth. In the present study the internal CB dose is 2.1-4.1% of the prescribed dose which is comparable to the values reported by other authors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  14. Fulltext Food intake and colorectal adenomas: a case-control study in Malaysia
    Ramadas A, Kandiah M
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009;10(5):925-32.
    PMID: 20104992
    It is well established that almost all colorectal cancers arise from benign, neoplastic adenomatous polyps. In previous studies, intake of fruits, vegetables and legumes were found to decrease the risk for colorectal adenomas (CRA) and colorectal cancer. This case-control study aimed to evaluate the roles of a variety of foods in contributing to the risk of CRA in Malaysian subjects. One hundred and eighteen subjects were recruited into case (n=59) and control (n=59) groups at Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL). A pre-tested quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to record the types of food items and frequency consumed. Logistic regression was used to determine the crude and adjusted odds ratios of the independent variables. Soy bean and soy products were associated with a reduced risk for CRA (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.15-0.98), while tubers were associated with increase in risk four-fold (OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 1.60-10.70) and red meat intake was found to increase the risk two and a half-fold (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.02-6.28). Higher servings of fruits and vegetables were found to significantly decrease the risk (OR fruits = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.30-0.74; OR vegetables = 0.49, 95% = 0.29-0.80). In conclusion, our data support protective roles for soy, fruits and vegetables in the aetiology of colorectal adenomas and increase in risk in those with high intakes of red meat and tubers. Food intake of an individual may have an influence on one's risk for developing CRA. This finding warrants further investigation before the protective effect of these food items is to be accepted. New studies should explore the possibility of these associations among individuals in the general population especially with regard to different ethnic or other groups in Malaysia with low fruit and vegetable consumption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  15. Fulltext National Suicide Registry Malaysia (NSRM)
    Hayati AN, Kamarul AK
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Sep;63 Suppl C:50-4.
    PMID: 19227674
    To create a nationwide system to capture data on completed suicide in Malaysia i.e. the morbidity, geographic and temporal trends and the population at high risk of suicide. Data from this registry can later be used to stimulate and facilitate further research on suicide. This paper describes the rationale and processes involved in developing a national suicide registry in 2007. The diagnosis of suicide is based on the ICD-10 codes for fatal intentional self-harm (X60-X84). A case report form with an accompanying instruction manual had been prepared to ensure systematic and uniform data collection. State Forensic Pathologist's offices are responsible for data collection in their respective states, and in turn will submit the data to a central data management unit. Data collection began in July 2007 and currently in data cleaning process. Training for source data producers is ongoing. In 2008, the NSRM plans to involve university hospitals into its network as currently only Ministry of Health hospitals are involved. The NSRM will be launching its online application for case registration this year while an overview of results will be available via its public domain at www.nsrm.gov.my beginning 20 April 2008. To efficiently capture the data on suicide, a concerted effort between various agencies is needed. A lot of conceptual work and data base development remains to be done in order to position preventive efforts on a more solid foundation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  16. Fulltext The National Mental Health Registry (NMHR)
    Aziz AA, Salina AA, Abdul Kadir AB, Badiah Y, Cheah YC, Nor Hayati A, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Sep;63 Suppl C:15-7.
    PMID: 19227671
    The National Mental Health Registry (NMHR) collects information about patients with mental disorder in Malaysia. This information allows us to estimate the incidence of selected mental disorders, and to evaluate risk factors and treatment in the country. The National Mental Health Registry (NMHR) presented its first report in 2004, a year after its establishment. The report focused on schizophrenia as a pioneer project for the National Mental Health Registry. The development of the registry has progressed with data collected from government-based facilities, the academia and the private sector. The 2003-2005 report was recently published and distributed. Since then the registry has progressed to include suicides and other mental illnesses such as depression. The NMHR Report 2003-2005 provides detailed information about the profile of persons with Schizophrenia who presented for the first time to various psychiatry and mental health providers throughout Malaysia. More detailed description regarding pharmacotherapy is reported and few cross tabulations done in an effort to provide better understanding and more clinically meaningful reports.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  17. Fulltext National Cancer Patient Registry--Breast Cancer (NCPR-Breast Cancer)
    Nor Aina E
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Sep;63 Suppl C:72-3.
    PMID: 19227677
    Breast cancer is the most common cancer in most part of the world and it is the most common cancer among Malaysian women. In order to estimate the overall survival and prognosis, it was decided that a National Cancer Patient Registry-Breast cancer be set up. It would be a tracking system form for breast cancer patients in Malaysia to help treatment outcomes. There would be useful for evaluating clinical management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  18. Prevalence and risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in a multiethnic population of patients presenting for bariatric surgery in Singapore
    Lee YH, Johan A, Wong KK, Edwards N, Sullivan C
    Sleep Med, 2009 Feb;10(2):226-32.
    PMID: 18387341 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.01.005
    INTRODUCTION: Obesity is becoming more prevalent world wide. Bariatric surgery is one treatment option for patients with severe or morbid obesity. There have been few comprehensive studies examining prevalence and risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the multiracial Singaporean bariatric surgery population.
    METHODS: We performed full polysomnography on 176 consecutive patients undergoing assessment for bariatric surgery. Questionnaires regarding snoring, the presence of witnessed apneas and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were administered. Anthropometric and demographic measurements include age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference.
    RESULTS: The prevalence of OSA was 72%, and 49% of the 176 patients had an AHI >= 15. There was a male predominance of OSA (X(2) = 29.7; p<0.001). OSA subjects had larger neck circumference (43.9 +/- 4.5 vs. 39.4 cm +/- 3.3; p<0.001) and higher BMI (43.1 +/- 7.6 vs. 39.1 +/- 5.4 kg/m(2); p<0.001). The neck circumference (OR = 1.37; p<0.001), presence of snoring (OR = 8.25; p<0.001) and an ESS >10 (OR = 3.24; p = 0.03) were significant independent predictors of an AHI >= 15. A neck circumference of 43 cm had an 80% sensitivity and 83% specificity for predicting an AHI >= 15.
    CONCLUSIONS: OSA is common amongst Singaporeans undergoing evaluation for bariatric surgery, with a high prevalence of moderate and severe disease. An increased neck circumference is a strong independent predictor for an AHI >= 15, with a neck circumference of greater than 43 cm being a sensitive and specific predictor. Race was not found to be a risk factor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  19. Mean target intraocular pressure and progression rates in chronic angle-closure glaucoma
    Sharmini AT, Yin NY, Lee SS, Jackson AL, Stewart WC
    J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 2009 Feb;25(1):71-5.
    PMID: 19232007 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2008.0061
    The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors for progression in chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG) patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
  20. Fulltext Identification and validation of clinical predictors for the risk of neurological involvement in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Sarawak
    Ooi MH, Wong SC, Mohan A, Podin Y, Perera D, Clear D, et al.
    BMC Infect Dis, 2009 Jan 19;9:3.
    PMID: 19152683 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-3
    BACKGROUND: Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) can cause Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with neurological complications, which may rapidly progress to fulminant cardiorespiratory failure, and death. Early recognition of children at risk is the key to reduce acute mortality and morbidity.

    METHODS: We examined data collected through a prospective clinical study of HFMD conducted between 2000 and 2006 that included 3 distinct outbreaks of HEV71 to identify risk factors associated with neurological involvement in children with HFMD.

    RESULTS: Total duration of fever >or= 3 days, peak temperature >or= 38.5 degrees C and history of lethargy were identified as independent risk factors for neurological involvement (evident by CSF pleocytosis) in the analysis of 725 children admitted during the first phase of the study. When they were validated in the second phase of the study, two or more (>or= 2) risk factors were present in 162 (65%) of 250 children with CSF pleocytosis compared with 56 (30%) of 186 children with no CSF pleocytosis (OR 4.27, 95% CI2.79-6.56, p < 0.0001). The usefulness of the three risk factors in identifying children with CSF pleocytosis on hospital admission during the second phase of the study was also tested. Peak temperature >or= 38.5 degrees C and history of lethargy had the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 28%(48/174), 89%(125/140), 76%(48/63) and 50%(125/251), respectively in predicting CSF pleocytosis in children that were seen within the first 2 days of febrile illness. For those presented on the 3rd or later day of febrile illness, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of >or= 2 risk factors predictive of CSF pleocytosis were 75%(57/76), 59%(27/46), 75%(57/76) and 59%(27/46), respectively.

    CONCLUSION: Three readily elicited clinical risk factors were identified to help detect children at risk of neurological involvement. These risk factors may serve as a guide to clinicians to decide the need for hospitalization and further investigation, including cerebrospinal fluid examination, and close monitoring for disease progression in children with HFMD.

    Matched MeSH terms: Risk Factors
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